d) Lettering
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LETTERING LETTERING – the process by which letters & numbers are formed through writing in comparison with printing which is done through the use of machine. ORIGIN & DEVELOPMENT OF LETTERS 1. EGYPTIAN – Hieroglyphics or picture writing. a) Thing picture b) Idea picture (ideograph) c) Word-sound picture d) Syllable-sound picture e) Letter-sound picture 2. PHOENICIANS – Cuneiform or wedge shape writing. a) Contributed 19 consonoants b) Consisted of 22 letters 3. GREEK – bousterophedon writing. a) Developed the vowel sounds b) Contributed 13 letters to the Roman alphabet. 4. ROMANS a) Gave the form of the letters from where the existing letters in our alphabet were derived. STYLES OF LETTERS 1. GOTHIC LETTERS – composed of uniform width elements & are sometimes referred to as the letters of the basic alphabet . (e.g. GOD IS GOOD ALL THE TIME. 143) 2. ROMAN LETTERS – characterized by thick downward stroke & thin connecting stroke. Their ends have spurs called seriff. They are considered the parent of all letter styles . a) Old Classic Roman (e.g. GOD IS GOOD ALL THE TIME. 143) b) Modern Roman (e.g. GOD IS GOOD ALL THE TIME. 143) 3. TEXT LETTERS – considered the most artistic of all letter styles . Most certificates, diplomas & citations are lettered in this style. (e.g. GOD IS GOOD ALL THE TIME. 143.) 4. SCRIPT LETTERS – belong to the longhand style of writing. They afford a good combination with the Old English style used in citations & diplomas. (e.g. GOD IS GOOD ALL THE TIME. 143) 5. ITALIC LETTERS – printed at a slant, the single outstanding characteristics. Roman, Gothic, Text & most other styles can be italicized. Examples: a) GOD IS GOOD ALL THE TIME. 143 b) GOD IS GOOD ALL THE TIME. 143 c) GOD IS GOOD ALL THE TIME. 143 PARTS OF LETTERS 1. STEM – the main part of a letter. It is either the
Transcript of d) Lettering
LETTERING
LETTERING – the process by which letters & numbers are formed through writing in comparison with printing which is done through the use of machine.
ORIGIN & DEVELOPMENT OF LETTERS
1. EGYPTIAN – Hieroglyphics or picture writing.a) Thing pictureb) Idea picture (ideograph)c) Word-sound pictured) Syllable-sound picturee) Letter-sound picture
2. PHOENICIANS – Cuneiform or wedge shape writing.a) Contributed 19 consonoantsb) Consisted of 22 letters
3. GREEK – bousterophedon writing.a) Developed the vowel soundsb) Contributed 13 letters to the Roman
alphabet.4. ROMANS
a) Gave the form of the letters from where the existing letters in our alphabet were derived.
STYLES OF LETTERS
1. GOTHIC LETTERS – composed of uniform width elements & are sometimes referred to as the letters of the basic alphabet. (e.g. GOD IS GOOD ALL THE TIME. 143)
2. ROMAN LETTERS – characterized by thick downward stroke & thin connecting stroke. Their ends have spurs called seriff. They are considered the parent of all letter styles.a) Old Classic Roman
(e.g. GOD IS GOOD ALL THE TIME. 143)
b) Modern Roman(e.g. GOD IS GOOD ALL THE TIME. 143)
3. TEXT LETTERS – considered the most artistic of all letter styles. Most certificates, diplomas & citations are lettered in this style. (e.g. GOD IS GOOD ALL THE TIME. 143.)
4. SCRIPT LETTERS – belong to the longhand style of writing. They afford a good combination with the Old English style used in citations & diplomas.(e.g. GOD IS GOOD ALL THE TIME. 143)
5. ITALIC LETTERS – printed at a slant, the single outstanding characteristics. Roman, Gothic, Text & most other styles can be italicized. Examples:a) GOD IS GOOD ALL THE TIME. 143b) GOD IS GOOD ALL THE TIME. 143c) GOD IS GOOD ALL THE TIME. 143
PARTS OF LETTERS
1. STEM – the main part of a letter. It is either the horizontal or vertical unit of the letter.
2. SWASH LINE – the sloping or slanting part of the letter.
3. LOBE or FILLET – the curved part of the letter.
T stem
V swash line
C lobe
R lobe
stem
swash lineGENERAL DIVISION OF LETTERS
1. SINGLE-STROKE LETTERS – those done with one stroke of the pen or pencil.(e.g. GOD IS GOOD ALL THE TIME.)
2. OUTLINE/DRAWN/BUILT-UP LETTERS – those first outlined & then filled up for more emphasis.
(e.g.
)
GENERAL PROPORTION OF LETTERS
1. NORMAL LETTERS – are of normal proportion. They are used where there is adequate space of all lettering.
2. EXTENDED LETTERS – are bigger or wider than normal letters. They are used when space is available is wider.
3. COMPRESSED LETTERS – are narrower than normal letters. They are used when space is limited.
PROPORTION OF NORMAL LETTERS
I – the narrowest & is foundation of all letters.
W – the widest letter.
O, Q, M – the second widest letters.
A, C, D, G, K, U, X, Y – the third widest
letters.
Other letters are of average width.
CLASSIFICATION OF LETTERS
1. UPPERCASE LETTERS – capital letters.2. LOWERCASE LETTERS – small letters.
a) Ascending Letters – extends upward. (e.g. h)
b) Descending Letters – extends downward. (e.g. y)
GROUPING OF LETTERS
1. REGULAR LETTERS – E, H, I, M, N2. IRREGULAR LETTERS – A, F, K, L, T, V,
W, X, Y, Z
3. CIRCULAR LETTERS – B, C, D, G, J, O, P, Q,
R, S
LOWERCASE FORMS
1. STRAIGHT LINE LETTERS – i, j, k, l, t, v, w, x, y
2. ELLIPSE LETTERS – c, e, o, s3. LOOP LETTERS – a, b, d, p, q4. HOOK LETTERS – f, h, m, n, u, y
GUIDE LINES IN LETTERING
1. CAP LINE – the topmost line where ascending letters touch.
2. WAIST LINE – the line positioned at the center, between the cap line and the base line, where the heading of a letter touches.
3. BASE LINE – the line where all letters stand.
4. DROP LINE – the line where the descending letters touch.
n cap line
2n M a r y waist line
n base line drop line
RULES OF STABILITY IN LETTERING
1. The upper portion of the letters B, E, F, H, K, S, X and Z & the numbers 2, 3, and 8 must be slightly diminished.
2. The central horizontal stroke of the letters B, E, F and H must be slightly higher than the vertical center.
G O D I S G O O D.
G O D I S G O D .
GOD IS GOOD.
3. The upper portion of the letters K, S, X and Z & the numbers 2, 3 and 8 must be less wide than the lower portion.
