d 10 e LI

atural Science and Environment

Edited by

Miss Du Li

-PREFACEDear Distinguished Delegates and Guests,

The Organizing Committee warmly welcomes our distinguished delegates and guests tothe 2014 International Conference on Natural Science and Environment (ICNSE 2014) heldon April 4-5, 2014 in Dubai, UAE.

ICNSE 2014 are sponsored by Asia-Pacific Chemical, Biological & EnvironmentalEngineering Society (APCBEES),and supported by APCBEESMembers and scholars fromuniversities all round the world. If you have attended a conference sponsored by APCBEESbefore, you are aware that the conferences together report the results of research effortsin a broad range of Natural Science and Environment. These conferences are aimed atdiscussing with all of you the wide range of problems encountered in present and futurehigh technologies. ICNSE 2014 are organized to gather members of our internationalcommunity scientists so that researchers from around the world can present theirleading-edge work, expanding our community's knowledge and insight into the significantchallenges currently being addressed in that research. The conference Program Committeeis itself quite diverse and truly international, with membership from the Americas, Europe,Asia, Africa and Oceania.

This proceeding records the fully refereed papers presented at the conference. The mainconference themes and tracks are Natural Science and Environment. The main goal ofthese events is to provide international scientific forums for exchange of new ideas in anumber of fields that interact in-depth through discussions with their peers from aroundthe world. Both inward research; core areas of Natural Science and Environment andoutward research; multi-disciplinary, inter-disciplinary, and applications will be coveredduring these events.

The conference has solicited and gathered technical research submissions related to allaspectsof major conference themes and tracks. All the submitted papers in the proceedinghave been peer reviewed by the reviewers drawn from the scientific committee, externalreviewers and editorial board depending on the subject matter of the paper. Reviewing andinitial selection were undertaken electronically. After the rigorous peer-review process, thesubmitted papers were selected on the basis of originality, significance, and clarity for thepurpose of the conference. The selected papers and additional late-breaking contributionsto be presented as lectures will make an existing technical program. The conferenceprogram is extremely rich, featuring high-impact presentations.

The high quality of the program - guaranteed by the presence of an unparalleled numberof internationally recognized top experts - can be assessed when reading the contents ofthe program. The conference will therefore be a unique event, where attendees will beable to appreciate the latest results in their field of expertise, and to acquire additionalknowledge in other fields. The program has been structured to favor interactions amongattendees coming from many diverse horizons, scientifically, geographically, fromacademia and from industry. Included in this will to favor interactions are social events atprestigious sites.

We would like to thank the program chairs, organization staff, and the members of theprogram committees for their work. Thanks also go to Editor Miss Du Li, Asia-PacificChemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society, for their wonderful editorialservice to this proceeding.

We are grateful to all those who have contributed to the success of ICNSE 2014. We hope

that all participants and other interested readers benefit scientifically from the proceedingsand also find it stimulating in the process. Finally, we would like to wish you success in yourtechnical presentations and social networking.

We hope you have a unique, rewarding and enjoyable week at ICNSE 2014 in Dubai, UAE.

With our warmest regards,

The Organizing CommitteesApril 4-5, 2014Dubai, UAE.

Organizing Committees

Conference Chairs

Dr. Saji Baby, Environmental Manager (Research and Consultation) & Principal Scientist,

GEO Environmental Consultation, Kuwait

Prof. Bogdan Zygmunt, Gdansk Univeristy of Technology, Poland

Program Chair

Parul Rishi, National Institute of Technical Teachers'Training & Research, Bhopal, INDIA

(2011)

Prof. Chihhao Fan, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taiwan

Assoc. Pro. Chi-Chung Peng, Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University,

Taiwan

Dr. PIYUSH MALAVIYA, University of Jammu, India

KUMARESAN LOGANATHAN, POST DOCTORAL RESEARCHER, Taiwan

Contact Chair

Tracy Yang, Asia-Pacific Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society

Technical Committee

Witawat Jangiam, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha

University, Thailand

Farzana Siddique, PMAS Arid Agriculture university, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Dr. Pradeep Balkrishna Pathak, Civil Engineering Department - University of Aveiro, Portugal

l.irn Hwee San, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800 Penang, Malaysia

Hamidreza Kamalan, Islamic Azad University-Pardis Branch, Iran

Dr. Nalini Sankararamakrishnan, Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, liT

Kanpur, INDIA

UMER RASHID, UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS, MALAYSIA

S. LAYA, BITS PILANI, DUBAI CAMPUS, UAE

Rachain, Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand

Ranjani Amarakoon, University of Sri Jayawardenapura, Sri Lanka

Se Jong Kim, Sangju Persimmon Experiment Station, Korea

Prof. Dr ASHA ARORA, Deptt. of Botany & Biotechnology, B.N.P.G.Girls College, Udaipur,

India

SUJA GEORGE, MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAIPUR, INDIA

Table of Contents

Nesting Strategy in the Green Turtle, Chelonia mydas, during High and Low NestingPeaks at Ras Al-Hadd, Oman

Mahmoud, 1.Ya, Al-Bahry, SN., Al-Musharaji, S.K., Al-Amri, 1.S.

Environmental Effects and Health Risks due to Overuse of Underground Water in AridRegions

Al-Musharaji, SK., Mahmoud, 1.Y, Al-Bahry, SN.

6

Soil Quality Appraisal in the Rural and Urban Areas of Thiruvananthapuram District,Kerala, South India

Lakshmy, K .Sand Jaya, D. S

12

Carbon Obtained from the Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires as a Cheap Adsorbent for Lead IonRemoval from Water

18

Mercedeh Malekzadeh, Saeed Taghvaei-Ganjali, Samira Sharifpour-Kalu

Airborne Pollutants Emitted from Flaring, Their Dispersion and Impacts on Ambient Air 23

AriefSabdo Yuwono

Oil Removal from Produced Water Using Surfactant Modified Eggshell

Muhammad, 1. M, El-Nafaty, U. A., Abdulsalam, S, Makarji, Y 1., Ibrahim, M

28

Impact of Technology Transfer on Industrial Risk Management: The Case of the Textile 41Industry in Algeria

MARREF Souad, BAHMED Lylia, BENOUDJIT Azeddine, LONDICHE Honri

Establishing an Environmental Behavior Pattern for the Green Education of College 47Students: Using Emerging Contaminants as an Example

Tai-Yi Yu and Tai-Kuei Yu

The Effect ofInfrared Light Exposure on Brassica rapa Biomass

Andrew Huang

52

Use of Factor Analysis to Evaluate the Water Quality of Gala Lake National Park (Edirne, 58Turkey)

Cem Tokatlt, Esengul Kose, Ozgur Emiroglu, Arzu Cicek

Utilising Physical Model for Design Assessment: Proposed Alterations of Batu Dam,Malaysia

Saiful Bahri H., Mohd Kamarul Huda S; Mohd Fauzi M.

63

Bukit Bunuh, Malaysia for Possible Meteorite Impact Study Using 2-D ElectricalResistivity

Mark Jinmin, Rosli Saad, Mokhtar Saidin

68

Determination of Some Ionic Surfactants in Aquatic Environment by IonChromatography

Ewa Olkowska, Zaneta Polkowska, Bogdan Zygmunt

73

Statistical Analysis of Long Term Temporal Trends of Precipitation and Temperature inWainganga Sub-basin, India

Arun Kumar Taxak , A. R. Murumkar, D.S. Arya

78

Richness, Abundance and Diveristy ofInsect Species Associated with the Galls of TwoVarieties of Syzygium guineense in the Amurum Forest Reserve, Nigeria

Mwansat, G. S, Gwom, G. T, Chaskda, A.A

84

Recuperation of Silver from Wastewater of Miroiterie ofThenia (Algeria)

Naima Ghemmit-Doulache, Nassima Morsli, Nadia Slimani

90

WaterLoss from Soil and Water Absorbing Geocomposite

KrzysztoJ Lejcus, Jolanta Dqbrowska, Daniel Garlikowski, Leszek Kordas

96

Detection of Cavities and Weak Zones underneath the Break Pressure Tanks atAn-Nuwfaliyah, Libya

Fathi A. Swaid and Khaled Elmahishi

102

Analysis of Drought Conditions for Sindh Province: January - July (2012)

Bushra Khalid, Minha Naseer, Sidra Shahbaz Khan, Ayesha Khalid, Qaiser Sultana

109

Physicochemical Analysis of Ground Water of Malkhed Lake, Dist. Amravati,Maharashtra, India

Dr. Shamal Doifode and Dr. Suresh Rewatkar

115

Reuse of Olive Cake as Low Cost Adsorbent to Eliminate Co (11)from Water Media

M A Ackacha and M A Farjallah

120

Study of the Insects Diversity in Morzok

Mohamed Ali Kotela

127

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Determination in Some Samples of Bottled Waterfrom Misurata, Libya: Correlation with Some Physiochemical Parameters

133

-Fatma S. Eldurrat, Ibrahim M Al.assawi, Abdulsalam A. Emsimir, and Nwara A. Moftah

Prospects of Green-Roofs in Bangladesh and Asian Practices

Mahmud Amin, Md. Najiur Rahman, Mostofa Najmus Sakib

141

Investigation of the Veterinary Drug Adsorption Characteristics by Live Activated Sludge 150

Serpi/ Savct

WetlandCultivation (Gardening) and Rural Household Food Security: Evidence fromZimbabwe

156

Taruvinga A and Mushunje A

Adsorption Study of Bio-degradable Natural Sorbents for Remediation of Water fromCrude Oil

162

Isam A. H. Al Zubaidy, Umaimah ZafJar,.Nawshad Chowdhury, Nadia Mustafa, VandhanaVarughese,. Rania Ahmed,.Ammara Shahid.Rashid Ali Alharmoudi,.Elron Edgar Gomes

Novel Desulfurization Process of Heavy Fuel oil Using Surfactant

Isam Al Zubaidy, Gnei Lubna Marjan, Hiba Chekkath, Zeinab Hamad, Areej Aref Hassiba,Lina Youssef El Cheikh, Jawaria Saif

168

FTIR and XRD Characterized Portland Cement Stabilised Lead Contaminated Soil 173M Hassan, J M Khatib, PS Mangat, P HE Gardiner

Multiresidue Methods for Determination of Currently Used Pesticides in Fruits andVegetablesUsing QuEChERS Technique

179

Marek Biziuk and Jolanla Stocka

Heating Indoor Swimming Pool Using Solar Energy with Evacuated Collectors

Ahmad Aboushi and Abeer Abu Raed

185

A Study of the Effect of Building Designs on Climate Change: Mitigation and Adaption 191(Case Study of lIT Roorkee)

Repaul Kanji, Sonam Sahu, Robin Agarwal

Architecture Based on the Model Compatible with Olgay Climate for Tabriz-Iran

Hassan Sattari Sarbangholi and Sahar Too/an

197

A Comparative Study between Art Nouveau and Bionic

Sahar Too/an and Hassan Sattari Sarbangholi

201

Antibacterial Activity and Total Flavonoid of Mauli Bananas Stem

Maharani Laillyza Apriasari, Iskandar, Eko Suhartono

206

Estimation of above Ground Biomass of Trees in BITS-PILANI, Dubai Campus

VivinKarthik; Mohamed Ebrahim, Dr. Geetha

211

Diversity of Blue-Green Algae (Nostocales and Pseudanabaenales) of the Tropical Soils, 219Kerala, South India

Binoy T Thomas and Joseph George Ray

Atelerix algirus Ectoparasites of El-Kala National Park (Algeria)

Farida Becir, M'barek Chetoui, Idir Bitam and Zihad Bouslama

225

Author Index 231

Available online at www.scienccdircct.com

SciVerse ScienceDirectAPCBEEProcedia

ELSEVIERAPCBEE Procedia 00 (2014) OOO--DOO www.elsevier.com/locate/proccdia

2014 International Conference on Natural Science and Environment (ICNSE 2014)

Airborne Pollutants Emitted from Flaring, Their Dispersion andImpacts on Ambient Air

Arief Sabdo Yuwono":"

n Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural Universily (IPB), PO Box 220 Bogor 16002, Indonesia

Abstract

Airborne primary pollutants, i.e. sulphur dioxide (S02), nitrogen dioxide (N02) and carbon monoxide (CO) generated bywaste gas flaring and their dispersion in ambient air were assessed. The calculated amount of the generated pollutants wasbased on input of the flared waste gases and emission factors according to standards compiled by United StateEnvironmental Protection Agency (US-EPA). The dispersion of the emitted pollutants in ambient air was developed byusing Gaussian Dispersion Model and supported by wind speed data compiled by Indonesian Agency for Meteorology,Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG). Result of the assessment indicated that all airborne primary pollutantconcentrations in ambient air comply with the national standard i.e. PP No. 41/1999 pertaining on Air Pollution Control.

© 2014 Published by Elsevier B.Y. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Asia-PacificChemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society

Keywords: airborne primary .'ollutant, ambient air, dispersion, emission, flaring

1. Introduction

Generally defined, flaring is gas combustion practiced in petroleum refineries, chemical plants, natural gasprocessing as well as at oil or gas production sites having oil wells, gas wells, offshore oil and gas rigs andlandfills. Waste gas is generated thereof and subsequently emitted into ambient air as a consequence of oil or

• Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-251-8627225; fax: +62-251-8627225.E-mail address:arief_sabdo3uwono@yahoo.co.id.

23

2 Arief Sabdo Yuwono/APCBEE Procedia 00 (2014) 000-000

gas combustion during flaring process. The quantity and quality of the emitted airborne pollutants werestrongly depends on the combustion process input, i.e. oil or gas. The most important environmental impactissue of flaring is ambient air quality change due to the emitted waste gases into the atmosphere. Hence,prudent design and monitoring of flaring process is very critical in order to ensure that the process isenvironmentally safe and comply with the pertinent national as well as local (provincial or municipal)standards. The objective of the paper is firstly to predict the emitted primary airborne pollutants resulted fromflaring, and secondly, to predict their dispersion in the ambient air surrounding the flaring site. This is a studycase of waste gas flaring in an oil and gas company located in Natuna Islands, Republic of Indonesia.

2. Methods

Airborne pollutants in this study case were limited on three (3) main airborne parameters, i.e. sulphurdioxide (S02), nitrogen dioxide (N02) and carbon monoxide (CO). The threshold limits of the relevantparameters of ambient' air gas concentration refer to national regulation namely pp No. 41/1999 pertaining onAir Pollution Control. The quantity of the emitted pollutants released into the ambient air was calculated thatwas based on the definitions and assumptions as follows:• Gas combustion rate used to determine pollutants generation during flaring process was 0.3 MMSCFD

(million standard cubic feet per day) [Ref. Company X]• Emission factors for S02, N02 and CO refer to US-EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency)

Standard, AP-42 Chapter 5, Petroleum Refineries• Average monthly wind speed (i.e. 1.9 m/s), used to support pollutant dispersion simulation was based on

climatology data compiled during 12 years by National Agency for Meteorology, Climatology andGeophysics (BM KG) of Indonesia.

• Stack height as pollutant point source was 30 m above ground level.

Pollutant dispersion in the ambient air was simulated by using Gaussian dispersion model (Equation I) asfollows [I ]-[4]:

ex z = Q exp[-~[L)21{exp[-~(Z - HJ2] + exp[_~(Z + HJ2]}( .Y.) 27r0' 0' U 2 0' 2 0' 2 0'

Y z Y z z (1)

On the ground level, however, the above mentioned expression of the pollutant concentration where theplume height is H, y = 0 and z = 0 becomes simpler (Equation 2) as follows:

[ ( )2]Q I HC - e ---(x.y.z) - U xp 27r0'y0' z 0' z

(2)

Where C(x,y,z) is concentration of gas at any point coordinate (x,y,z) [glm3]; Q is stack emission rate [g/s];cry and crz are dispersion coefficient according to Pasquill-Gifford curve [m]; U is wind speed [m/s]; y isdistance of any point along the y-axis to the centre line [m]; z is vertical distance along z-axis from centre line[m], and H is plume height from the ground level [m].

24

Arief Sabdo Yuwono/ APCBEE Proeedia 00 (2014) 000-000 3

3. Results and Discussion

The amount of generated waste gas from flaring is presented in form of calculation sheet as shown in TableI. Dispersions of the waste gases, i.e. S02, N02 and CO in the ambient air are presented in Fig. I, Fig. 2 andFig. 3. These figures were produced by using Gaussian dispersion model. Fig. I shows that the highestconcentration of S02 in the ambient air was reached at a radius of about 150 metres from the source. At thispoint the ambient concentration of S02 was 285 ug/Nm ' whereas the threshold limit for this parameteraccording to pp No. 41/1999 pertaining on Air Pollution Control is 365 ug/Nrrr'. The calculation resultindicated therefore that ambient concentration of sulphur dioxide (S02) was lower than that the prescribedlimit and hence comply with the regulation.

Table I. Calculation sheet of waste gas generated by flaring

Aspect Unit

Emission factor"

Stack emission rate

[kg/IOJ litre]

[kg/day]

[ug/s]

Quantity

03

8.5* I06

S02 N02 CO

0.077 0.054 0.012

653.7 458.5 101.9

7.6*106 53*106 1.2*10"

Amount of flared gas [MMSCFD]

[litre/day]

"= US-EPA Standard, AP-42. Chapter 5, Petroleum Refineries [5]

S02

I"c:'e"c8E,g

...J-------- -<0 )'0

o

8

~ '1001- < \is \.J.

·200 \,? r)100

T

200

----~-~10;J -~-===-__==-=-=-. ~ ~ -o-----r T

300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Distance from source [rn]

Fig. I. Dispersion of S02 in ambient air resulted from waste gas flaring. (Notes: Flared gas = 0.3 MMSCFD; Stack emission rate =7.6*106 ug/s; Average wind speed = 1.9 m/s [Ref Tarempa Meteorology Station]; Stack height = 30 m).

In the environment S02 is known as one of primary air pollutants in ambient air. The gas in the airoriginates from a number of sources such as coal and oil fired power plants and a lot of industrial processesinvolving fossil fuel combustion [6]. Coal-fired power plants are the worst S02 polluters [7]. S02 is alsoknown as corrosive and poisonous gas. If the gas is released in the atmosphere then it could be convertedchemically into sulphate which is then deposited as acid rain. At high concentr tions, S02 affects breathingand produces respiratory illness, alterations in the defences of the lungs and aggravation of exiting respiratoryand cardiovascular disease as well as produce foliar damage on trees and agricultural crops [8].

25

4 Arief Sabda.Yuwono/ APCBEE Procedia 00 (2014) ooo-ooo

Fig. 2 shows the dispersion of N02 in ambient air that was resulted from waste gas flaring. The highestambient concentration of N02 was 200 J.lgINm3 which was reached at a distance of ± 145 m from the source.On the other site however, the threshold limit of this parameter is 150 J.lgINm3 according to pp No. 4111999.Hence, the condition does not comply with the national standard. An appropriate solution such as stack heightchange is accordingly necessary to manage the environmental impact of the flaring. However, in area at adistance of more than 190 m from the source, the ambient concentration of N02 has been lower than thepertinent standard.

The environmental impact of N02 release in the ambient air [8] showed that if the gas is inhaled, it canirritate the lungs and lower resistance to respiratory infections such as influenza. Secondly, continued orfrequent exposure to high concentrations causes increased incidence of acute respiratory disease in children.N02 is also an important precursor of both ozone and acidic precipitation and may affect both terrestrial andaquatic ecosystem. Another research finding [9] showed that decrement in lung function indices associatedwith increasing concentrations of particulate matter and N02•

Fig. 3 shows the carbon monoxide (CO) dispersion in the ambient air as caused by waste gas flaring. Itindicates that the highest ambient concentration takes place at a distance of about 150 m from the source at aconcentration level merely 44 J.lgINm3

• If the standard for the relevant parameter according to pp No. 41/1999is 10,000 ug/Nrrr', then the whole surrounding areas of the flare comply with the pertinent national standard.

N02

~----..1-,,1

'" 100c'E'"c1lE 0,gsc1il ·100(5

- T'"

100 200

10_ ~~--~~-

300 400 500

--,600 700

~-,800 900 1000

-200

Distance from source Im)

Fig. 2. Dispersion of N02 in ambient air resulted from waste gas flaring. (Notes: Flared gas = 0.3 MMSCFD; Stack emission rate =

5.3*106 ug/s; Average wind speed = 1.9 m/s [Ref. Tarernpa Meteorology Station]; Stack height = 30 m).

co

'" 100c

~csE,g1lc~ -100 -(5

iI

200 I

I ~,)I

1"

o

_ ..J

-200 I -- c-}100

r200

-:f~~~- -300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Distance from source [rn]

26

Arief Sabdti Yuwono/ APCBEE Procedia 00 (2014) 000-000 5

Fig. 3. Dispersion of CO in ambient air resulted from waste gas flaring. (Notes: Flared gas = 0.3 MMSCFD; Stack emission rate =

1.2*10· ug/s; Average wind speed = 1.9 m/s [Ref Tarempa Meteorology Station]; Stack height = 30 m).

It has adverse effects on human health, replacing oxygen in the bloodstream and forming carboxy-hemoglobin (CO-Hb) [10]. If the percentage ofCO-Hb exceeds about 2 per cent, health is temporary impaired,and this level occurs in people engaged in heavy physical activity if the ambient CO level is greater thanabout 30 ppm (::::35,000 ug/Nrn ') [3]. The health threat is most serious for people who suffer fromcardiovascular disease, particularly those with angina or peripheral vascular disease. Exposures to elevatedCO concentration are associated with impairment of visual perception, work performance of complex tasks[8].

4. Conclusion

The conclusions that can be drawn from the study are as follows:• The emitted primary airborne pollutants from waste gas flaring with input as much as 0.3 MMSCFD are

7.6*I06 ug/s (S02), 5.3* 106 ug/s (N02) and 1.2* 106 ug/s (CO) .• Airborne pollutants were dispersed in ambient air and comply with the national standard after radius of285

m from the source for S02 parameter and after 190 m for N02. For CO parameter, all of surrounding areacomplies with the standard.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to express gratitude to all colleagues in Environmental Engineering Section andLaboratory, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University (lPB) for theresearchsupport.

References

[I] Peavy, H.S., Rowe, D.R., and Tchobanoglous, G. 1985. Environmental Engineering. McGraw - Hill International Editions.McGraw- Hill, Inc. Singapore.

[2] De Nevers, N. 1995. Air Pollution Control Engineering. McGraw-Hill Book Co. International Edition.[3] Kiely, G. 1997. Environmental Engineering. McGraw-Hill International Editions. Singapore.[4] LaGrega, M., Buckingham, P., and Evans, l.C. 2001. Hazardous Waste Management. McGraw-Hill International Edition.

McGraw-Hill Co, Inc. Singapore.[5] US Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA). 1998. Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42. Chapter 5, Petroleum

Refineries.[6) Ladou, J. 2007. Current Occupational and Environmental Medicine 41h ed. McGraw-Hilllnternational Edition. USA.[7] Lin, S-L and Lin, KH. 2007. The Valuation of Health Effects Caused by Stationary Sources-Related S02 Emissions: The

Adaptation of Impact Pathway Approach in Taiwan. Environ. Monit. Assess. 131: 163-176.[8] Moeller, DW. 2005. Environmental Health. 3,d ed. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. USA.[9] Lagorio, S., Forastiere, F., Pistelli, R., lavarone, I., Michelozzi, P., Fano, V., Marconi, A., Ziemacki, G and Ostro, BD. 2006. Air

pollution and lung function among susceptible adult subjects: a panel study. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source.5:11.

[10] Gossselin, NH, Brunet, RC. And Carrier, G. 2009. Determination of carboxy-haemoglobin in humans following low-levelexposures to carbon monoxide. Inhalation Toxicology, 21 (13): 1077-1091.

27