CZCS data analysis in turbid coastal water
1
902 F. General OLR (1984) 31 (12) IBM research facility at Yorktown, New York, lead the authors to conclude that the steady advance of logic and memory technology (computer speed) is the most important factor to science users. For management, communication ability is paramount and for engineers, speed, display and sharing capacities are desired. IBM Res. Lab., San Jose Calif. 95193, USA. (msg) 84:6316 Hedges, J.I. and J.H. Stern, 1984. Carbon and nitrogen determinations of carbonate-containing solids. Limnol. Oceanogr., 29(3):657-663. Two methods are described for determination of organic C, inorganic C and total N in sediments, sediment trap materials, and plankton. Both meth- ods discriminate organic and inorganic C by acid- ification, avoid losses of acid-soluble organic and inorganic matter, and utilize an automated CHN analyzer for all elemental determinations. Short-term precisions for organic C and total N are about _+ 1% of the measured value with blank levels < 1.5 /~g. Sch. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, USA. 84:6317 Pearce, T.H., 1984. Multiple frequency laser inter- ference microscopy: a new technique. Microscope, 32(2):69-81. The multiple frequency laser interference micro- scope recently constructed in the Department of Earth Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Can- ada, consists of a laser light source that generates a collimated beam of coherent light of more than one frequency and a Mach-Zehnder horizontal-lightpath interference microscope. Under wide-fringe opera- tion, 'refractive index is directly visible as shades and hues of different colors and refractive index gra- dients of less than 0.001/ram may be easily detect- ed.' In fact, any feature (chemical composition, crystal state, etc.) that affects refractive index is visible. By measuring fringe shift and thickness under narrow-fringe operation, refractive index can be calculated to _+0.000N. Dept. of Geol. Sci., Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ont. K7L 3N6, Canada. (msg) 84:6318 Shurkin, J.N., 1983. Expert systems: the practical face of artificial intelligence. Technol. Rev., 86(6):72-78. What do experts do? They (1) solve problems, (2) explain results, (3) learn by experience, (4) restruc- ture their knowledge, (5) break rules when required, and (6) determine relevance. Can an expert com- puter system do the same? Not yet, totally, and according to some, maybe never, totally. But experimental and commercial expert systems already exist (there are about 50 such programs); they have solved real problems, proved mathematical theo- rems, diagnosed illness, located mineral deposits and designed better computers. The capabilities and limitations of such programs are discussed here, along with certain changes which have occurred in the way we think about thinking. Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif., USA. (fcs) 84:6319 Viollier, M. and B. Sturm, 1984. CZCS data analysis in turbid coastal water. J. geophys. Res., 89(D4): 4977-4985. Different spectral signatures of coastal waters are presented and analyzed with respect to possible improvements of the CZCS algorithms. When ad- justed to the prevailing oceanographic conditions, algorithms can be improved by adjustment of the coefficients in the ratio algorithms, by use of the amplitude of reflectance, or by adjustment of the method for the aerosol correction. It is shown that the combined use of ratio and amplitude of reflec- tance in a sediment algorithm can be used to distinguish between offshore upwellings and turbid nearshore coastal water. 84:6320 Waldrop, M.M., 1984. (Research news.) Artificial intelligence (I): into the world. AI has become a hot property in financial circles; but do the promises have anything to do with reality? Science, 223(4638):802-805. Artificial intelligence is the latest craze in the circles which venture capital, and the fad is further fed by media hype and the international race to develop so-called fifth generation computers--three orders of magnitude faster--which will communicate (and translate) in natural language, written and spoken. But the 'promises seem to be outracing the reality.' It's an exciting time to be in AI, but a number of leading researchers are skeptical that the current models of intelligence can go very far. Common sense, the working material of beautiful thought, simply isn't understood sufficiently to be replicated. (fcs) F40. Area studies, surveys (multidisci- plinary) 84:6321 Aljinovi~, B. et al., 1984. Proceedings of the Inter- national Symposium 'The problems of the Adri-
Transcript of CZCS data analysis in turbid coastal water
902 F. General OLR (1984) 31 (12)
IBM research facility at Yorktown, New York, lead the authors to conclude that the steady advance of logic and memory technology (computer speed) is the most important factor to science users. For management, communication ability is paramount and for engineers, speed, display and sharing capacities are desired. IBM Res. Lab., San Jose Calif. 95193, USA. (msg)
84:6316 Hedges, J.I. and J.H. Stern, 1984. Carbon and
nitrogen determinations of carbonate-containing solids. Limnol. Oceanogr., 29(3):657-663.
Two methods are described for determination of organic C, inorganic C and total N in sediments, sediment trap materials, and plankton. Both meth- ods discriminate organic and inorganic C by acid- ification, avoid losses of acid-soluble organic and inorganic matter, and utilize an automated CHN analyzer for all elemental determinations. Short-term precisions for organic C and total N are about _+ 1% of the measured value with blank levels < 1.5 /~g. Sch. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, USA.
84:6317 Pearce, T.H., 1984. Multiple frequency laser inter-
ference microscopy: a new technique. Microscope, 32(2):69-81.
The multiple frequency laser interference micro- scope recently constructed in the Department of Earth Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Can- ada, consists of a laser light source that generates a collimated beam of coherent light of more than one frequency and a Mach-Zehnder horizontal-lightpath interference microscope. Under wide-fringe opera- tion, 'refractive index is directly visible as shades and hues of different colors and refractive index gra- dients of less than 0.001/ram may be easily detect- ed.' In fact, any feature (chemical composition, crystal state, etc.) that affects refractive index is visible. By measuring fringe shift and thickness under narrow-fringe operation, refractive index can be calculated to _+0.000N. Dept. of Geol. Sci., Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ont. K7L 3N6, Canada. (msg)
84:6318 Shurkin, J.N., 1983. Expert systems: the practical
face of artificial intelligence. Technol. Rev., 86(6):72-78.
What do experts do? They (1) solve problems, (2) explain results, (3) learn by experience, (4) restruc- ture their knowledge, (5) break rules when required, and (6) determine relevance. Can an expert com- puter system do the same? Not yet, totally, and
according to some, maybe never, totally. But experimental and commercial expert systems already exist (there are about 50 such programs); they have solved real problems, proved mathematical theo- rems, diagnosed illness, located mineral deposits and designed better computers. The capabilities and limitations of such programs are discussed here, along with certain changes which have occurred in the way we think about thinking. Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif., USA. (fcs)
84:6319 Viollier, M. and B. Sturm, 1984. CZCS data analysis
in turbid coastal water. J. geophys. Res., 89(D4): 4977-4985.
Different spectral signatures of coastal waters are presented and analyzed with respect to possible improvements of the CZCS algorithms. When ad- justed to the prevailing oceanographic conditions, algorithms can be improved by adjustment of the coefficients in the ratio algorithms, by use of the amplitude of reflectance, or by adjustment of the method for the aerosol correction. It is shown that the combined use of ratio and amplitude of reflec- tance in a sediment algorithm can be used to distinguish between offshore upwellings and turbid nearshore coastal water.
84:6320 Waldrop, M.M., 1984. (Research news.) Artificial
intelligence (I): into the world. AI has become a hot property in financial circles; but do the promises have anything to do with reality? Science, 223(4638):802-805.
Artificial intelligence is the latest craze in the circles which venture capital, and the fad is further fed by media hype and the international race to develop so-called fifth generation computers--three orders of magnitude faster--which will communicate (and translate) in natural language, written and spoken. But the 'promises seem to be outracing the reality.' It's an exciting time to be in AI, but a number of leading researchers are skeptical that the current models of intelligence can go very far. Common sense, the working material of beautiful thought, simply isn't understood sufficiently to be replicated. (fcs)
F40. Area studies, surveys (multidisci- plinary)
84:6321 Aljinovi~, B. et al., 1984. Proceedings of the Inter-
national Symposium 'The problems of the Adri-
