CZECH REPUBLIC AND CRISIS STATES IN MILITARY THREATS · 2016. 6. 17. · situations of a military...

ARTICLES THE SCIENCE FOR POPULATION PROTECTION 2/2010

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CZECH REPUBLIC AND CRISIS STATES IN MILITARY THREATS

Josef JANOSEC, David REHAK

[email protected], [email protected]

Delivered 29.11. 2010, accepted 2.12. 2010. Available at http://www.population-protection.eu/ attachments/037_vol2n2_janosec_rehak_eng.pdf.

Abstract The paper elaborates original guidance for the analysis of crisis

situations of a military character and preparedness of the security system on the example of the Czech Republic. Further it deals with the application of the theory of securitology to the analysis of the issue of crisis situations in military threats. Basic security policy documents, laws and regulations were the starting point. On this basis, the logic of the approaches to respond to military crisis situations is developed. The types of crisis situations of a military character and consequently military crisis states are introduced. The following is the information on the operational preparation of the state territory and on a defense plan as a basic set of documents that complement the preparation of the state for military threats. Expected tasks for central authorities are presented. They represent the security system, and the implications for population protection. Keywords Security reality, security policy, military threats, crisis situations of a military character, security system, defense plan, operational preparation of the state territory, population protection. INTRODUCTION

At present the Czech Republic (CR) finds itself in terms of military security threats in a favorable security situation. It is possible to document it by good relations with neighboring countries: Germany, Poland, Slovakia and Austria, but also by the membership in the NATO and the European Union. Intelligence assessments conclude that over a medium time horizon, there should not be an armed conflict, which would reach the national territory. Further strengthening the military security of the CR would be at the same time the contribution to the enhancement of the NATO's security.

The paradox of the current security situation is the approved assessment that on a global scale the security situation has deteriorated. Often there have been terrorist attacks, even though they have not represented a military threat, the CR armed forces have been involved in the NATO operations in Afghanistan in order to fight global terrorism. The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

THE SCIENCE FOR POPULATION PROTECTION 2/2010 ARTICLES

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has been in progress where military forces should interfere. Plenty of conventional and unconventional resources, which might cause mass destructions, has been now in the unreliable hands, and might evoke changes in security environment anywhere in the world, and ultimately even in the Euro-Atlantic area. The danger is greater when we realize that dangerous weapons are owned by totalitarian, dictatorial and ideologically or religiously intolerant regimes or by non-governmental structures, which are terrorist organizations, radical movements and groups whose basis is religious, sectarian or extremist. Their ability and determination to use those means have become for the NATO, the EU and therefore for the CR and other Member States an obvious threat.

In extreme cases when prevention and peaceful efforts fail in the fight against terrorism and WMD proliferation, the involvement of CR military actions cannot be excluded. Such cases would be probably accompanied by a statutory declaration of the state1: the state of exposure to danger or the state of war. The question is how the security system of the state is prepared for such conditions and with what situations it can count on.

THEORETICAL INTRODUCTION

The part of the objective reality is the security reality (SR), which is such a part of the space-time, where both military and non-military threats come out and all events connected with security and jeopardy activities carry out. Each condition, each activity is possible to localize and this results in restricted space (s) in the model expression of security reality. The relationship, which decomposes the modelled expression of security reality into the entity of three basic components (Janosec [5], 2007),

s, t, r = SR (s, t, r S, s, t, r SP s, t, r SS) where: S – the intensity of a threat, measurable value of a security

condition (e.g. for the intensity of an earthquake the Richter scale is used, in terrorist activities the intensity is determined by the number of deaths or damage);

SP – security policy model (system of laws, regulations, plans, disengaged financial, material, creative and intellectual resources);

SS – Model of a Security System (real soldiers, firemen, policemen, rescue workers, their means and ability to fight the emergency and crisis situations);

S – space: the planet, continent, coalitions, state regions, state, county, municipality, land, building, laboratory, instrument, etc.;

t – time: to a specified date, it is possible to evaluate S, SP, SS at a time period for the past respectively in the past (ht - historical time) or future (pt - prognostic time);


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r – (reality) condition (threat): selected objective information related to the space and time (e.g. fire, flood, earthquakes, hurricanes, industrial accidents, war, conflict, etc.).

For each space, time and condition, there is a structured entity that represents the model of security reality. An important and also empirically confirmed fact is that the components (S, SP, SS) can be in reality mutually distinguished and as a result of an independent observation or analysis described. In the model expression we have introduced: the space (s) = CR, time (t) = the present (t) and the future (pt), the threat (r) = a military threat which has its continuous progress. The subject of this paper is to assess the current security policy (SP in t, not in pt) and security system (SS in t, not in pt).

This paper aims to introduce the CR approach to crisis conditions that may be evoked by military threats, on the basis of: analysis and commenting current documents of security policy of the CR, information on security system of the CR, their synthetic evaluation.

SECURITY POLICY IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND MILITARY THREATS

The main task of the armed forces2 is to prepare to defend the CR, to defend it against external attacks and perform the tasks arising from international treaty obligations. What actually the CR is supposed to do is specified in the military-political document called the Military Strategy3. It is a document that elaborates Security Strategy of the CR4 for defense policy and the activities of armed forces. Currently, it is essential to note that the term armed forces does not include, as stated in the Act on the Armed Forces5: The Army of the Czech Republic, Military Office of the President and the Castle Guard, but for purposes of the Military Strategy of 20086: Army of the Republic, the Military Police and Military intelligence. This strategy had its predecessors in 1999, 2002 and 2004, where this difference was not featured.

The basic document of security policy is the security strategy of the CR. Its content, which also includes political pronouncement of the approach of the executive power of the state to military crises situations, is given by the Constitution of the CR7, the Constitutional Act on Security8 and other related acts.

An integral part of the legal system are also allied and other international commitments9 , based on the membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), European Union (EU), United Nations (UN) and Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Such statement is only declarative; however it is necessary to understand that these organizations have their own internal documents and adopted policies and procedures. The CR appreciates them and follows these adopted procedures that suppress the individuality of the state in favor of strengthening the striking power, the defense against military threats.


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So how were official views to the approach to military threats enforced in the basic documents of security policy? On December 10, 2003 the government approved the amended Security Strategy of the Czech Republic. Previous ones were approved in 1999 and 2001. This basic conceptual document contains the most important principles of security policy of the CR. The Government already on December 9, 2002 decided on the amendment in response to changes in the security environment and the status of the CR as a result of integration processes. Under the coordination of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the following institutions participated in its elaboration: the Cabinet Office, Ministry of Defense, Interior and Finance and other ministries, intelligence services, President's Office and the Administration of State Material Reserves, as well as a security community, parliamentarians and senators from relevant parliamentary committees.

The document contains 110 articles, which is the same number as the Constitutional Act on the Security of the Czech Republic10. Newly, the strategic threat has been named there - global terrorist activities connected with the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery. The "privatization" of sources of threats has been emphasized. Security, including that one associated with military threats, is envisaged in its complexity i.e. from ensuring security at the level of a citizen to the national level. It includes two new chapters - "Politics in the Area of Public Awareness" and "Security System in the CR”. Article 42 newly expresses the possibility of “engaging before a crisis arises." Control elements of the security system cannot accept that the imminent and identified threat has not been addressed and grew e.g. from the information on terrorists into a terrorist attack with shocking consequences.

The security policy is expressed in the "Strategy for Promoting Security Interests of the CR," and formulates the defense policy, with regard to military threats most importantly. Protection against external threats is a fundamental national interest in securing the existence of the CR, as stated in Article 14 of a "vital interest" and in this regard the responding elements of security system of the CR (SS) in accordance with the principles of their construction, preparation and use were established. At the same time it is a fundamental obligation of the Czech Government.

Foreign policy orientation of the CR is decisive for the formulation of principles of defense policy in the Security Strategy of the Czech Republic. The starting point are also the principles of the Strategic Conception of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the subsequent NATO Comprehensive Political Guidance and the principles of the European Security Strategy of the European Union.

The main approaches, commitments and challenges for the military defense of the CR can be summarized mainly in the following report: defense policy is carried out by armed forces, their fundamental part is the

Army of the Czech Republic. Permanently they have plans for measures and stand-by projects for needed enhancement of capabilities in contingencies;


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the CR security is assured by armed forces, armed security corps, rescue brigades and emergency services;

the defense of the state means also the task of other components of the security system, attended by state authorities, local government, legal and natural persons under the legal system of the CR. Internal and external security is interlinked;

the defense of the CR territory relies on a system of collective defense; the participation in operations outside the territory of the Czech Republic is

assured by the forces determined for operations under the leadership of the NATO, EU and other organizations for coalition operations;

security of the airspace of the Czech Republic is assured as a part of the NATO (NATINADS)11 Integrated Air Defense System;

in case of military threats to the Czech Republic or the Alliance it is essential to develop the competence to accept NATO's Allied troops on the territory;

in case of non-military threats the CR presupposes to use armed forces to accomplish tasks that are given by present acts.

Politico-military ambitions are listed in the military doctrine. They summarizes the ideas of the size and the manner of using the armed forces and the approach to address military threats. They are specified for the following types of events: the use of armed forces outside the territory of the Czech Republic, collective defense under the Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, the use of armed forces out of the Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, the use of armed forces to support civil authorities in crisis situations of a

non-military character. Interestingly, the use of the armed forces outside the CR territory is

presented as the first ambition. In this part there is a clear formulation "the armed forces are deployed outside the CR territory exclusively in the frame of a wider effort of the international community", which means that we do not want to become the aggressors. Such statement is the part of the security policy (SP).

Military strategy in the text also deals with the denomination of the forces that will cover the particular ambitions by participating in operations, especially outside the North Atlantic Treaty Article 5 (sometimes mentioned the Washington Treaty - WT). It deals therefore with the part of security system (SS), especially with the army, which is to address the military threats. For demonstration of assumed operations for the CR armed forces deployment see Figure 1.


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Fig. 1 Structuring of military operations (Source: The Doctrine of the Armed Forces of

the Czech Republic. Vyskov: Administration of Doctrines, 2004, p. 20)

The threats are listed in Article 5 of the Military Strategy ([14], 2008). It assumes the following basic threats that can directly (or indirectly) endanger the security interests of the Czech Republic and therefore the allies: growth of various forms of extremism, terrorism, spreading of WMD and their bearers, regional crisis (long-term unsolved problems with potential rise of an armed

conflict), increase in economic and military power of some states, aggressive enforcement of international-political interests with the threat of

using military force, instable environment of failed states, stop to deliveries of strategic sources and disputes on their control, misuse of information and information technologies, humanitarian catastrophes, natural disasters.

These threats are already identified and they have already manifested their symptoms. The security system is now ready to deal with them to some extent. None of these threats represent military aggression. If we focus our attention on the military threats, it is necessary to say that a large-scale conflict on the territory

Multinational operations

Under the art. 5 WT (war)

National operations Out of the art. 5 WT (crisis, non-military)

Common defense of high intensity Common defense of low intensity

Use of conventional weapons Use of WMD

Symmetric Asymmetric

OPERATIONS

MILITANT NON- MILITANT Special, information,

psychological

Aggressive Defensive Outside the CRterritory On the CR territory

Peaceful Supportive

Conflict prevention

Peacemaking Peace-keeping Peace-building

Search and rescue operations

Evacuation of non-militants

Displacement Military assistance

to civil auth.

CR air defense protection of defense

objects support operations for

PCR operations of IRS


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of the NATO member countries or the EU has been unlikely. The state and its political leaders agreed on an acceptable risk that such a threat will be possible to identify in time and then take effective measures for military defense.

TYPES OF CRISIS SITUATIONS OF A MILITARY CHARACTER

The situation means an event or an action. It is associated with the phase of identification of a risk or a threat. After the identification, the situation is assessed according to established criteria which are related to the assessments of the impact on security or on military security of a state. Only in this process, in a form of an expert estimation the measurement of a danger is carried out. In the theoretical introduction this reality is notated by a symbol (B) - the intensity of a threat. Only after this stage the decisions are made and they are subjected to a constitutionally or legally established procedures.

How can we put more precisely the image of crisis situations of a military character? Based on contemporary knowledge, we are able to formulate what will be meant by this. They are such a type of critical situations that represent: use of military forces of a foreign power in order to protect own interests

(abroad or in their own national territory). It could be an armed response to the government involvement (CR) in international peacekeeping and humanitarian missions, or the performance of allied commitments abroad,

diverse activities associated with the preparation of military aggression of foreign powers (extensive and severe),

aggression - military assault on a state, performance of allied commitments in abroad, military threat to lives and health of citizens in abroad, the fundamental

values of democracy and freedom under the Charter of the United Nations12 and declaration of human rights13 of such an extent that there is a threat to international security and armed forces will be deployed in international peacekeeping operations, including involvement of the national armed forces (CR).

MILITARY CRISIS SITUATIONS

Crisis states are declared. Under the Constitutional Act No. 110/1998 Coll. on Security of the Czech Republic military crisis situations have been named: the state of exposure to danger and the state of war.

Exposure to danger of a state is declared for a limited or for the whole territory of the state. In case of a potential military threat which is an imminent threat to national sovereignty, territorial integrity, or democratic foundations of the state, will certainly be declared for the whole country. Exposure to danger is declared by the Parliament of the CR on a government proposal and in order to adopt a resolution declaring the exposure to danger, an approval of the absolute


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majority of all deputies of the House of Representatives and absolute majority of all senators of the Senate must proceed. During the exposure to danger the government is authorized (besides measures for declaring the state of emergency) to order: restrictions on the entry to the national territory for persons who are not

citizens of the Czech Republic; reporting the place of residence or the place where a person temporarily

resides; restriction on possession and carrying firearms and ammunition; enhanced inspection activities in the field of security in storage of firearms,

ammunition, explosives, nuclear materials and sources of ionizing radiation, hazardous chemicals and other hazardous substances.

State of war is declared for the state as a whole country. It is declared by the Parliament of the CR in the following situations: threat of an imminent attack, aggression – the country has been just attacked, fulfillment of international signatory obligations concerning common

defense. The resolution on a war state is made public in mass media and

promulgated as a law. The enforcement starts as it is set in the resolution. It enables to use all forces and means of the state, legal entities and individuals to repel the aggression. At war time the performance of state administration, the course of national economy and operation of armed forces is centrally controlled. The soldiers in reserves are collectively drafted for the emergency service in armed forces and such measures in the national economy are taken in order to ensure the needs of armed forces and civilian population. From the viewpoint of the international law, the state of war begins by the outbreak of an armed conflict regardless whether the act of war was declared.

OPERATIONAL PREPARATION OF THE STATE TERRITORY

Operational preparation of the state territory (OPST) is an essential process for the provision of national defense. It includes a complex of military, economic and defense measures which are planned and carried out at peace time under the state of exposure to danger or the state of war in order to establish in the state territory necessary conditions for the performance of the armed forces tasks and for the provision of needs of the population. It is a part of the control and organizing the state within the scope of the Ministry of Defense (MOD), as it is listed in § 3 of Act No. 222/1999 Coll., on Defense of the Czech Republic. [21]

Basic documents of the operational preparation of the state territory are: The concept of operational preparation of the state territory is prepared

by the MOD under § 16, subsection 2, letter b) Act No. 2 / 1969 Coll. on the Establishment of ministries and other central bodies of state administration of the Czech Republic.


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The plan of the operation preparation of the state territory, which is, in accordance with § 2, letter e) Government Regulation No. 51/2004 Coll. on State Defense Planning, included in the Plan for National Defense.

What was done for OPST after the year 2000 is stated in the following list, which can be studied in details at the WWW: http://www.opsu.army.cz. In the time sequence the following steps were carried out according to Table 1.

Table 1

Documents of the operational preparation of the state territory after 2000

yyyy mm dd Document Resolution 2003 02 11 The analysis of operational preparation

of the state territory NSC no. 43

2004 06 02 The concept of operational preparation of the CR territory

Gov. no. 569

2005 07 13 The plan of operational preparation of the CR territory

Gov. no. 923

2006 05 10 Principles for establishing reserve crisis departments

Gov. no. 512

2007 12 19 Guidelines for selecting objects of defense infrastructure and documentation processing

Gov. no. 1436

The list of objects that in case of exposure to danger or in a state of war may be attacked

Gov. no. 1457

2008 01 02 Methodology for making contracts for guarding (protecting) non-military objects important for national defense

Chief of General Staff of ACR, No. 3088/2007-1203

2009 01 12 The plan of operational preparation of the state territory for the years 2009-2012

Gov. no. 66

Objects proposed to designation as the objects important for national defense

Gov. no. 65

OPST is a vital issue, and its gradual development requires both financial

resources and collaboration across government departments together with the involvement of individuals and corporate businesses. A real progress in this area cannot be made without a strategic change in the system of securing military defense of the state, which occurred after joining the NATO on 12 March 1999 and after the decision on elaboration of a document - Concept on Constitution of Professional Army of the Czech Republic and mobilization of Armed Forces of the Czech Republic14.


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THE DEFENSE PLAN OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC

In security policy it has been decided, as stated in the previous text, that "defense policy is carried out by armed forces whose crucial part is the Army of the Czech Republic that permanently has had in place the plans and contingency measures in case of needed increase of capacity." The basic planning document for the management and organization of the defense of the state is the Defense Plan of the Czech Republic. It is based on laws and complies with security policy documents: Security Strategy and Military Strategy of the CR. It is designed in accordance with the Concept of constitution of professional army of the CR and with planning principles used in the NATO and the EU. It is consistent with other conceptual documents setting procedures for protection of population, property and the environment. An example is the Concept of population protection15 which is the document that is devoted to solving non-military threats and also military threats by non-military means. The defense plan is an implementing document for actual securing the state defense in case of military crisis situations.

The defense plan was created under the leadership of the Ministry of Defense of the CR16 and sets out what the state and particular elements of security system are obliged to perform in order to secure the defense of the CR. The Ministry of Defense is the body responsible for security of defense and the control of the ACR, therefore it processes the Defense Plan of the CR. Other elements of the security system (central administration) elaborate Sectional Defense Plan. Only when ensuring the functionality of the competences of the Ministry of Defense, the executive power (the CR Government) is authorized through its decisions to secure the defense. The Defense Plan deals with: the determination of the basic directions of the preparation to use all the

resources of the state and the society for the defense in military crisis situations, creating conditions at peace time for the objective analysis and evaluation

of material, operational and combat capabilities of available forces and means of the state, notably of the armed forces of the CR,

creating conditions in case of the state exposure to danger and at war time to start real planning and using available forces and means including the involvement of the CR security system into this process.

The Defense Plan uses for its generation and maintenance in an actual state defined processes and contains structural documents because crisis situations of a military character are not at current conditions in security reality too frequent. The Defense Plan is elaborated for a four-year period, it is submitted by the Minister of Defense and is approved by the government. Its content is in compliance with Act No. 222/1999 Coll. on Security of Defense of the Czech Republic, as amended by Act No. 320/2002 Coll. Processes in the Defense Plan:

Defense planning

Defense planning is a set of activities, procedures and links carried out by


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state authorities to determine the objectives, needs and tasks of national defense and from them resulting procedures and deadlines of their accomplishment and ways of control. The content of course respects political, security, military, economic and technological requirements, theoretical requirements for the securing national defense, and is dictated by the effort to use human, material and financial resources in the most efficient way. Defensive Planning affects planning of armed forces, equipment, resources, communication and information systems and logistics planning.

Operational planning Operational planning is a planning process whose objective is to elaborate a military-strategic objectives17 into complex plans of military operations coordinated at time and space.

Mobilization planning Mobilization planning is a planning process whose objective is to establish a sequence, timing and ways of commitment of the mobilization of the armed forces of the CR and their human and material securing.

Planning of the state defense system preparedness It is a planning process for securing complex preparedness of the defense system of the state.

Planning of preparations for rescue operations and performance of humanitarian tasks Planning of preparations for rescue work is made up of a set of elements, activities and measures of the legislative, economic and professional character. It is intended to divert or limit the immediate effects of adverse consequences of extraordinary events. It also includes a set of powerful elements for planning in other departments and areas. The terms civil emergency planning and crisis planning are used in this connection. They are linked to the Crisis Act18 and the Act on Integrated Rescue System19.

CR Defense Plan Documents:

The Defense Plan is made up of a set of documents determining the measures and procedures to secure national defense and to meet the requirements for securing international signatory commitments concerning common defense, including the share of the armed forces of the CR on the activities of international organizations in favor of peace, participation in peacekeeping operations and their share in rescue operations and in covering humanitarian tasks. The documents are as follows: State activities plans for securing the CR defense against the external

attack, State activities plans for fulfillment of international signatory

commitments on common defense against aggression, The survey of forces and means and a plan for their completion, The plan of economic mobilization, The plan of necessary supplies,


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The plan of operational preparation of the state territory, Concepts of preliminary operation plans and permanent operation plans, The list of measures and the catalogue of measures for the National

response system to crises, The manual of the system of the response to crises.

The Defense plan enables the Government to coordinate the actions of the state, public authorities and other elements of the security system for operations using measures that are related to the immediate threat of the rise of a particular crises situation of a military character in its progress. The Defense plan is developed in peacetime. Its use is a variable according to a particular crisis situation. The scope and structure of the documentation to address the particular crisis situations depend on the usability of a pre-prepared plan of defense. If necessary, specifying measures of the government for this plan on the recommendation of the National Security Council (NSC) can be adopted. CENTRAL AUTHORITIES OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC SECURITY SYSTEM

The current security system in the Czech Republic is functional and has reflected several years of development. During its generation Czech traditions and experience were followed and at the same time the knowledge from comparable European states was used. Main principles to ensure the security of the CR follow the constitutional order and legislation. The security system has been generated. It operates in the Czech Republic, is interconnected with the NATO, EU and other international institutions (UN, OSCE, World Health Organization). It is compatible and interoperable with the coalition-like and other, mainly European security systems. The security system generates qualified groundwork for updating state security policy and for decision making of its particular elements. An inseparable part of its operation is the systematic preparation and preventive actions.

While using security system in case of military threats, the legislative, executive and judicial powers are involved in decision making procedures together with local government, legal and business individuals who are responsible for ensuring the security of the CR. Central authorities of the security system are especially President of the Czech Republic, CR Government, CR Parliament, National Security Council (NSC) and its working bodies, Central Crisis Staff and bodies of state administration.

President of the Czech Republic is the supreme commander of the armed forces and has special powers towards the government and the NSC. He has the right to attend NSC meetings, to require the reports from it and its members and discuss with its members issues that fall within their scope.

The Czech government is the executive body of a state power, therefore it carries out national security policy. It is responsible for the control and functionality of the security system. It is authorized to declare a state of emergency in case of major crisis situations. The government under settled conditions decides


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on the deployment of armed forces outside the CR territory and on staying of foreign military forces on the CR territory maximally for a period of 60 days. Among the specific tasks related to defense belongs: to submit a proposal to declare the state of exposure to danger to the

Parliament if the sovereignty, territorial integrity or the democratic foundations of the state is imminently threatened,

to submit a proposal to declare the state of war if the CR is attacked or obliged to comply with international signatory commitments concerning common defense,

to make and submit an irregular state final account, to elaborate a draft of a law on the emergency state budget or on the state of

war budget, to make decisions on measures to create necessary conditions for ensuring the

needs of the population for living, functioning of the state and local administration,

to declare restrictions on rights and personal freedoms in the state of exposure to danger and determine the scope of responsibilities,

to make decisions on measures for the effective functioning of the national defense system and on the priorities of tasks associated with securing national defense,

to make decisions on the use of appropriate material means necessary for securing national defense,

to make decisions on the number of individuals that is necessary to determine in order to ensure national defense, for work duties or work assistance,

to approve operational plans for the use of armed forces of the CR in case of exposure to danger,

to submit the President of the CR proposals to declare a partial mobilization of armed forces of the CR,

to make decisions on the number of people subjected to conscription proceedings,

to prepare the announcement and promulgation of the decision to declare the state of exposure to danger in mass media,

to make proposals to the Parliament to approve the stay of foreign troops on the CR territory,

to make proposals to the Parliament to approve sending the armed forces outside the CR territory,

to approve operational plans for the use of the CR AF for the state of war, to submit the President of the CR a proposal to declare general mobilization

of the armed forces of the CR. The Parliament of the Czech Republic is a bicameral legislative body of

the CR. In its competency is, besides passing laws on national security, to make decisions on the direction of the state security policy, to decide on the declaration of the state of exposure to danger, the state of war and on the participation of the CR in defense systems of international organizations, of which we are members. It endorses the deployment of armed forces outside the territory of the CR and the


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stay of foreign troops on its territory. Among the major institutions of the lower house of the CR Parliament, which are primarily involved in national security belongs the Security Committee and Defense Committee.

Security Committee discusses in particular aws where the promoter in behalf of the Government is represented by the Ministry of Interior. The minister is invited to the Security Committee to discuss the bill. Security Committee primarily addresses issues related to the Police of the Czech Republic, local and municipal police forces, intelligence services, prisoning, national energy security, rescue brigades and incident services. In these areas they address primarily questions of conceptual nature. Defense Committee deals primarily with the laws on external security and on negotiating international treaties relating to international security commitments of the Czech Republic. Its partner ministry is the Ministry of Defense.

In connection with the defense, the CR Parliament adopts resolutions on the declaration of the state of exposure to danger and the state of war, it approves sending armed forces outside the CR territory and the stay of foreign troops on the CR territory, it approves ratification of international treaties related to securing national defense and approves the draft law on the emergency state budget or on the war state budget.

National Security Council is a permanent working body of the Government for the coordination of the issue of the CR security and for drafting measures for its securing. In the field of security ensuring NSC may request information and analyses of all ministers and heads of other administrative offices and set them tasks associated with ensuring the security of the CR. NSC reviews and then submits periodic reports on the state of security in the CR with the drafts of measures to the CR Government. It collaborates with regional security councils. It is conceived as an institution for the preparation of measures in this field, but also for solving the crisis. The part of the NSC system are permanent interagency working bodies, which are the following four committees: Committee for Civil Emergency Planning (CCEP) is the body for

coordination and planning of measures to protect internal security of the state, population and economy, critical infrastructure, ensuring preventive measures against the use of weapons of mass destruction, including the solution how to eliminate the consequences of their use and coordination of requirements for civil resources necessary for ensuring the security of the CR. The committee has 22 members and is controlled by the Ministry of Interior.

Committee for Coordination of Foreign Security Policy (CCFSP) is the body for internal coordination of foreign security policy of the CR with the emphasis on the international position of the CR and relations with international security organizations. The committee has 16 members and is controlled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Defense Planning Committee (DPC) is the body for coordination of planning of measures to ensure CR defense and for securing links to the institutions of the NATO defense planning. The committee has 14 members and is controlled by the Ministry of Defense.


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Intelligence Committee (IC) is the body for coordination of activities of intelligence services of the CR and their planning of measures to ensure intelligence activities and cooperation between state authorities that obtain, collect and evaluate information necessary to ensure the security of the CR. The committee has 9 members and is controlled by the Prime Minister.

Central Crisis Staff (CCS) is a working body of the Government to address crisis situations. CCS is activated in case of a direct threat or a crisis situation and submits proposals for solving to the NSC or in case of jeopardy directly to the Government. The Prime Minister decides on the activation of CCS. If he is not present on the CR territory or from other reasons, the deputy prime minister decides on the activation of CCS. The proposal to activate CCS may be presented by a member of the Government. In case of providing humanitarian assistance of a larger scale in abroad or in case of the CR involvement in international rescue operations during accidents and natural disasters, the proposal for the activation of CCS is submitted by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Central authorities of state administration under the Competence Act include individual ministries and other central authorities of state administration. These authorities according to their importance and position in the security system of the CR are irreplaceable. Within their competences they submit the proposals of legal regulations and other materials, resp. on the base of legal empowerment they issue executive public notice to specify the procedure and implementation of the measures to the government. They can ensure their executive sphere of actions together with operation of own offices through executive departments (e.g. Police, Fire & Rescue Service of the CR, the Army of the CR, Customs, Prison Service of the CR etc.). Their professional workplaces and executive branches provide security at the national level and, through regional sections also security within a defined territory. Central authorities of state administration have established the crisis staffs as the working body for solving crisis situations. In connection with securing defense, the central authorities of state administration have the following specific tasks: they participate in the implementation of measures for preparation and

organization of national defense, they propose to the Government to implement the range of measures to create

necessary conditions for ensuring the living needs for the population, functioning of state administration and self-administration,

they propose to the Government the measures concerning the rights and to what extent in accordance with the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms they are limited and what obligations and to what extent they are set,

they participate in drafting the proposal for the use of appropriate material means necessary for securing national defense,

they participate in drafting the number of individuals for civilian duty or civilian assistance that is necessary to determine for securing national defense,


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in case of the state of exposure to danger, they implement measures to secure the mobilization of the armed forces of the CR and in case of the state of war they implement measures flowing from the mobilization of the armed forces of the CR.

The most important central authority of state administration in securing the defense of the CR against military threats is the Ministry of Defense of the CR. Its specific objectives are as follows: it proposes measures for preparation and organization of national defense to

the Government, it participates in the implementation of measures to create necessary

conditions for ensuring the living needs for the population, functioning of the state administration and self-administration,

it participates in the determination of measures concerning the rights and to what extent they are, in accordance with the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, limited, and what obligations, to what extent, are set,

it proposes to the Government the way of use appropriate material means necessary for securing national defense,

it proposes to the Government the number of individuals for civilian duty or civilian assistance that is necessary to appoint for securing national defense,

it proposes to the Government the declaration of a partial or general mobilization of the armed forces of the CR,

it proposes to the Government the number of people subjected to conscription proceeding,

it prepares operational plans for the use of the armed forces of the CR, it ensures command of troops using military art, ensuring their rational use.

POPULATION PROTECTION IN MILITARY THREATS

In previous sections, procedural activities that are associated with the governance system and its formal symptoms up to the level of setting military tasks have been described. Statistics of world warfare introduce that before the First World War (1914 - 1918) around 5% of the civilian population was affected by military activities. In World War II the number jumped over 50% and after the use of nuclear weapons in Hiroshima and Nagasaki (6th and 9th August 1945) the affliction by military actions reached the complementary condition where it is thought that 90 to 95% of military losses is on the civilian population. Therefore, it is relevant to evidence the condition which would arise for non-military part of the population.

The philosophy of security policy and security system of the CR is based on the principle that the components of the Integrated Rescue System (IRS), which directly contribute to the protection of population should always be with the population. Population live in houses, residences, micro-regions, regions. The Army has one of the characteristics - mobility, therefore deployment ability, and rapid usability of forces at different locations along with the development of a


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combat situation, according to military strategy, operational art and tactics. The Army basically cannot fulfill regionally conditioned tasks of population protection. Therefore, in the Act on Integrated Rescue System (Act No. 239/2000 Coll.) the Army is introduced not as a basic, but as another section of the IRS. This principle will be covered exactly in case of military conditions when the military forces will perform other tasks than those which are associated with individual population protection.

What the realistic scenarios of development after a military aggression are. Our forces can win but also lose. Whatever the result of war activities which may take place in the country or outside is, people remain in their homes and need protection against fire, against chemical agents, against looting, while their lives and health are endangered, they need rescue and relief works. Our laws reflect that the CR population deserves such care. The direct linkage of IRS to a resident, village, micro region and region is obvious. Using the Geneva Conventions [3], the IRS must ensure in case of the worst scenario in the development of war situations its autonomous activity even if the state is defeated, the territory annexed and the governance is carried out by the occupation authorities.

The essential force of the IRS is Fire and Rescue Service of the CR (FRS CR). In connection with the mission of the FRS CR (Act No. 238/2000 Coll.) is, in case of the declaration of the state of exposure to danger or the state of war, the strategic objective: To organize and accomplish tasks in the area of population protection, fire protection and carrying out rescue and relief works and through this activity contribute maximally to protect the lives and health of the population, property and the environment. The strategic objective is reflected in the priority directions which represent key areas of operations and activities of FRS CR in case of the state of exposure to danger declaration and the declaration of the war state. The priority directions of activities of the FRS CR are: Priority direction I: Fire protection Priority direction II: Integrated Rescue System Priority direction III: Protection of the Population Priority direction IV: Crisis Management

In the CR conditions, conceptual materials have been developed. They formulate the concept on future conditions, including the threat and war: "The Concept of population protection by the year 2006 with a view to 2015" approved by the Government Resolution of April 22, 2002 No. 417 and the following "The Concept of population protection by the year 2013 with a view to 2020" (hereinafter “Concept 2013 (2020)”), approved by the Government Resolution No. 165 of February 25, 2008 [10]. The part of a second material is a "Schedule of implementation of population protection measures by the year 2013 with a view to 2020, which includes basic tasks for the years 2008 - 2013.

In Section 4.3 the Concept 2013 (2020) deals with the population protection in the state of exposure to danger and the state of war. It introduces inter alia, that "measures relating to the preparations for the state of exposure to danger and war will be planned and secured in accordance with the elaborated and by the Government approved “The Defense Plan of the Czech Republic20.


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During the Defense plan generation were applied: the enactment of current legal norms of the CR security area, CR defense securing, crisis management and principles of defense policy included in the strategic documents adopted by the Government of the CR21. "It clearly indicates that the Defense plan deals with the implementation of national standards and principles and determines basic directions of the preparation and utilization of state resources for defense in conditions of exposure to danger and the state of war. It imposes to incorporate particular measures for population protection in the upcoming partial plans of defense22 and to update documents already processed.

In Section 5, the Concept 2013 (2020) assesses the readiness of forces and means. For conditions of military threats also pays that it is necessary to maintain the operability of the IRS which is dependent on the quality of coordination work of FRS CR related to other sections of the IRS. Here, the most important player are prepared people, their professional level and equipment for rescue and relief works. Those IRS modeled procedures of sections of IRS which reflect the type activities of the IRS in a joint intervention are remarked. They will be issued by the MI GD FRS CR. It affects the central, regional and municipal levels. Highlighted is the role of a commander focused on the control of large and complicated interventions, including preparation of crisis staffs and commander of intervention staffs. Contributive should be the practice of cooperation, particularly of basic sections of the IRS. For the other sections of the IRS, especially from a range of citizen associations, will be necessary to implement a targeted subsidy policy aimed at cooperation in the IRS and at the usability and deployment of resources of these civil associations. Attention will be paid to sections of the IRS personnel that is composed of volunteers. Also the losses are discussed. Losses caused by the withdrawal of employees to carry out rescue and relief work in the volunteer section of the IRS. The call-up of sections of IRS is solved in case of emergencies, especially as a supplementary section in support of operation of basic sections.

Securing tasks in the field of population protection in case of an extraordinary event, which is necessary to accomplish especially on the municipality level, administration district level or a region level is associated with fire units, facilities of CP and search and rescue teams. They are established in order to accomplish tasks and measures in population protection and supplement activities of basic sections of IRS during rescue and relief works. Members of civil associations or other persons providing personal and material assistance may be assigned to fire brigade units and search and rescue teams. Material resources that are supposed to be used are also buildings and facilities established by municipalities and districts (schools, cultural centers, sports stadiums, etc.) together with their staff reinforced by predetermined units of the volunteer fire brigade (VFB) of municipalities, which perform specific tasks to protect the population.

Protection of the population in the state of war must be ensured by sections which carry out these activities at time of non-military threats. It is necessary to ensure that the sections of IRS during the state of war retained their


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staff and equipment (power and resources). For the period of hostilities it will be necessary to establish a satisfactory system so that the staff especially of sections of IRS was reinforced by predetermined forces from among existing volunteers. As far as the FRS CR is concerned it should be primarily the staff of VFB (Volunteer Fire Brigade) units of selected municipalities (category FPU – Fire Protection Units II and FPU III), which should be incorporated into units of regional FRS. For this purpose it is necessary to adapt the system of economic mobilization and conscription of citizens.

For military crisis situations (planning of national defense), the municipality will increase the number of predetermined persons for the accomplishment of tasks in the field of population protection in accordance with a crises plan of a region and a sub-plan of defense and will ensure the exemptions of the predetermined persons to service irregular military service according to a special legal regulation23.

In the other sections of FRS also military rescue units of the ACR play their role. Especially in the state of war there will be changes in the earmarking of forces and funds of the ACR in favor of the IRS. These tasks will be specifically reviewed, the documentation of the IRS modified and crisis plans of regions, incidents plans of regions and external incident plans for zones of incident planning of nuclear power plants, buildings and facilities with hazardous chemicals will be updated.

For operational management there will be one national Operation and Information Service (OPIS MI GD FRS CR), 14 regional and a fixed number of so called sector operations and information centers. Building the information system of operations centers will be designed so as to ensure the operation of information and communication networks and services of IRS and to ensure permanent operation of telephone lines of the unified European emergency number (112) and comparable availability from all parts of the CR. The FRS CR will ensure operation of 14 emergency call centers 112 in the Regional Operations and Information Centers at the FRS of regions and at the FRS of a capital city Prague.

In "The Concept of 2013 (2020), it is described in the chapter “4.1.7. Science and Research": " The organization of research and development in the field of population protection will be from now on addressed through one central workplace in the scope of the MI DG of FRS CR responsible for analysis, synthetic and conceptual work in this field, gathering information on new techniques and new technologies in the world, self-complementary and applied research and transfer of this knowledge into practice. This workplace is the Population Protection Institute, Lazne Bohdaneс." Supporting factual objectives of the population protection development by the year 2013 with a view to 2020 is envisaged as a part of Security Research in the CR. Factual priorities of a research support for population protection in extraordinary events and crisis situations anticipate in key directions among others: a set of organizational, control, planning, monitoring, technical,

technological, coordination and other measures,


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measures for optimizing and development of specific methods, laboratory techniques, diagnostic tests and methods for increasing the level of adequate resources and support services for: - protection of the population, property and the environment focusing

mainly on the evaluation of radiological, chemical and biological situation of using WMD,

- detection, characterization, identification and determination of chemical warfare, biological and other hazardous substances with the use of instrumentation technique both of laboratories of the FRS CR and universities and research institutions,

- decontamination of persons and equipment after the interventions in contaminated areas,

- warning notification and emergency public informing, achieving greater efficiency of the civil support in favor of armed forces

and security forces during their use and also the improvement of military support if requested for the assistance in major emergencies and non-military situations,

solution of selected specific problems in the communication with the population,

factual layout of legislative measures so that the legal order defined the issue of civil emergency planning, its working tool and a system of coordination and collaboration-links,

optimization of processes of civil emergency planning for full utilization of civil resources in military measures and in addressing the consequences of crisis situations at peace.

These development directions and settled priorities of research and the developmental support of population protection processes are necessary to achieve the objectives of the "Concept of 2013 (2020)" and are important for more quality-like while addressing the military crisis situations. CONCLUSION

The attention was paid to the crisis situations in case of military threats. On the example of the CR it is documented the issue with the utilization of a theoretical introduction on securitology which helped clarify the difference between the issue of a security policy and security system in security reality.

Subsequently a set of security documents of the CR was analyzed in order to document the context and viewpoints of security policy to military threats. The results proved that a significant attention has been given to these problems. Using previous documents, the crisis situations of a military character were zoomed and their substance was formulated. For differentiation, subsequently, military crisis situations were explained.

To zoom the situations that would follow after the declaration of the state of exposure to danger or the state of war, the procedure of the operation


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preparation of a state territory was fully explained. The Defense Plan of the CR even more documented the difficult processes and continuous attention which is paid to the preparation addressing military threats. To conclude the framework of this issue, the basic information on central authorities in a security system of the CR was summarized.

The analysis of documents and an integrated description of a possible reaction of the CR to military threats in case of the declaration of military crisis situations has been concluded on the assumed securing of population protection that is confined to their homes.

Résumé Security reality is not in a situation where it is possible to eliminate the

military threats. In extreme cases, if prevention and peace efforts against terrorism and WMD proliferation failed, the CR would enter into a military action. According to the laws it would be either the state of exposure to danger or the state of war declared. The aim of this paper is to assess how the state security system has been prepared to this condition and what situations it can count on.

Theoretical introduction uses tools of securitology, which decomposes security reality into the entities of three basic components: s,t,rSR = (s,t,rS, s,t,rSP, s,t,rSS) (Janosec [5], 2007) which is a form of a modeled expression. This paper aims to introduce the CR approach to military crisis situations by analyzing and commenting on contemporary documents, the security policy of the CR, information on the CR security system and its synthetic assessment.

Official views of the approach to military threats have been assessed according to the basic security policy documents and laws. The amended Security Strategy (2003) is a document approved by the Government, it arose under the coordination of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with the participation of the Government Office, Ministries of Defense, Interior and Finance, Intelligence, Office of the President, Administration of State Material Reserves, the security community, deputies and senators in the relevant parliamentary committees. Security Policy formulates Defense Policy in the part "Strategy for Promoting security interests of the CR". Protection against external threats is a fundamental national interest in securing the existence of the CR. In the military doctrine of the CR (2008) the politico-military ambitions are listed and the attention is focused also on possible inclusion in practical operations.

The next part informs about the types of crisis situations of a military character, and defines what names will be given to them. The following section explains the difference in comparison with military crisis situations. In addition to the statutory definition of a security system it summarizes the information on the operational preparation of the state territory, which is an essential process for securing the defense of the state. Further attention is paid to the primary planning document for the management and organization of securing the defense of the state, which is the Defense Plan. It was developed under the leadership of the Ministry of Defense. It includes the processes: Defense planning, Operational


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planning, Mobilization planning, planning of the preparedness of the state defense system, planning of the preparations for the rescue operations and performance of humanitarian tasks. It also informs about the structure of the Defense plan documents.

The responsibility of the central authorities of the CR security system and the population protection has been described in details. The philosophy of the CR security policy is based on the principle that sections of the integrated rescue system, which are directly involved in the population protection, should always be with the population. The basic range presents a valid document "The concept of population protection by the year 2013 with a view to 2020".

Through the analysis of specific laws and documents, arguable tools we submitted. They enable to model the response of the CR to crisis situations and create conditions for active work in favor of securing protection of population in the own territory and abroad.

NOTES: 1 According to the Constitutional Act No. 110/1998 Coll. on the Security of the

Czech Republic. 2 According to § 9 subsection 1 and 2 of Act No. 219/1999 Coll. on the Armed

Forces of the Czech Republic. 3 Military strategy of the Czech Republic, discussed and approved by the

Government Resolution No. 907 of July 23, 2008. 4 Security Strategy of the Czech Republic [Government Resolution No. 1254 dated

10 December 2003]. Available from WWW: <http://www.vlada.cz/ assets/ppov/brs/dokumenty/ bezpecnostni_strategie_2003.pdf>.

5 Act No. 219/1999 Coll. on the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic. 6 Military Strategy of the Czech Republic, discussed and approved by the

Government Resolution No. 907 of July 23, 2008. 7 Constitutional Act No. 1 / 1993 Coll. as amended by Act No. 347/1997 Coll.,

300/2000 Coll., 448/2001 Coll., 395/2001 Coll. and 515/2002 Coll., Constitution of the Czech Republic.

8 Constitutional Act No. 110/1998 Coll. On Security of the Czech Republic. 9 Articles 10, 10a, 10b of the Constitutional Act No. 1 / 1993 Coll., Where the

article 10 states: "The declared international treaties, for the ratification of them the Parliament gave the approval and by which the Czech Republic is bound, are the part of the legal system; if an international treaty settles something else than the law, the international treaty is applied."

10 Constitutional Act No. 110/1998 Coll. on Security of the Czech Republic. 11 With regard to the need to provide continuous air defense (PVO), the NATO

member states agreed to set up a joint and integrated air defense system under the name NATINADS (NATO Integrated Air Defense System). It is unique in that it is active in peace, crisis and in war. Involvement of assigned forces and resources


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to NATINADS was approved by the resolution of the Chamber of Deputies No. 1348/2000 of December 7, 2000 and the Senate of the CRP No. 16/2000 of December 20, 2000.

12 Available at WWW: <http://www.osn.cz/dokumenty-osn/soubory/charta-organizace-spojenych-narodu-a-statut-mezinarodniho-soudniho-dvora.pdf>.

13 Available at WWW: <http://www.osn.cz/dokumenty-osn/soubory/vseobecna-deklarace-lidskych-prav.pdf>.

14 The Conception of the development of the professional Army of the Czech Republic and mobilization of the Armed forces of the Czech Republic, approved by Government Resolution No. 1140 of November 13, 2002.

15 The current valid Concept of population protection by the year 2013 with a view to 2020. [Government Resolution No. 165 of February 25, 2008]. London: FRC DG, Appendix Journal 112 No. 4 / 2008, 16 p. [9]

16 According to the "competence law" [19], § 16, subsection 2, letter c) and d) of Act No. 2 / 1969 Coll. on the establishment of ministries and other central bodies of state administration of the Czech Republic, as amended.

17 Military-strategic objectives are long-term set by the defense policy and military strategy, or targeted, which link to the specific use of military forces and can be determined by military command.

18 Act No. 240/2000 Coll. on Crisis management and amendment of certain acts (Crisis Act). [23]

19 Act No. 239/2000 Coll. on Integrated Rescue System and on amendments of some acts. [22]

20 Resolution of the Government of August 13, 2007 No. 882. 21 Constitutional Act No. 110/1998 Coll. on Security of the Czech Republic, as

amended, Act No. 222/1999 Coll. on Securing the defense of the Czech Republic, as amended; The amended Security Strategy of the Czech Republic, approved by Government Resolution No. 1254/2003; Military Strategy of the Czech Republic, approved by Government Resolution No. 578/2004.

22 Government Regulation No. 51/2004 Coll. on Defense planning of the state. 23 Act No. 585/2004 Coll. on Conscription and its securing (Defense Act), as

amended. Literature

[1] Security Strategy of the Czech Republic. Prague, 2003. 21 p. [2] The Doctrine of the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic. Altitude: ReVD,

Administration of Doctrines, 2004. 148 p. [3] Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949 on the

Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I). Geneva: June 8, 1977 and published notice under No. 168/1991 Coll.

[4] FRIMMER, John. CR Ambitions and conceptions of using ACR in operations. Lecture at the University of Defense of September 5, 2007.


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[5] JANOSEC, Josef. Security and Defense of the Czech Republic from 2015 to 2025. 1st edition, Prague: Agency of military information and services, Ministry of Defense, 2005. 200 s. ISBN 80-7278-303-3.

[6] JANOSEC Josef. From theory of defense to securitology. In Luptak, Lubomir, et al. PANORAMA global security environment of 2006 - 2007. Bratislava: MO of the Slovak Republic, 2007, p. 483 – 496. Available at WWW: <www.mosr.sk/publikace>. ISBN 978-80-89-89261-11-6.

[7] JANOSEC, Josef. Population protection in the military crisis situations. In The operational preparation of the Czech Republic 2009. [Proceedings of contributions from the international and inter-ministerial conference, held November 3 – 4, 2009 in Prague]. Prague: Ministry of Defense – MOD PIC Prague, 2009, p. 95 -104, CD. ISBN 978-80-7278-527-8.

[8] JURENKA, Miroslav. Crisis management in the sector of the CR Defense. Lecture at the University of Defense of September 20, 2007.

[9] JURENKA, Miroslav. Tasks and opportunities of using ACR in addressing crisis situations of non-military character in the state territory. (Candidate dissertation). Brno: University of Defense Brno, 2009. 95 p.

[10] The conception of population protection by the year 2013 with a view to 2020. [Government Resolution No. 165 February 25, 2008]. Prague: FRC DG, Appendix Journal 112 No. 4 / 2008, 16 p.

[11] KOUCKA Marta, VESELY, Bohumir. Crisis management in the field of national defense. 1st edition, Prague: MOI - DG FRS CR, 2009. 55 p. ISBN 978-80-86640-69-3.

[12] MARES, Miroslav. Globalization and main security threats in the early of 21st century. Lecture at the University of Defense of September 4, 2007.

[13] Government Regulation No. 51/2004 Coll. on Defense planning of the state. [14] NATO's 2020. Assured Security, Dynamic engagement. (Analysis and

recommendations of the Group of Experts on a new Strategic Concept for NATO). Brussels: NATO Public Diplomacy Division, 2010. 58 p. Available at WWW: <http://www.army.cz/images /Bilakniha/ZSD/NATO2020.pdf>.

[15] Operational preparation of the national territory. Available at the Web: <http://www.opsu.army.cz/>.

[16] The Alliance's Strategic Concept. (NATO's Strategic Concept). Washington DC: NATO, 1999. Available at the Web: <http://www.army.cz/images/ Bilakniha/ZSD/NATO%20The%20Alliance's%20Strategic%20Concept.pdf/>.

[17] TUMA, Miroslav, JANOSEC, Josef, PROCHAZKA, Josef. The defense policy of Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic (1989-2009). Prague: MO PIS, Prague, 2009. 231 p. IBSN 978-80-72-78-522-3.

[18] Constitutional Act No. 110/1998 Coll. on Security of the Czech Republic. [19] Military Strategy of the Czech Republic, by the Government Resolution

No. 907 of July 23, 2008. [20] Act No. 2 / 1969 Coll. on the establishment of ministries and other central

bodies of state administration in the Czech Republic, as amended. [21] Act No. 219/1999 Coll., on the Armed Forces of the CR. [22] Act No. 222/1999 Coll., on Defense securing of the CR.


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[23] Act No. 239/2000 Coll., on Integrated Rescue System and on the amendment of some acts.

[24] Act No. 240/2000 Coll., on Crisis management and on the amendments of certain Acts (Crisis Act).

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