D. Moore discusses public...

In this innovative volume, Jerry D. Moore discusses public architecture in the context of the cultural, political, and religious life of the prehispanic Andes. Archaeologists have invested enormous effort in excavating and documenting prehistoric buildings, but analytical approaches to architecture remain as yet underdeveloped. Architecture and Power in the Ancient Andes uses new analytical methods to approach architecture and its relationship to Andean society, exploring three themes in particular: the architecture of monuments, the architecture of ritual, and the architecture of social control. It provides both a methodology for the study of public architecture and an example of how that methodology can be applied. The author's clear and richly illustrated discussion represents an original perspective on architecture and its role in ritual, ideology, and power in the ancient world.

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-55363-6 - Architecture and Power in the Ancient Andes: The Archaeology of Public BuildingsJerry D. MooreFrontmatterMore information

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NEW STUDIES IN ARCHAEOLOGY

Architecture and power in the Ancient Andes The archaeology of public buildings






NEW STUDIES IN ARCHAEOLOGY

Series editors

Clive Gamble, University of Southampton

Colin Renfrew, University of Cambridge

Jeremy Sabloff, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology

Archaeology has made enormous advances recently, both in the volume of discoveries and in its character as an intellectual discipline: new techniques have helped to further the range and rigour of inquiry, and encouraged inter-disciplinary communication.

The aim of this series is to make available to a wider audience the results of these developments. The coverage is worldwide and extends from the earliest hunting and gathering societies to historical archaeology.

For a list of titles in the series please see the end of the book.






JERRY D. MOORE California State University, Dominguez Hills

Architecture and power in the Ancient Andes The archaeology of public buildings

• CAMBRIDGE ••• UNIVERSITY PRESS






cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City

Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521553636

© Cambridge University Press 1996

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 1996

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

Moore, Jerry D. Architecture and power in the ancient Andes: the achaeology of public buildings / Jerry D. Moore p. cm. – (new studies in achaeology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0 521 55363 6(hc) I. Indian architecture – Andes Region. 2. Indians of South America –Andes Region – Politics and government. 3. Indians of South America –Andes Region – Rites and ceremonies. 4. Andes Region – Antiquities. I. Title II. Series F2030.I.A5M66 1996 720’.98 – dc20 95-44357 CIP

isbn 978-0-521-55363-6 Hardbackisbn 978-0-521-67563-5 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence oraccuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to inthis publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is,or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, traveltimetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct atthe time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guaranteethe accuracy of such information thereafter.






CONTENTS

List of figures

List of tables

Acknowledgments

I The contentplation of ruins: archaeological approaches to architecture

page VIII

XI

XII

I

2 A santple of ancient Andean architecture: a critical description 19

3 The architecture of ntonuntents 92

4 The architecture of ritual 121

5 The architecture of social control: theory, ntyth, and ntethod 168

6 Suntntary and intplications 220

References

Index

VII

229

255






FIGURES

2.1 2.2

2·3

2-4

2·5 2.6

2·7 2.8

2·9 2.10 2.11

2.12

2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16

2.17 2.18

2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22

2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26

2.27 2.28

2.29 2.30

2.3 1

2.32

2·33 2·34

Locations of sites discussed in text Plan of public structure, Los Gavilanes Huaynuna: (A) plan of hillside structure; (B) plan of structure with

hearth; (C) schematic site plan Ritual chamber, Huaricoto Site plan of La Galgada Plan of Huaca de los Idolos, Aspero Plan of Unit I, El Paraiso Site plan of Cardal Site plan of Garagay Site plan of Salinas de Chao

page 20

23

Hypothetical reconstruction of two building phases, Salinas de Chao Schematic site plan of Pampa de las Llamas-Moxeke

24 25 27 29

31

33 35 37 37 40 41 42

45 47 49 52

53 55 56

Plan of Huaca Moxeke Plan of Huaca A, Pampa de las Llamas-Moxeke Plan and elevation of Las Aldas Schematic site plan of Sechin Alto Plan of Central Temple, Cerro Sechin Plan of Old Temple, Chavin de Huantar Site plan of Moche Schematic plan of Huaca del Sol Plan of Huaca de la Luna Site plan of Pampa Grande Plan of Huaca Grande Plan of Room Complex, Huaca Grande Site plan of Galindo Plans of Platform A and Cercaduras A, B, and C, Galindo Site plan of Pacatnamu Plan of Huaca 1 Complex, Pacatnamu Schematic plan of Chan Chan Plan of Ciudadela Chayhuac, Chan Chan Plan of Ciudadela Uhle, Chan Chan Plan of Ciudadela Tello, Chan Chan Plan of Ciudadela Laberinto, Chan Chan Plan of Ciudadela Gran Chimu, Chan Chan

VIII

57 59 60 61 62

64 67 69

72

74 75 76

78






List of figures

2·35 2·36

2·37 2.38

2·39 2-40 2-41

3. 1

3.2

3·3 3-4 3·5 3.6

3·7 3. 8

3·9 3.10

3. 11

3.12

3. 13 3. 14 3. 15 3. 16

3. 17 3. 18 3. 19 3.20

4. 1

4. 2

4·3 4-4

4·5

Plan of Ciudadela Squier, Chan Chan Plan of Ciudadela Velarde, Chan Chan Plan of Ciudadela Bandelier, Chan Chan Plan of Ciudadela Rivero, Chan Chan Plan of Ciudadela Tschudi, Chan Chan Plan of Compound II, Farfan Plan of Manchan Changing volumes of Egyptian pyramid construction, Old Kingdom Angles of vision and ranges of perception Normal lines of sight when standing Changing fields of view at varying isovistas Obstructed viewsheds Angles of incidence Idealized example of unobstructed isovistas Idealized example of obstructed isovistas Histogram of angles of incidence Isovistas for North Mound, La Galgada Isovistas for Las Aldas Isovistas for Pampa de las Llamas-Moxeke Isovistas for Sechin Alto Isovistas for Garagay Isovistas for Cardal Isovistas for Huaca Grande, Pampa Grande Isovistas for Huaca del Sol, Moche Isovistas for the Chan Chan huacas Isovistas for Huaca I, Pacatnamu Isovistas for the Manchan huacas Participants and observers at Inti Raymi celebration, Sacsahuaman,

Cuzco, June 1984 Hypothetical reconstruction of Garagay Limits of perception for different media at Garagay Schematic profile of Central Mound, Cardal Schematic plan and cross-section of Las Aldas, showing vision fields

at 18, 27 and 45 degrees 4.6 Schematic plan and cross-section of Cardal, showing vision fields

IX

79 80 82

83 84 87 89

96

99 99

100 101

105 106

107 109 110

III

112

112

113 114 115 116

117 118

119

153 157 158

159

161

at 18, 27 and 45 degrees 162 5.1 The CritchefPanopticon, 1787, section, elevation, and half-plan 169 5.2 Access patterns for two three-room plans 185 5.3 Qualitative properties of access patterns 185 5.4 Maximum and minimum slopes for edges and vertices in a network 186 5.5 Route maps for two three-room plans 188 5.6 Access pattern for Huaca Grande, Pampa Grande 189 5.7 Access patterns for Cercaduras A, B, and C, Galindo 190 5.8 Access pattern for Ciudadela Chayhuac, Chan Chan 190






List of figures

5·9

5. 10

5.11

5. 12

5. 13 5·14

5. 15 5. 16

5. 17 5.18 5. 19 5.20

5. 21

5·22

5.2 3 5.2 4 5.2 5 5·26

5.2 7

Access pattern for Ciudadela Uhle, Chan Chan Access pattern for Ciudadela Tello, Chan Chan Access pattern for Ciudadela Laberinto, Chan Chan Access pattern for Ciudadela Gran Chimu, Chan Chan Access pattern for Ciudadela Velarde, Chan Chan Access pattern for Ciudadela Bandelier, Chan Chan Access pattern for Ciudadela Tschudi, Chan Chan Access pattern for Ciudadela Rivero, Chan Chan Access pattern for Huaca I, Pacatnamu Access patterns for Compounds II, 12, 13, 14, and 15, Manchan Access patterns for Compound II, Farfan Plot of edges x vertices for selected constructions Histogram of beta indices for selected constructions Plot of beta index x depth for selected constructions Formal typology ofU-shaped rooms Depiction of an audiencia-like structure on Moche pottery Plan of Ciudadela Rivero, Chan Chan Route map for Huaca I, Pacatnamu Partial route maps for Ciudadela Tschudi, Ciudadela Bandelier, and

Ciudadela Rivero 5.28 Route maps for Compound II, Farfan, and Compounds II and 12,

Manchan 5.29 Chimu wooden architectural model

x

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

198 199

199

200

201

201

204

205

207 212

213

214

216






TABLES

2.1 Salinas de Chao radiocarbon dates page 38 2.2 Radiocarbon dates from Pampa de las Llamas-Moxeke 40

2·3 Initial Period radiocarbon dates for Las Aldas 45 2·4 Absolute dates from Cerro Sechin 49 2·5 Alternative sequences for the Chan Chan ciudadelas 70 2.6 The Chan Chan ciudadelas - basic data 70 3.1 Ceremonial sites in the Santa Valley 102 3.2 Ceremonial sites in the Nepefia Valley 103 3·3 Pyramid mounds in the Vim Valley 103 3·4 Angles of incidence for selected North Coast monuments 108 4·1 Selected characteristics of Pakao ritual architecture 140 4·2 Relative permanence of Andean ritual architecture 142 4·3 Centrality of Andean ritual architecture 144 4·4 Relative ubiquity of Andean ritual architecture 145 4·5 Size and placement of sunken circular courts 148 4·6 Scale - estimated audiences for sunken circular courts 149 4·7 Scale - sunken circular courts in dwelling units 150 4·8 Scale - size, estimated occupancy, and dwelling units for plazas 152 4·9 Distance and perception 154

4.10 Visibility of Andean ritual architecture 156 5.1 Basic access graph data, selected North Coast sites 189 5.2 Chan Chan ciudadelas ordered in relative chronology by Topic

and Moseley 202

5·3 Chan Chan ciudadelas ordered in relative chronology by Kolata 202

5·4 Chan Chan ciudadelas ordered in relative chronology by Cavallaro 202

5·5 Distribution of audiencias in ciudadelas 203 5.6 Chan Chan ciudadelas, depth of central sectors 203 5·7 Association ofU-shaped rooms and storerooms, main compounds,

Chan Chan ciudadelas 208 5·8 Alternative routes and destinations, selected North Coast sites 215

XI






ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This book was written during a 1992-93 fellowship in Pre columbian Studies at the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection in Washington DC. Simply, this study would not have been written without the support, superb resources, and most of all the time which the Dumbarton Oaks fellowship made available. I wish to thank Dr. Angeliki Laiou, Director, for preserving and enriching the stimulating intellectual environment at Dumbarton Oaks. I am deeply indebted to Dr. Elizabeth Boone, then Director of Pre columbian Studies, for her interest, critical readings, and continuous encouragement of my research. I would like to acknowledge the SUPPGit of the Senior Fellows in Precolumbian Studies: Dr. Barbara Voorhies, Dr. Heather Lechtman, Dr. Jeremy Sabloff, Dr. Richard Burger, and Dr. Cecelia Klein. Mrs. Brigit Toledo was an enormously helpful guide to the fine Precolumbian studies library at Dumbarton Oaks, and Dr. Carol Callaway and Ms. Janice Williams helped me in numerous ways throughout my stay.

The ideas in this book were developed in conversations with the other fellows in Pre columbian Studies at Dumbarton Oaks. Ruth Shady Solis was a source of valuable insights into Peruvian archaeology, particularly on the Formative period. I also appreciate Ruth's insistence on rigor in argument and evidence, and I was saved from several false steps by her penetrating critiques. Brian Billman shared unpublished survey from the Moche Valley and his knowledge of North Coast archaeology. Mary Pye drew on her knowledge of Mesoamerican archaeology to offer valuable critiques of my ideas. I also learned a great deal from other fellows and staff associated with Dumbarton Oaks, particularly Timothy Davis, who introduced me to the literature on the phenomenology of landscape.

I also have benefited from the ideas and comments of a number of fellow Andeanists, including Richard Burger, Christine Hastorf, Ulana Klymyshyn, Carol Mackey, Joanne Pillsbury, Thomas Pozorski, and Shelia Pozorski.

I would like to acknowledge the administrators and faculty at California State University, Dominguez Hills, who approved my leave from teaching responsibilities and supported this project, particularly Dr. Yolanda Moses and Dr. Richard Palmer. I also thank my colleagues, Sandra Orellana and Robert Franklin, for their interest and support.

I particularly appreciate Christopher Donnan for providing me with photographs of a Chimu architectural model and permission to reprint the photograph, and for reading the section on Pacatnamu. I also want to thank Alan Kolata for allowing me to reproduce his illustration of the formal typology ofU-shaped rooms.

XII






Acknowledgments XIII

I was very fortunate to have Jessica Kuper as my editor at Cambridge University Press; her judgment and interest improved this book. I am also grateful to Margaret Deith, whose careful copy-editing winnowed errors of typography, style and logic; I deeply appreciate the care Dr. Deith has given my book.

I also very much appreciated the comments on early drafts made by Garth Bawden and two anonymous reviewers for Cambridge University Press. Of course, any errors of fact or omission are my own.

I am most indebted to Janine Gasco, who patiently supported this project and tolerated me during the writing of this book. As this project developed, so has our young son, Nathan, and I dedicate this book to Jan and Nathan as a small gesture of my deep thanks and love.






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