Cytology / Cell Biology Cell Reproduction Mitosis & Meiosis.

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Cytology / Cell Biology Cell Reproduction Mitosis & Meiosis

Transcript of Cytology / Cell Biology Cell Reproduction Mitosis & Meiosis.

Page 1: Cytology / Cell Biology Cell Reproduction Mitosis & Meiosis.

Cytology / Cell Biology

Cell Reproduction

Mitosis & Meiosis

Page 2: Cytology / Cell Biology Cell Reproduction Mitosis & Meiosis.

Recalling the functions of the Plasma Membrane…

(pre-lab discussion)

In your body, which organs perform the functions of a cell membrane?

• Gas exchange lungs• Nutrients absorption small intestine• Waste excretion kidneys / intestines• Osmotic balance (water & salts) kidneys

In your body, what determines the demand for nutrients and oxygen and the production/supply of wastes?

• Your size & the amount of metabolism happening

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S.A./V Ratio and Cell Division(cube lab)

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BRRRRR!!!

Compare a cell to an animal:Mouse: large surface area per volume,loses heat quicklyElephant: small surface area per volume,loses heat slowly

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Discuss with your partner and summarize in your notes

how the SA/volume ratio limits the size of a cell.

Make sure to refer to the cell membrane and cytoplasm and

explain why.

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There once was an egg…

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This kind of egg…

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Then came the barbarians…or was it the Bears?

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They came in huge numbers!

But in the end, there could be only one!

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Egg and sperm were happily united in the process of fertilization…

1 set of chromosomes

from dad(23)

1 set of chromosomes

from mom(23)

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… and formed a zygote (2n = 46), the first cell of an embryo.

A Sea Urchin Embryo in Cell Division (looks a lot like you ~15 years ago)

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Embryonic Development:Cell Migration & Differentiation

Cell migration in

Gastrula

Blastopore

3 Tissue layers:(no memorizing)

1. Ectoderm skin (epidermis), hair, nails, nervous system

2. Mesoderm muscles, bones, circulatory system

3. Endoderm inner lining of digestive tract & lungs, glands

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Mitosis & Meiosis in Life Cycle of Organism

Mitosis

Meiosis

Zygote

Fertilization

Happy Birthday!

Growth & Development

+

Gametes made: haploid (n), 1 set of chromosomes; in humans, n = 23 chromosomes

In sexual reproduction, male & female gametes unite

(n + n = 2n)

First cell of new organism is diploid (2n),

2 sets of chromosomes

Cells multiply & differentiate into various tissues

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What is it? Cell (nuclear) division in eukaryotic cells that produces copies of a cell (bacteria undergo binary fission, a simpler process)

Cell (nuclear) division in eukaryotic cells that produces cells with half the number of chromosomes of a cell

What type of cell undergoes/uses it?

Where does it occur in the organism?

What type of cell is produced and what is it genetic makeup?

Why is it important?

Cell Reproduction Notes

Mitosis Meiosis

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What is it? Cell (nuclear) division in eukaryotic cells that produces copies of a cell (bacteria undergo binary fission, a simpler process)

Cell (nuclear) division in eukaryotic cells that produces cells with half the number of chromosomes of a cell

What type of cell undergoes/uses it?

All somatic (body) cells Cells in gonads (sexual glands)

Where does it occur in the organism?

What type of cell is produced and what is it genetic makeup?

Why is it important?

Cell Reproduction Notes

Mitosis Meiosis

Page 17: Cytology / Cell Biology Cell Reproduction Mitosis & Meiosis.

What is it? Cell (nuclear) division in eukaryotic cells that produces copies of a cell (bacteria undergo binary fission, a simpler process)

Cell (nuclear) division in eukaryotic cells that produces cells with half the number of chromosomes of a cell

What type of cell undergoes/uses it?

All somatic (body) cells Cells in gonads (sexual glands)

Where does it occur in the organism?

All tissues Testes in male, ovaries in female

What type of cell is produced and what is it genetic makeup?

Why is it important?

Cell Reproduction Notes

Mitosis Meiosis

Page 18: Cytology / Cell Biology Cell Reproduction Mitosis & Meiosis.

What is it? Cell (nuclear) division in eukaryotic cells that produces copies of a cell (bacteria undergo binary fission, a simpler process)

Cell (nuclear) division in eukaryotic cells that produces cells with half the number of chromosomes of a cell

What type of cell undergoes/uses it?

All somatic (body) cells Cells in gonads (sexual glands)

Where does it occur in the organism?

All tissues Testes in male, ovaries in female

What type of cell is produced and what is it genetic makeup?

Daughter cells are identical to each other and mother cell; diploid (2n, 2 sets of chromosomes)

Gametes/sex cells: Spermatozoa/sperm in male, ovum/egg in female; haploid (n, 1 set chromosomes)

Why is it important?

Cell Reproduction Notes

Mitosis Meiosis

Page 19: Cytology / Cell Biology Cell Reproduction Mitosis & Meiosis.

What is it? Cell (nuclear) division in eukaryotic cells that produces copies of a cell (bacteria undergo binary fission, a simpler process)

Cell (nuclear) division in eukaryotic cells that produces cells with half the number of chromosomes of a cell

What type of cell undergoes/uses it?

All somatic (body) cells Cells in gonads (sexual glands)

Where does it occur in the organism?

All tissues Testes in male, ovaries in female

What type of cell is produced and what is it genetic makeup?

Daughter cells are identical to each other and mother cell; diploid (2n, 2 sets of chromosomes)

Gametes/sex cells: Spermatozoa/sperm in male, ovum/egg in female; haploid (n, 1 set chromosomes)

Why is it important? Used in growth and repair of tissues

Halves the no. of chromosomes from one generation to the next; sexual recombination genetic diversity in species

Cell Reproduction Notes

Mitosis Meiosis

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Binary Fission - Prokaryotes

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Period 8 Students:Answer the questions below after completing the

first page of your notes:

1. If you get a skin wound, what type of cell division will be used to replace the damaged cells?

2. Why is it important in this process for the daughter cells to be genetically identical to the mother cell?

3. Are somatic cells haploid or diploid?

4. What type of cell division does NOT happen in your body until puberty? How does this differ from the process used to repair your skin?

5. Why is it important for gametes to be haploid (n)?

6. What is the advantage of sexual reproduction vs. asexual reproduction for a species?

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Interphase:

G1 = Gap 1: Daughter cells grow

S = Synthesis: DNA is synthesized / replicated

G2 = Gap 2: Cell prepares for mitosis by making proteins,

ribosomes, mitochondria, etc.

Mitosis = nuclear division (karyokinesis), 4 stages

Cytokinesis = division of cytoplasm (starts in Telophase)

Cells may go into G0 indefintely (nondividing phase); some cells cease division, such as nerve cells.

Cell Cycle

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Cell Cycle - Movie Time(leave ppt)

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In Interphase, DNA is the form of chromatin, not chromosomes

As the cell prepares for mitosis, the DNA is coiled and packaged into chromosomes;

chromosomes are double-stranded in Prophase because the DNA was replicated in Interphase.

Interphase – “spaghetti bowl” (chromatin),

DNA replication

Prophase/Metaphase – double-stranded chromosomes

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Prophase of Mitosis: Replicated (double-stranded) chromosomes condense;

two chromatids are joined at the centromere.

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The Phases of Mitosis / Karyokinesisin the African globe lily (Scadoxus katherinae)

Prophase Telophase 2 daughter cells

(cytokinesis finished)

AnaphaseMetaphase

(cytokinesis starts here)Mitosis /

Karyokinesis

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Animal Cells in Several Stages of Mitosis

3. Anaphase (centromeres break,

chromosomes pulled to opposite poles)

Late Anaphase or Telophase?

1. Prophase (early)

(DNA condensing / chromosomes

forming)

2. Metaphase

(chromosomes align at equator)

Can you identify the phases of mitosis?

Cytokinesis is starting

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4. Telophase (last phase of mitosis - citokinesis starts)

Animal Cells in Cytokinesis (cytoplasm/membrane division)after Mitosis

Cleavage furrow

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Onion Root Cells in Several Stages of Mitosis

1. Prophase

(DNA condensing, nuclear envelope disintegrating)

2. Metaphase

(chromosomes align at equator)

3. Anaphase

(chromosomes pulled to

opposite poles)

4. Telophase

(cytokinesis starting,nuclear envelopes (2)

form)

Interphase

(chromatin, nucleolus)

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Pole-to-pole fiber,elongates cell for division

Centromere-to-pole fiber,moves chromosome to and from metaphase plate Protein disk that attaches to

kinetochore fibers at centromere

MOVEMENT OF CHROMOSOMES DURING CELL DIVISION* ADD THIS DIAGRAM TO YOUR NOTES *

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Summarize & Illustrate(after mitosis lab & w.s.)

• Complete your mitosis notes diagrams using n = 2, 2n = 4

• Use different colors for mom’s and dad’s chromosomes (2 from each parent, one big, one small)

• Label the chromatids, centromere, and kinetochore on one chromosome (prophase)

• Annotate/briefly explain what happens in each phase of mitosis on your diagram

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Mitosis Worksheet

A. 4B. 13C. 14D. 15

A. 2B. 7C. 10D. 11E. 16F. 18