D. C. MIKULECKY

PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGYAND

FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM

BRAINSPINAL CORD

CENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEM (CNS)

PERIPHERALNERVOUS SYSTEM

AFFERENT

NERVES

EFFERENT

NERVES

EXTERO-RECEPTORS

INTERO-RECEPTORS

SOMATIC AUTONOMIC

EFFECTORORGANS

SKELETALMUSCLES

SMOOTH AND CARDIAC MUSCLES AND GLANDS

NEOCORTEX

THALAMUS

LIMBICCORTEX

BRAINSTEM

SPINALCORD

NOSE

EYE

TONGUE

EAR

SKIN

SMELL

VISION

TASTE

AUDITION

SOMATIC

SENSORY INFORMATION TRAVELSTO THE BRAIN VIA SPECIALIZED PATHWAYS

MODE RECEPTOR ORGANWARMTH NERVE ENDINGS SKINCOLD NERVE ENDINGS SKINPAIN NAKEDNERVE

ENDINGSSKIN

JOINTMOVEMENT &POSITION

NERVE ENDINGS VARIOUS

MUSCLELENGTH

NERVE ENDINGS MUSCLESPINDLE

MUSCLETENSION

NERVE ENDINGS GOLGI TENDONORGAN

A RECEPTOR’S RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS IS GRADED

IF THRESHOLD IS EXCEEDED, THE ACTION POTENTIAL RESULTING IS ALL OR NONE

MODE RECEPTOR ORGANVISION RODS,CONES EYEHEARING HAIR CELLS EARMOTION HAIR CELLS VESTIBULAR

APPARATUS

SMELL OLIFACTORYNEURONS

OLIFACTORYMUCOUS MEMB.

TASTE TASTE RECEPTORCELLS TASTE BUDS

TOUCH-PRESSURE

NERVE ENDINGS SKIN

ADEQUATE STIMULUS

MEMBRANECONDUCTANCE

CHANGE

GENERATORPOTENTIAL

ACTIONPOTENTIAL

CODING OF LOCATION DEPENDS ON RECEPTOR LOCATION

AREA COVERED BY RECEPTORS IN A SENSORY UNIT IS A RECEPTIVE FIELD

ACUITY DEPENDS ON THE DENSITY OF RECEPTORS

OCCURS AFTER A SECOND OR MORE OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE

DESTRUCTION SUBJECTIVELY DESCRIBED AS

BURNING, ACHING,THROBBING, NAUSEOUS, OR CHRONIC

C FIBERS WHICH SYNAPSE IN THE SUBSTANTIA GELITANOSA

FINAL PROJECTION IS THE FRONTAL CORTEX

FAST PAIN IS GENERALLY MECHANICAL OR THERMAL

SLOW PAIN CAN BE ALL THREE CHEMICAL PAIN RECEPTORS:

BRADYKININ, SEROTONIN, HISTAMINE, POTASSIUM IONS, ACIDS, ACETYL CHOLINE AND PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES

PROSTAGLANDINS ENHANCE PAIN SENSATION

COMPLETE REMOVAL OF THE SENSORY CORTEX DOES NOT DESTROY THE ABILITY TO PERCIEVE PAIN

STIMULATION OF THE SENSORY CORTEX EVOKES A SENSATION OF PAIN

THE ANALGESIA SYSTEM THE BRAIN’S OPIATE SYSTEM INHIBITION OF PAIN BY TACTILE

STIMULATION TREATMENT OF PAIN BY ELECTRICAL

STIMULATION REFERED PAIN

PREAQUEDUCTAL GRAY RAPHE MAGNUS NUCLEUS PAIN INHIBITORY COMPLEX IN DORSAL

HORNS

PAINRECEPTOR

BRAIN STEM.NEURON

INHIBITORY NEURON

ANTEROLATERALPATHWAY

DORSAL HORN OFSPINAL CORD

+

-

SUBSTANCE P IS THE NEUROTRANSMITTER: BUILDS UP SLOWLY IN THE JUNCTION AND IS SLOWLY DESTROYED

PRESYNAPTIC INHIBITION BY INHIBITORY NEURON BLOCKS THE RELEASE OF SUBSTANCE P (ENKEPHALIN)

OPIATE RECEPTORS EXIST IN MANY CENTERS OF THE BRAIN, ESPECIALLY IN THE ANALGESIA SYSTEM

AMONG THE NATURAL SUBSTANCES WHICH ACTIVATE THESE RECEPTORS ARE: ENDORPHINS, ENKEPHALINS, AND MORPHINE

STIMULATION OF LARGE SENSORY FIBERS FOR TACTILE SENSATION INHIBITS PAIN TRANSMISSION FOR SAME REGION

RUBBING OFTEN EASES PAIN LINAMENTS, OIL OF CLOVE, ETC. POSSIBLE EXPLANATION FOR

ACUPUNCTURE?

STIMULATION OF LARGE SENSORY NERVES

ELECTRODES IN SKIN OR SPINAL IMPLANTS

INTRALAMINAR NUCLEUS OF THALAMUS

VISCERAL PAIN FIBERS SYNAPSE ON SAME SECONDARY NEURONS AS RECEIVE PAIN FIBERS FROM SKIN

D. C. MIKULECKY

PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGYAND

FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (EMR) SPANS THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM (EMS)

FROM RADIO WAVES (VERY LONG) TO -RADIATION (VERY SHORT)

VISIBLE LIGHT IS A SMALL PORTION OF THE SPECTRUM

PHOTONS OF LIGHT INTERACT WITH MATTER

THE EYE CORNEA AND LENS: BEND LIGHT

RAYS AND FOCUS THEM ON THE RETINA

CILLIARY MUSCLES LOSSEN OR TIGHTEN TO ADJUST LENS THICKNESS

RETINA: SITE OF PHOTORECEPTORS FOVEA: MOST SENSITVE PART OF

RETINA

TEAR DUCTANDDRAINAGECANAL

PUPIL IRISSCLERA

OPTIC DISC

OPTIC NERVE

BLOOD VESSELS

FOVEA

SCLERA

RETINA

CHOROID

VITREOUS HUMOR

AQUEOUS HUMOR

CORNEA

LENS

PUPIL

IRIS

CONJUNCTIVACILIARY BODY

SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTEXTERNAL EYEMUSCLE

STRUCTURE OF THE EYE

RODS: CYLLINDRICALLY SHAPED- BROAD RANGE OF WAVELENGTHS, NIGHT

CONES: CONICALLY SHAPED-NARROW WAVELENGTH RANGE, COLOR

•RHODOPSIN ABSORBS PHOTON AND CHANGES SHAPE

•A SEQUENCE OF BIOCHEMICAL STEPS

•MEMBRANE HYPERPOLARIZED

AFTER A PHOTON ARRIVES

MEMBRANE POLARIZED NORMALLY

OPTIC NERVE (GANGLION CELLS FROM RETINA)

LEAVES THROUGH “BLIND SPOT” LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS:

PROJECTS TO CORTEX PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX

CELLS IN VARIOUS COLUMNS OF CORTEX RESPOND TO DIFFERENT ORIENTATIONS

THESE DEVELOP DURING THE EARLY VISUAL EXPERIENCES OF YOUNG ANIMALS

TRICHROMATIC: RED, BLUE, GREEN PARVOCELLULAR NEURONS CARRY

INFORMATION DIFFERENT CELL TYPES COLOR CONTRAST

RED, BLUE, AND GREEN

CONNECT TO SMALL GANGLION CELLS

TRANSMIT COLOR INFORMATION TO PARVOCELLULAR NEURONS IN LGN

BROAD BAND: SINGLE COLOR, + INSIDE, - OUT

SINGLE - OPPONENT: EXITED BY ONE COLOR IN CENTER, INHIBITED WHEN ANOTHER COLOR IN PERIPHERY

DOUBLE OPPONENT: OPPOSING COLORS IN BOTH CENTER AND PERIPHERY

ANNULAR FIELDS OVERLAP TO RECTANGULAR IN CORTEX

FOCUSING IN FRONT OF RETINA NEARSIGHTEDNESS (MYOPIA) USUALLY DUE TO WEAK CILIARY

MUSCLES FOCUSING BEHIND THE RETINA FARSIGHTEDNESS(HYPEROPIA) LENS TOO STIFF (AGING)

UNCORRECTED

CORRECTED

UNCORRECTED

CORRECTED

OPTIC NERVE:VISUAL FIELD ON SAME SIDE

OPTIC CHIASM:OUTER HALF OF BOTH VISUAL FIELDS

OPTIC TRACT: OPPOSITE HALF IN BOTH VISUAL FIELDS

OPTIC RADIATIONS:LOWER OR UPPER QUADRANT ON OPPOSITE SIDE

D. C. MIKULECKY

PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGYAND

FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM

COMPRESSION AND RARIFICATION OF AIR

WAVES OF HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE

TRANSMIT MECHANICAL FORCES

A

T = WAVELENGTH

A = AMPLITUDE

f = 1/T FREQUENCY

OUTER EAR

MIDDLE EAR

INNER EAR

ACTS TO FOCUS SOUND WAVES ON THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

SHAPED LIKE A SOUND CONE

PINNA

CANAL

THREE BONES LINK TYMPANIC MEMBRANE TO OVAL WINDOW

VIBRATIONS TRANSMITTED MECHANICALLY

TYMPANICMEMBRANE

OVALWINDOW

BONES OFMIDDLE EAR COCHLEAR

FLUIDSOUNDWAVE IN EAR CANAL

SITE OF TRANSDUCTION VIBRATION OF COCHLEAR FLUID

CAUSES BASILAR MEMBRANE TO VIBRATE

HAIR CELLS ARE DEFORMED AUDITORY NERVE BECOMES EXCITED AS

HAIR CELLS DEPOLARIZE

OVALWINDOW

COCHLEA

SCALA VESTIBULI

COCHLEAR DUCT

SCALATYPANI

OVALWINDOW

ROUND WINDOW

BASILAR MEMBRANE

TECTORIAL MEMBRANEORGAN OF CORTI

BASILAR MEMBRANE…..VIBRATES

TECTORIAL MEMBRANE STATIONARY

STEROCILIA

AUDITORY NERVE

HAIRCELLS

TECTORIAL MEMBRANE STATIONARY

BASILAR MEMBRANE…..VIBRATES

STEROCILIABEND

AUDITORY NERVE HAIR

CELLS

BASE APEX

HIGH

LOW

MID

COCHLEA

VENTRALCOCHLEARNUCLEUS MIDLINE

VENTRALCOCHLEARNUCLEUS

SUPERIOROLIVE

INFERIOR

COLLICULUS

MIDLINE

SUPERIOROLIVE

INFERIOR COLLICULUS

INFERIOR COLLICULUS

MEDIAL GENICULATE

MEDIAL GENICULATE

TEMPORALCORTEX

TEMPORALCORTEX

A

T = WAVELENGTH

A = AMPLITUDE

f = 1/T FREQUENCY

EACH AUDITORY NERVE FIBER HAS AN OPTIMUM FREQUENCY

THIS TONOTOPIC ORGANIZATION ARISES FROM POSITION IN THE COCHLEA

TONIC AND PHASIC NEURONS IN EACH AREA

SOME RESPOND TO CHANGE IN FREQUENCY

SOME RESPOND TO CHANGE IN AMPLITUDE

INTERAURAL TIME DIFFERENCE

TIME DELAY BETWEEN TWO EARS

ALSO INTENSITY DIFFERENCES

LOSS OF HAIR CELLS: FREQUENCY SPECIFIC

TINNITUS: RINGING CONDUCTIVE:l DAMAGE TO MIDDLE EAR CENTRAL: BRAIN TUMORS AND LESIONS

SEMICIRCULAR CANALS: HAIR CELLS SENSE MOTION

THREE COORDINATE PLANES: SUPERIOR, INFERIOR, AND HORIZONTAL

UTRICLE AND SACCULE DETECT LINEAR ACCELERATION IN HORIZONTAL AND VERTICLE PLANES

ONE CANAL IN EACHCOORDINATEPLANE

AMPULLAUTRICLE&SACCULUS

HAIR CELLSNERVE

CELLS

OTOLITHICMEMBRANE-GELATINOUSLAYER

OTOCONIA(CALCIUMCARBONATECRYSTALS)

HAIR CELLSNERVE

CELLS

OTOLITHICMEMBRANE-GELATINOUSLAYER

OTOCONIA(CALCIUMCARBONATECRYSTALS)

HEAD MOVEMENT

ONE CANAL IN EACHCOORDINATEPLANE

AMPULLAUTRICLE&SACCULUS

HAIR CELLSNERVE

CELLS

HAIR CELLSBENT

NERVECELLSFIRE

INERTIAL FLUID MOVEMENT

MOVEMENT OF HEAD

GUSTATORY RECEPTORS

GUSTATORY PATHWAYS

TASTE BUDS ON TONGUE LOCALIZED SWEET: TIP BITTER:BACK SOUR SIDES SALT: FRONT

VII, IX, X CRANIAL NERVES TO GUSTATORY NUCLEUS IN BRAIN

STEM VPM NUCLEUS OF THALAMUS GUSTATORY AREA OF NEOCORTEX VIA LIMBIC SYSTEM TO HYPOTHALAMUS

RECEPTOR CELLS IN OLIFACTORY MUCOSAL MEMBRANE

AXONS CROSS CRIBIFORM PLATE AND TERMINATE ON MITRAL CELLS IN OLIFACTORY BULB-FORM OLIFACTORY TRACT

OLIFACTORY TRACT GOES TO LIMBIC SYSTEM AND TO ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX

CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH EATING AND MATING BEHAVIOR

TWO NEURON CHAINS SYMPATHETIC PARASYMATHETIC

SPINEEFFECTOR

ORGAN

PRESYNAPTICNEURON

POSTSYNAPTICNEURON

GANGLION NEAR SPINE SHORT PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS LONG POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS FLIGHT OR FIGHT POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS ARE

ADRENERGIC

GANGLION NEAR EFFECTOR ORGAN LONG PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS SHORT POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS “COUCH POTATO” POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS ARE

CHOLINERGIC

ORGAN S PHEART + -BLOODVESSELS

CONSTRICT(MOSTORGANS)

DILATE (HEART

AND SKELETAL)

DILATE (PENISAND CLITORIS)

BRONCHIOLES DILATE CONSTRICT

PUPIL DILATE CONSTRICT

DIGESTION INHIBIT ENHANCE