d Block Elements
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Transcript of d Block Elements
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BY:HELLINE & DORITHY (6AS’10)
CHEMISTRYAN INTRODUCTION TO THE
CHEMISTRY OF d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
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INTRODUCTION
1st row of d-Block elements consist 10 elements
All except scandium & zinc are transition elements.
E.g: Sc ([Ar]3d 14s 2 ) → Sc3+ ([Ar]3d 04s
0) Zn([Ar]3d 104s 2) → Zn2+ ([Ar]3d
104s 0)
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GENERAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE TRANSITION ELEMENTS Exhibit variable oxidation states in
their compounds Form complex ions Form coloured compounds Show catalytic properties
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VARIABLE OXIDATION STATES
Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
+1
+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3
+4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4
+5 +5 +5 +5 +5
+6 +6 +6
+7
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HIGHER OXIDATION STATES OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS
Ti TiO2+(+4)
V VO2+ (+4);VO+ (+5)
Cr CrO42- (+6) ;Cr2O7
2- (+6)
Mn MnO42- (+6);MnO4
- (+7)
Fe FeO42- (+6)
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COMPLEX IONS FORMATION
Ions which are formed when a metallic or ions (ligands) by datives bonds.
E.g,oxygen atom (in H2O) known as donor atoms
Central metal ions (lewis acids) must have high charge density and empty orbitals to accept the lone pair of electrons from the ligands
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF LIGANDS Monodentate ligand -one donor
atom can form one dative bond. E.g, F- (fluoro) ,Cl- (chloro),NO2
- (nitro)
Bidentate ligand-one donor atom can multiple datives bond. E.g,ethanedioate ion
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Hexadentate ligand-number of datives bonds that can be formed by the ligands. E.g,EDTA(ethylenediaminettetracetate)
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NAMING OF COMPLEXES
Precedes the name of the central metal ion
Neutral or cationic complexes-normal name
Anionic complex-named as its salt Named as one word without space
between ligands and metals ions Prefix bis,tris and tetrakis-replaced
the prefixes of di,tri and tetra
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THE GEOMETRY OF COMPLEXES ION Depends on the number of datives bonds
formed between the central ion and the ligands
Complexes with coordination no.of:2-linear
e.g. diamminesilver(I)4-either tetrahedral or square planar
e.g. tetraamminecopper (II)6-octahedral
e.g. hexaaquairon (II)
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TETRACARBONYLNICKEL OCTAHEDRAL
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COLOUR OF COMPLEXES
Most are coloured Depends on:
-the nature of the central metal ion -the oxidation state of the metal ion -the type of ligand
E.g: Mangnase:MnO42- (green),
MnO4- (purple)
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Aqueous transition metal cations are usually coloured
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CATALYTIC PROPERTIES
Are important catalysts especially in commercial processes
Due to ability to exhibit variable oxidation states or have empty orbitals in their valence shell
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REACTIONS THAT ARE CATALYSED BY TRANSITION ELEMENTS UR COMPOUND
PROCESS REACTION CATALYST
CONTACT 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2 SO3(g) V2O5(s)
HABER N2 (g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2 NH3(g) Fe(s)
HYDROGENATION
CH3 −CH = CH2 (g) →CH3 −CH2 CH3
(g)Ni(s)
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION
2KClO 3 (s) → 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g) MnO2 (s)
OXIDATION 2I- (aq) +S2O82- (aq) → I2 (aq) + 2
SO42- (aq)
Fe3+ (aq) or Fe2+ (aq)
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HOMOGENOUS CATALYST
Catalyst+reactants are in the same physical state
E.g: 2I- (aq) +S2O82-(aq) → I2 (aq) +
2 SO42-(aq)
2KClO 3(s) → 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g)
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HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS
Catalyst is in different physical state from the reactants
E.g: H2 (g) + I 2 (g) ⇌ 2HI (g) (catalyst=solid nickel)
N2 (g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2 NH3(g) (catalyst=solid ferum)
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ISOMERISM IN COMPLEXES
ISOMERISM-the existence of 2 or more different compounds havind the same molecular formula
3 types:-geometrical-optical-structural
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GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISM Shown by:
a.square planar complexes with the formula of Ma2b2b.octahedral complexes with the formula of Ma4b2 and Ma3b3c.octahedral complexes with the formula of M(x-x)2b2
Where a and b are monodentate ligands and (x-x) are bidentate ligands
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OPTICAL ISOMERISM Occurs in octahedral complexes which
do not have a plane of symmetry E.g. EDTA complexes:
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Structural isomerism Occurs in complexes having the same
molecular formula but different with respect to the type of ligands that are bonded to the central ion
An interesting example-chromium having the molecular formula of CrCl3.6H2O
There are 3 compounds-dark green,light green and purple
Can be differentiate by the num of moles of silver chloride precipitated when excess aqueous silver nitate is added
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USES OF d-BLOCK ELEMENTS & THEIR COMPOUNDS
TITANIUM CHROMIUM COBALT AND MANGANESE
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THE USES OFCHROMIUM TITANIUM COBALT
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PARAMAGNETISM Weakly attracted by a magnetic field Caused by the presence of unpaired
electronsPARAMAGNETIC-transition metal ions that
have unpaired electronsFERROMAGNETIC-substance that are
strongly attracted by a magnetic fielde.g: iron,nickel and cobalt
DIAGMAGNETIC substances-have a slight tendency to be repelled by a magnetic field and contain no unpaired electrons
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Thank you…
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QUESTIONS…
1. Cisplatine is the cis isomer of the Pt(NH 3) 2Cl 2 complex that is used as anti –tumor agent.
a. Give the IUPAC name for cisplatine
b.Draw the structure of cisplatine
2. Bis (ethylenediamine)dichlorocobalt (III) is an example of a complex ion that exhibits stereoisomerism.
a. Draw the structure of all the stereoisomers of bis (ethylenediamine)dichlorocobalt (III)
b. Write the valence shell electronic configuration of the cobalt(III) ion in the bis (ethylenediamine)dichlorocobalt (III) complex.