D-B APUSH 36-37D-B APUSH 36-37

Truman and EisenhowerTruman and Eisenhower

Postwar PoliticsPostwar Politics

EconomyEconomy– GIs feared Great GIs feared Great

Depression would Depression would resumeresume

Reality was a post-war Reality was a post-war conversionconversion

– Taft-Hartley Act of Taft-Hartley Act of 19471947

– GI Bill of 1944GI Bill of 1944Education and Credit Education and Credit opportunities for opportunities for returning soldiersreturning soldiers

Post-War ProsperityPost-War Prosperity

Defense spending & consumer goods drove Defense spending & consumer goods drove economy from 1950 - 1970economy from 1950 - 1970Suburbs, automobile and installment buyingSuburbs, automobile and installment buying““Middle Class” included 60% of Americans by Middle Class” included 60% of Americans by mid-1950smid-1950sCars and televisions became common Cars and televisions became common purchasespurchases– Cheap fossil fuels fed the boomCheap fossil fuels fed the boom– Increase in productivity and fewer farm laborersIncrease in productivity and fewer farm laborers– The SunbeltThe Sunbelt

Dr. Spock & the Baby BoomDr. Spock & the Baby Boom

Jackie RobinsonJackie Robinson

President Harry TrumanPresident Harry Truman

““The Buck Stops Here”The Buck Stops Here”

Very unpopular through Very unpopular through 1946 midterms1946 midterms– Blamed for inflation & labor Blamed for inflation & labor

troublestroubles

Yalta Conference, 1944Yalta Conference, 1944– Critics blame Cold War on Critics blame Cold War on

DemsDems

Truman strong anti-Truman strong anti-communist foreign policy communist foreign policy as a resultas a result

The United NationsThe United Nations

Successor to the League of NationsSuccessor to the League of Nations

Approved by Congress, July 1945Approved by Congress, July 1945

Security Council consisted of U.S, Great Security Council consisted of U.S, Great Britain, USSR, France, China (veto power)Britain, USSR, France, China (veto power)

Cordell Hull: Father of United NationsCordell Hull: Father of United Nations

Bretton-Woods agreement: IMF designed Bretton-Woods agreement: IMF designed to promote post-war recoveryto promote post-war recovery

No post-war isolationism this timeNo post-war isolationism this time

GermanyGermany

War criminals tried at NurembergWar criminals tried at Nuremberg– 12 executed, 7 life in prison12 executed, 7 life in prison

Germany divided into four zones of Germany divided into four zones of occupationoccupation– U.S, British, French, SovietU.S, British, French, Soviet

Eventually Germany divided into two Eventually Germany divided into two separate nations 1949 (East: Communist separate nations 1949 (East: Communist and West: Democratic)and West: Democratic)

Anti-Communism and Anti-Communism and ContainmentContainment

Truman & Stalin were at odds over future Truman & Stalin were at odds over future of Eastern Europe, and Poland in of Eastern Europe, and Poland in particularparticular2/46 2/46 George F. KennanGeorge F. Kennan, U.S. diplomat to , U.S. diplomat to Moscow offered solution of Moscow offered solution of ““containmentcontainment”. Strong U.S. resistance to ”. Strong U.S. resistance to any Soviet expansion.any Soviet expansion.3/46 Winston Churchill’s “iron curtain” 3/46 Winston Churchill’s “iron curtain” speechspeech

American Commitment to American Commitment to EuropeEurope

Conflict in Greece and Conflict in Greece and Turkey led to the “Truman Turkey led to the “Truman Doctrine” in March 1947Doctrine” in March 1947Marshall Plan: U.S. Marshall Plan: U.S. economic aid to Europe economic aid to Europe beginning in mid-1947beginning in mid-1947Berlin Air Lift- Soviet Berlin Air Lift- Soviet blockade of West Berlin & blockade of West Berlin & subsequent U.S. effort to subsequent U.S. effort to supply city by air June supply city by air June 1948-May 19491948-May 1949

Post-War EuropePost-War Europe

Preparing for the Cold WarPreparing for the Cold War

National Security Act of 1947National Security Act of 1947– Created Department of DefenseCreated Department of Defense– Created Joint Chiefs of StaffCreated Joint Chiefs of Staff– Created the CIACreated the CIA

1948 Selective Service Act1948 Selective Service Act

U.S. became a part of NATO 4/1949U.S. became a part of NATO 4/1949

Soviets responded with Warsaw Pact in Soviets responded with Warsaw Pact in 19551955

ChinaChina

China became China became communist w/defeat of communist w/defeat of nationalists in Civil War, nationalists in Civil War, 19491949Mao Zedong & Mao Zedong & RedRed ChinaChinaU.S. blamed for Chinese U.S. blamed for Chinese failure.failure.– YaltaYalta

Soviets explode A-Bomb Soviets explode A-Bomb in 1949, U.S. H-Bomb in 1949, U.S. H-Bomb 19521952Red ScareRed Scare

ENIACENIAC

TrumanTruman

8080thth Congress CongressTruman vetoed the Taft-Truman vetoed the Taft-Hartley act of 1947 & Hartley act of 1947 & worked to repair New worked to repair New Deal coalitionDeal coalitionTo Secure These RightsTo Secure These Rights, , 19471947Executive Order 9981Executive Order 9981Recognized Israel in 1948Recognized Israel in 1948Election of 1948, Election of 1948, DixiecratsDixiecratsThe Fair DealThe Fair Deal

Korean WarKorean War

NSC-68- govt. report that emphasized NSC-68- govt. report that emphasized aggression of Soviets & recommended a large aggression of Soviets & recommended a large standing army for U.S.(1950)standing army for U.S.(1950)Implemented after North Korea attacked South Implemented after North Korea attacked South Korea in June, 1950; 38Korea in June, 1950; 38thth parallel parallel““Greece of the Far East”Greece of the Far East”Troops sent in w/UN sanction, not declaration of Troops sent in w/UN sanction, not declaration of warwarInchon, Yalu River, MacArthur, 52,000 deaths Inchon, Yalu River, MacArthur, 52,000 deaths 7/537/53

Korean WarKorean War

Red HuntingRed HuntingAmericans were Americans were paranoid of paranoid of communist communist subversion after WWIIsubversion after WWIIExecutive Order Executive Order 9835, March 19479835, March 1947House Un-American House Un-American Activities Committee, Activities Committee, 1947; Red-baiting1947; Red-baitingDennisDennis v v U.S.U.S., 1951, 1951Alger Hiss, Julius and Alger Hiss, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Ethel Rosenberg, 19501950

Joe McCarthyJoe McCarthy

Election of 1952Election of 1952

Dwight Eisenhower, RepDwight Eisenhower, RepAdlai Stevenson, DemAdlai Stevenson, DemIncumbent Truman lost in Incumbent Truman lost in primariesprimariesVP Richard NixonVP Richard Nixon– CA CongressmanCA Congressman

““Ike” won 55% of the vote Ike” won 55% of the vote on his popularity and on his popularity and dissatisfaction w/Truman dissatisfaction w/Truman and Dems.and Dems.

Dr. Jonas SalkDr. Jonas Salk

Eisenhower PresidencyEisenhower Presidency

Dynamic Conservatism-centrist political Dynamic Conservatism-centrist political views aimed at “not moving backwards”views aimed at “not moving backwards”Eisenhower delegated and did not engage Eisenhower delegated and did not engage in public feuds in public feuds Eisenhower successesEisenhower successes– St. Lawrence Seaway, Interstate Highway Act St. Lawrence Seaway, Interstate Highway Act

of 1956, no foreign conflictsof 1956, no foreign conflicts– Easily won re-election in 1956Easily won re-election in 1956

Eisenhower Cold WarEisenhower Cold WarJohn Foster Dulles. John Foster Dulles. BrinksmanshipBrinksmanship

Dienbienphu, 1954Dienbienphu, 1954

Khrushchev - GenevaKhrushchev - Geneva

Hungary, 1956Hungary, 1956

Operation Ajax in IranOperation Ajax in Iran

Suez crisisSuez crisis

Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine

Castro in CubaCastro in Cuba

U2 IncidentU2 Incident

1950s Culture1950s Culture

White, Affluent & SuburbWhite, Affluent & Suburb

Nuclear Family - Nuclear Family - DomesticityDomesticity

Church attendance grew Church attendance grew to record levelsto record levels– Billy GrahamBilly Graham

From movies to TV (90%)From movies to TV (90%)

Fast FoodFast Food

Pop CulturePop Culture

35 million lived below 35 million lived below poverty level - Appalachiapoverty level - Appalachia

Minority RightsMinority Rights

Brown v Board of Brown v Board of EducationEducation, 1954, 1954

Rosa Parks, 1955Rosa Parks, 1955

Little Rock Little Rock Crisis,1957Crisis,1957

Civil Rights Act of Civil Rights Act of 19571957

Operation Wetback, Operation Wetback, 19541954

Ray Kroc & McDonald’sRay Kroc & McDonald’s

1957 Chevy1957 Chevy

Sun Studio & Elvis PresleySun Studio & Elvis Presley

Eisenhower LegacyEisenhower Legacy

Sputnik, 1957Sputnik, 1957– NASANASA

Fidel Castro, 1959Fidel Castro, 1959

U-2 incident, 1960U-2 incident, 1960

““military industrial military industrial complex”complex”

Economic ProsperityEconomic Prosperity

John Kenneth Galbraith’s, John Kenneth Galbraith’s, The Affluent SocietyThe Affluent Society 1958 1958

Election of 1960Election of 1960

John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy

Richard M. NixonRichard M. Nixon

11stst televised debates televised debates

Kennedy benefited Kennedy benefited from recession, U-2, from recession, U-2, and LBJand LBJ

Closest election since Closest election since 18881888