Session 1: Context. Group exercise UN common programming principles.
CYQ Level 2 Principles of Exercise
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Transcript of CYQ Level 2 Principles of Exercise
Central YMCA Qualifications (CYQ)
Principles of Exercise, Fitness and Health
By the end of this unit you will be able to:
•Understand the relationship between health and physical activity•Describe the aspects of total fitness•Name the five components of physical fitness•Explain the factors that affect health, physical fitness and training potential•Understand all aspects of cardiovascular fitness with particular reference to the aerobic heart rate training zone model•Define the terms: muscular strength, muscular endurance and understand aspects of training for muscular strength and endurance•Explain the terms: flexibility, static flexibility, ballistic flexibility and developmental stretching•Define the term motor fitness and understand aspects of training motor fitness•Explain adaptations for special populations for the components of physical fitness•Explain basic nutritional guidelines for exercise and health
Unit 3 (Principles of Exercise, Fitness and Health) will be assessed by an externally set and assessed written test.The test will be:• Externally set and assessed (by CYQ)• Multiple choice questions• 40 questions (70% pass mark - 28 marks required)• Time allocation 60 minutes
Assessment
Health & Fitness
L2 Principles of Exercise Fitness and Health
• According to the World Health Organisation, health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being; not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1946)
Defining Health and Fitness
• The term ‘fitness’ refers to the ability to meet the demands of life safely and effectively, without exhaustion or undue stress. Fitness is a multi-dimensional concept and the level of fitness in one area can influence other aspects of ‘total health’ including: emotional & mental, social, medical, nutritional, spiritual and physical
Defining Health and Fitness
• Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure. Physical inactivity is an independent risk factor for chronic disease and is estimated to cause 1.9 million deaths globally
Defining Health and Fitness
• Health related fitness is the capacity to combine all aspects of fitness to facilitate positive health and maintain optimal quality of life
• This is often referred to as ‘total fitness’
Health related Fitness
• Physical fitness is unique among the components of ‘whole health’ as it is accepted that physical fitness can have a beneficial impact on ALL other aspects ‘total fitness’
Health related Fitness
Relationship between Total Fitness & Physical Fitness
• Emotional and mental – well being, the ability to think clearly an constructively
• Social – ability to interact, communicate and form relationships with others
• Medical – state of health and absence of disease
• Nutritional – eating a well balanced diet
The Components of Total Fitness
• Spiritual – attitude, honoring ones own and others human values
• Physical – a combination of attributes that allows you to function effectively, to enjoy leisure and cope with emergencies
The Components of Total Fitness
• Flexibility - the ability of a joint or joint complex to work to its full range of movement
• Motor skills - the ability to perform a range of skills such as balance, coordination, speed, agility, power and reaction time
The Components of Physical Fitness
The Components of Physical Fitness• Cardiovascular fitness - the ability of the
heart and lungs to take in, transport and utilise oxygen
• Muscular strength - the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to use maximum force
• Muscular endurance - the ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform continual repetitions
Health, physical fitness and training potential are determined by several variables including:
•Genetic Factors – Heredity– Body type (ectomorph, mesomorph and
endomorph)•Gender•Age
Factors Influencing Health and Fitness
• Lifestyle factors:– Everyday activity– Health status– Lifestyle habits– Diet
Factors Influencing Health and Fitness
Regular physical activity is one of the most important things that you can do for your health. According to the WHO, at least 30 minutes of regular, moderate-intensity physical activity on most days can help:
•Decrease the risk of coronary heart disease•Decrease the risk of some cancers•Normalise blood pressure•Decrease high cholesterol
Health and Regular Physical Activity
• Promote bone density to protect against osteoporosis and falls in older age
• Decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes• Reduce the risks of developing some types
of cancers• Promote healthy growth in children
Health and Regular Physical Activity
• Weight management• Improve confidence and wellbeing• Strengthen bones, joints and muscles to
improve joint stability and posture• Decreasing the risk of injury
Health and Regular Physical Activity
Exercise Prescription for Health • Chief Medical Officer and Department of
Health `Start Active and Stay Active` report guidelines:
• Under fives – 180 min per day• Children and young adults – 60 min and up
to several hours per day• Adults 19-64 and older – 150 minutes each
week of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity
http/:www.bhfactive.org.uk
Despite growing awareness of the benefits many people struggle to start or to maintain an effective long term exercise habit. Common barriers include:• Physical• Physiological• Financial• Time • Motivational
Barriers to Fitness and Exercise
• Total fitness is a multi dimensional concept that includes various fitness aspects
• Regular physical activity is beneficial to health
• Physical fitness has five components and is affected by several factors
• Common barriers can influence an individuals participation in regular exercise
Key Points
Principles of Training
L2 Principles of Exercise Fitness and Health
Training is a slow and subtle process that should lead to improved performance resulting from planned physiological and psychological changes. Programming considerations include:
• Overload principle• Progressive principle - Repetitions, resistance, rate, rest, complexity• Specificity principle - Specific adaptations to imposed demands (SAID)
Principles of Training
• Overload• Specificity• Reversibility principle• Adaptability• Recovery time• Plateau• Regression
Principles of Training
What happens to the body during training?The following short term responses take place:• Activity of the nervous system increases• Heart rate, blood flow, oxygen uptake,
cardiac output and stroke volume increase• Blood vessels dilate • Concentration of CO2 rises in the blood
leading to increased breathing rate• Muscle and core body temperature rises
Short Term Effects of Training
• Levels of lactic acid rise• Blood pressure increases• Joints become more mobile
Once training stops, the body returns to its normal resting state. However, this process must be gradual to avoid blood pooling
Short Term Effects of Training
Blood Pooling• If exercise stops suddenly the blood and
waste products stay in the muscle• Blood pooling can be avoided by
incorporating an effective cool down whereby the intensity is reduced slowly
Principles of Training
Applying the FITT principle to achieve overload
• Frequency – the number of sessions in a given period (how often)
• Intensity – the level of work performed during an activity session (how hard)
• Time – the duration of a given session (how long)
• Type – the choice of activity. For example, running, weight training, stretching etc.
Principles of Training
Regular exercise has a positive impact on the skeletal system as well as the muscles
Regular weight bearing exercise has been shown to have the following benefits:
Short term•Increased ROM•Increased secretion of synovial fluid•Improved shock absorption
Exercise and the Skeletal System
Long term• Increased bone density• Decreased risk of osteoporosis• Improved joint stability• Increased joint mobility• Stronger connective tissue• Improved ROM• Improved posture• Improved coordination and balance• Decreased risk of injury
Exercise and the Skeletal System
A balanced exercise programme can improve posture. Benefits of improved posture include:•Improved functional performance•Reduced risk of injury•Elevated self esteemDiscuss postural focused exercises within:•Muscular strength•Muscular endurance •Flexibility•Core stability
Exercise and Improved Posture
• Potentially negative impact on posture• Increased muscular strength (and control)
required to maintain posture at speed• Speed can be used to increase or decrease
intensity• Not always the most appropriate method
of increasing exercise intensity
Speed and its Impact on Exercise
• The principles of training are overload, specificity, adaptability, individuality, recovery time and plateau
• Overload is applied using the FITT principle• Modifications, progressions and
adaptations are required to meet individual needs
• And effective cool down will ensure that safely the body returns to normal
Key Points
Cardiovascular Fitness
L2 Principles of Exercise Fitness and Health
• Cardiovascular fitness is often referred to as stamina, endurance, cardio-respiratory fitness (heart and lungs) or aerobic fitness. All these terms essentially refer to ‘the ability to take in,transport and utilise oxygen`
Cardiovascular Fitness
• Cardiovascular exercise can be defined as being:– Rhythmic in nature– Continuous– Uses large muscle group– Under low to moderate tension– Over an extended period of time– Frequently referred to as ‘aerobic
exercise’.
Cardiovascular Exercise
Guidelines for CV Training
ACSM guidelines to achieve and maintain cardiovascular health and fitness benefits
Frequency 3-5 days per week
Intensity Moderate and vigorous
Time Moderate 30 minutes 5 days a week OR vigorous 20-25 minutes 3 days a week
Type Rhythmic aerobic activity that involves large muscle groups
Physical Exercise and the Heart
• The heart is a muscle (specifically cardiac muscle)
• Improves in response to overload• HR is very individual• Not necessarily an indication of CV fitness
(heart size)• Resting HR will be lower in response to
regular and progressive CV training• Massive health benefits in reduced risk of
CHD
Heart Rate Training Zones
Aerobic HR training zone• 50% - 100% maximum HR• Partly genetic but always affected by age
We use four key aerobic HR training zones• Moderate aerobic zone - 50%+ MaxHR, mainly for
untrained sedentary individuals & realistic first step to training
• The fitness zone - 60%-70% MaxHR, ‘Fat burning’ – suitable for most individuals & next step in intensity
• The performance zone - 70%-80% MaxHR, for improvements in CV fitness `aerobic training zone`
• Performance anaerobic zone - 80%-90% MaxHR, for very well trained individuals, to increase speed, pace and performance
Heart Rate Training Zones
• HR changes in response to exercise– Heart size, stroke volume, HR, oxygen
uptake (V02 MAX)• HR is a valid measure of both:
– Exercise intensity– CV performance progression (fitness)
• HR affected by a number of factors (medication, pregnancy, etc)
Exercise Intensity
A quick and simple method for measuring exercise intensity for aerobic work is to use heart rate
•Heart rate (HR) – beats per minute– Resting HR– Maximum HR – Age adjusted prediction
(220 – age)
Monitoring Exercise Intensity
• Effective alternative methods of measuring intensity:– RPE 6–20 Borg scale– RPE Borg CR 10 scale– Talk test– Observation
Measuring Exercise Intensity
Exercise Intensity
The 6 – 20 Borg scale
Exercise Intensity
The CR 1-10 scale
Short term effects of CV activity (during exercise):
• Heart rate, blood flow, oxygen uptake, cardiac output and stroke volume all increase
• Blood vessels dilate• Concentration of CO2 in the blood increases
and thereby breathing rate• Muscle temperature and overall core body
temperature increase• Levels of lactic acid in the blood rise
Benefits of CV Training
Longer term effects of CV training (health & fitness):
• The lungs (increased capacity – utilisation rather than size)
• The blood (increased transport – blood volume and red blood cells)
• The heart (increased cardiac output – larger and stronger heart muscle)
• Blood capillaries (increased number – increased exchange)
Benefits of CV Training
• Blood pressure (reduced/normalised)• The muscles (increased mitochondria –
better oxygen utilisation)• The bones (improved density – dependant
on weight baring activity)• Blood fat profile (LDL and HDL profile
changes)• Blood pooling (increased blood supply to
working muscles – cool down
Benefits of CV Training
• Children– Need to work harder than adults to meet
oxygen requirements– Developing energy supply systems– Interval or fartlek training more
appropriate• Pregnancy
– Low to moderate intensity – maintain blood flow to foetus
– Overheating and breathlessness– Talk test rather than HR monitoring
CV Training for Special Populations
• Ageing– Fatigue, lactic acid tolerance and
recovery– Age related increased BP, dizziness and
blood re-distribution– Rib cage flexibility and breathing rate
(oxygen exchange)– Bones and joints – may need to avoid
prolonged high impact exercise)
CV Training for Special Populations
• Disability– Exercise options may be limited by
disability– Fitness level may be low due to
disability related inactivity– Consider exercise options carefully and
seek professional advice
CV Training for Special Populations
• CV fitness refers to the body's ability to take in, transport and utilise oxygen
• CV exercises are rhythmic, continuous using large muscle groups under moderate tensions
• Max Hr can be estimated by using the formula 220 minus age
• There are four heart rate training zones• Heart rate during exercise can me monitored
by several methods• CV can provide protection against CHD and
provide health benefits
Key Points
Muscular Strength and Endurance
L2 Principles of Exercise Fitness and Health
Muscular Strength `The Maximal tension or force that is produced
by a muscle or muscle group`
Very high resistance x low repetitions75% (or above) of 1RM x low repetitions
(1-10 reps)
Muscular Strength
Muscular Endurance`The ability of a muscle, or muscle group, to
exert sub-maximal forces against a resistance over an extended period of time`
Low to moderate intensity x high repetitions 40% – 60% of 1RM x high
repetitions (15-25 reps)
Muscular Endurance
Power is defined as:
Force x Speed
Muscular Power
The Muscular Strength and Endurance Continuum
Strength Strength/endurance
Endurance
Heavy resistance Heavy/moderate resistance
Moderate resistance
PC energy system PC/LA energy system
LA/O2 energy system
1-8 repetitions 8-12 repetitions 12-25 + repetitions
Fast twitch muscle fibres
Mix of fibre types Slow twitch muscle fibres
The strength and endurance continuum
Guidelines for Improving Muscular FitnessACSM guidelines for improving muscular fitness
Frequency 2-3 times per week with 48 hours separating the training sessions
Intensity 2-4 sets of 8-12 repetitions, with a rest interval of 2-4 minutes between sets. For older adults and the deconditioned, 1 or more sets of 10-15 repetitions
Time Relative to the number of exercises and sets/reps
Type Whole-body, multi joint exercises for the major muscle groupsFree weights, resistance machines, body weight etc.
Long Term Effects of MSE Training
Long-term moderate levels of CV fitness can improve:•The heart•The lungs•Circulation•Blood •Blood pressure•The skeleton •The muscles
• Stress on connective tissue (micro tears)
• Muscle stiffness/pain 12-72 hours after exercise– Risk for new clients (untrained) or following
change of exercise routine
• Eccentric training– 30-40% more resistance capacity than
concentric phase– Higher level of muscle damage (micro tears)– Not suitable for de-trained clients
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
Children•Weight bearing exercise for children is an important feature of development•Appropriate repetitions and resistance stimulate bone growth•High intensity strength training may damage bone and the growth plates•Muscle growth does not keep up with bone growth in developing children
Contraindicated Exercises for Special Populations
Pregnancy•The hormone relaxin effects joint stability, especially those in the pelvis•Changing body shape and lax ligaments lead to postural changes•A supine lying position should be avoided after the first trimester due to the restriction of blood return to the heart and the pressure on internal organs.•Relaxin may remain in the system up to five months after childbirth.
Contraindicated Exercises for Special Populations
Ageing• Decreasing metabolic rate (muscle atrophy
related)• Regular resistance training preserves muscle
mass• Regular muscular fitness training reduces the
risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures in later life and can reduce the frequency and severity of falls and fractures.
Contraindicated Exercises for Special Populations
Disability• Exercise limitations specific to disability• Muscles may be de-conditioned or
atrophied due to disability related inactivity
• Consider exercise options carefully and seek professional advice
Contraindicated Exercises for Special Populations
• MSE can be achieved by using a range of repetitions and resistance
• There are a range of adaptations to strength and endurance training
• DOMs describes the micro tears in the tissues associated with very high intensity training
• Body weight can be adapted for strength and endurance by lever length and body position
• ACSM provide guidelines for improving muscular fitness
• The benefits of MSE training contribute to health, improved lifestyle, self-image and ease of daily activities
Key Points
Flexibility
L2 Principles of Exercise Fitness and Health
Flexibility is a measure of the maximum range of movement (ROM) possible around a joint or joints
•Age related awareness of flexibility•Under rated and under practiced component of physical fitness•There are many health related benefits to maintaining good flexibility
Flexibility
• Static– Passive– Active
• Dynamic• Ballistic• PNF
Types of Stretching
During warm up• Short (preparatory) stretching – static or
dynamic
During cool down/specific stretch sessions
• Maintenance stretching• Developmental stretching
When to Stretch
Factors affecting flexibility•The structure of the joint•Ligaments and tendons•Opposing tissue bulk (muscle or fat tissue)•Muscle and its connective tissues•Gender•Age•Time of day•Temperature
Factors Affecting Flexibility
Guidelines to Flexibility
ACSM guidelines for stretching
Frequency Minimum of 2-3 times per week
Intensity 3-4 reps per muscle group to the end of the range of movement, without inducing discomfort
Time 15-60 seconds for static. A 6 minute contraction followed by a 10-30 second assisted stretch for PNF techniques
Type Static, dynamic or PNF (ballistic may be considered for persons who sporting activities involve ballistic movements
• Quality of life• Improved sports performance• Improved posture• Stress management
Benefits of Flexibility Training
Children• Stretch with care• Soft joints and growth spurts
Pregnancy• Increased ability to achieve a greater ROM
(Relaxin)• Stretch with care• Short stretches only• Avoid developmental stretching
Flexibility Training for Special Populations
Ageing• Increased muscle ‘stiffness’• Decreasing stretch potential• Heat loss
Flexibility Training for Special Populations
Disability• Exercise options may be limited due to
disability• ROM may be limited due to disability
related inactivity• Consider exercise options carefully and
seek professional advice
Flexibility Training for Special Populations
Key Points
• Flexibility is the ROM around a joint and is specific to each joint
• There are several different types of stretching
• Short stretches are performed in the warm up, maintenance and developmental stretching in the cool down
• Benefits to improve flexibility include improvements in quality of life, sporting performance, posture and prevention of chronic back pain
Motor Skills
L2 Principles of Exercise Fitness and Health
Components of motor fitness• Speed• Agility• Balance• Coordination• Power• Reaction time
Motor Fitness (Skill)
• Kinaesthetic (spatial) awareness• Links between the central and peripheral
nervous systems• Every day activities• Sporting performance• Reduced risk of injury
The Importance of Motor Fitness
Skill development can be affected by a number of factors including:•Previous skill/experience•Kinaesthetic awareness•Genetic factors•Lifestyle factors
Principles of Motor Fitness Training
Skill development and the learning process:•Individuals need both time and practice to develop new specific skills•Managing your body weight, maneuvering centre of gravity, coordinating body movements, moving at different speeds, in different directions and at different intensities, will in the long term help to improve your motor skills.•There are three main stages of learning when training motor skills
Principles of Motor Fitness Training
Three main stages of the motor skills learning process:
•Cognitive•Motor (associative)•Automatic (autonomous)
Principles of Motor Fitness Training
Working with young people (age 14–16 years)• Muscle growth does not keep up with bone
growth• Very high intensity training should be
avoided• Weight bearing is an important feature of
their development
Motor Skills Training for Special Populations
Exercises to avoid:• Prolonged high intensity (anaerobic training)• High resistance training
Exercises to include:• Interval type training (reduce the impact and
intensity between efforts)• Body weight exercises incorporating gravity and
lever length as resistance• Functional activities such as pulling and pushing• Activities to develop motor skills
Working with Young People
Ante Post Natal• The hormone relaxin affects joint stability
(especially in the pelvis) therefore greater risk of injury
• Time scales for release and withdrawal of relaxin should be considered
• Changes in body shape leads to postural changes in gravity
Motor Skills Training for Special Populations
Exercises to avoid:• Supine position exercises after the first trimester• Developmental, PNF or ballistic stretching• High impact exercises
Exercise to include:• Interval type exercises• Maintenance stretches e.g. static stretches• Core stability exercises• Balance exercises
Working with Ante Post Natal Clients
Ageing• Metabolic rate tends to decrease• Loss of muscle tissue• Loss of bone density• Increased susceptibility to falls
Motor Skills Training for Special Populations
Safety guidelines as defined by the National Occupational Standards for older people include:Exercises to avoid:•High impact. Prone/flexion activities. Complex choreography
Working with Ageing Clients (50+)
Exercises to include:• Back extension (in particular thoracic
extension) to improve posture• Interval type activities which allows for rest
between harder bouts of activity• Functional activities to assist in everyday
tasks• Multijoint/compound type activities• Balance activities• Core stability activities
Working with Ageing Clients (50+)
Disability• Specific disability related limitations specific
to their disability• Poor motor skills resulting from disability or
disability related inactivity• Consider exercise options carefully and seek
professional advice
Motor Skills Training for Special Populations
Key Points
• Motor fitness refers to the skill-related elements of fitness agility
• Motor fitness is essential for everyday life, sporting activities and specific exercises
• To develop motor fitness skills need to be broken down into a logical learning process
General Considerations for Special Populations
L2 Principles of Exercise Fitness and Health
Working with young people (age 14–16 years)•A sedentary lifestyle in young people can have negative health consequences both now and later in their life•An obese child has an 80% chance of growing up to be an obese adult•Possibly due to unhealthy lifestyle choices and learned behaviours from their parents
Young People
A young person who is active will have:• Stronger muscles and bones• A leaner body, controlled body fat and be
less likely to become overweight• A decreased risk of developing type 2
diabetes• Possibly lower blood pressure and blood
cholesterol levels• Be more confident and have a better
outlook on life
Young People
Working with antenatal and post natal clients• Exercise plays an important role in promoting
health and well being before, during and after pregnancy
• Women who exercise during pregnancy have reduced weight gain, more rapid weight loss after delivery, improved mood and improved sleep patterns
• Women who exercise regularly during pregnancy may have less incidence of induction, faster labours, are less likely to require epidural analgesia, have fewer operative births and a quicker recovery from delivery
Ante Post Natal
• Pregnancy is a highly complex physiological process and precautions are needed to ensure that exercise does not contribute to any complications.
• After birth, most of the physiological changes persist for 4–6 weeks, therefore gradual introduction of pre-pregnancy exercise should be based on capability
Ante Post Natal
• The advancement of age is something that happens to us all
• People are commonly living well into their 80s• Increased need to be physically fit to enable
individuals to be independent and enjoy life
Older People
Age should not be a barrier to exercise, regular physical activity can:•Stimulate physical and mental health•Increase mobility and independence•Improve stamina, strength, posture, coordination and reduce the risk of falls•Reduce the risks of osteoporosis and fractures•Help to overcome loneliness and isolation•Assist in reducing anxiety and depression and promote a sense of well-being
Older People
• Over 10 million disabled people in the UK• Only 7% are sufficiently physically active for
disease prevention• Appropriate levels of physical activity is known to
reduce the incidence of certain chronic diseases by as much as 50%
Disability
• Disabled people may realise greater benefits from keeping physically active as it can help to reduce, manage or even reverse some impairments
• Exercise with care. Seek expert advice. Work within your knowledge and qualifications
• Individuals with hearing or sight impairment can easily be integrated within a regular training environment
Age
Key Points
• Due to physiological differences in special populations, specialist training is required
• For the apparently healthy, simple adaptations to mainstream sessions can be made
• Working with specialist populations can be rewarding and fun for the instructor and potentially life-changing for the client
Nutrition
L2 Principles of Exercise Fitness and Health
• The NHS Live Well website recommends the following guidelines using the eatwell plate.
• The eatwell plate is a visual representation of how different foods contribute towards a healthy balanced diet
• The size of the segments for each of the food groups is consistent with government recommendations for a diet that would provide all the nutrients required for a healthy adult or child (over the age of two).
Recommendations for a Healthy Diet
The eatwell plate is based on the five food groups:•Bread, rice, potatoes, pasta and other starchy foods•Fruit and vegetables•Milk and dairy foods•Meat, fish, eggs, beans and other non-dairy sources of protein•Foods and drinks high in fat and/or sugar
The Eatwell Plate
The eatwell Plate
• The body needs fuel to provide energy for all organs and cells to be able to do their job
• These fuels are provided in the form of the following macronutrients:
Key Nutrients
Carbohydrates in the food we eat come in two different forms:
•Simple carbohydrates – naturally occurring sugars found in fruits
and milk•Complex carbohydrates
– starches found in plants, particularly grains, seeds and root vegetables like potatoes
Carbohydrates
Dietary fats are complex organic substances that are not soluble in waterThere are two basic types of fat; saturated and unsaturated:
Fats
Vitamins and minerals
•Vitamins – to enable us to effectively use the energy from the macronutrients
– Vitamins A, D, E & K are fat soluble
•Minerals for a range of very specific tasks
Deficiencies in vitamins and minerals can lead to anaemia, reduced bone mineral density/osteoporosis, digestive disorders such as constipation and diarrhoea, reduced muscle mass, weight loss/gain and deficiencies in essential fatty acids.
Micronutrients
• The body also needs fibre, which is a form of carbohydrate that is found in plant cell walls.
• Fibre is essential for optimum function of the digestive system
Fibre
Water•Water provides the right conditions for all other functions•Approximately 65% of adult body weight is made up of water•We can survive for a number of weeks without food, but four to five days without water•Lost water MUST be replaced
Hydration
Water is lost from our bodies in a number of ways:• urine and faeces• evaporation from the skin as sweat• Expired breath• Even without moving around we lose 2–2.5
litres of water per day via these routes
Hydration
• Approximately 50% can be replaced from the food we eat
• An inactive person needs to drink about six glasses of fluid a day
• A sportsperson or active trainer would need to drink much more. Up to 4–5 litres per day. More in hot environments
Hydration
• If you lose too much water from the body and it is not replaced, the building of body tissues, temperature regulation and metabolic rate are all affected
• The resulting dehydration can lead to fatigue, headaches, lack of concentration and constipation
• A loss of only 10% of your normal bodily requirements can result in severe dehydration that may be fatal
Dehydration
• Carbohydrates - energy production– Complex– Simple
• Fats - insulation, protection, vitamin transport & energy production– Saturated– Unsaturated
The Dietary Role of Key Nutrients
• Proteins - tissue growth & repair, oxygen transport, cell function and fighting disease
• Vitamins Minerals - multi functional with major health benefits
• Fibre - aids digestion• Water - required
The Dietary Role of Key Nutrients
Choosing a variety of foods from within each group will add to the range of nutrients you consume. Foods in the eatwell plate fifth group (foods and drinks high in fat and/or sugar) are not essential to a healthy diet
•Eat predominantly complex carbohydrates•Five to seven portions of fruit and vegetables per day
Healthy Eating Advice
• Restrict intake of foods with a high sugar content
• Eat less saturated fat and replace these with mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fats
• Drink at least two litres of water per day• Reduce salt intake• Moderate intakes of protein, less protein
from animal sources
Healthy Eating Advice
• The range of internal activities that take place in our bodies is known as metabolism and the amount of energy that is required at rest to drive metabolism is known as our `basal metabolic rate` (BMR)
• BMR is measured in calories• BMR will be different for each individual as it depends
on:- body weight
- body composition- how active we are
Metabolism and Energy Balance
• BMR is usually around 1,500 kcals (kilocalories) for an average female and 2,000 kcals for an average male
• BMR estimated by body weight (kgs) x 25i.e. 65 kgs x 25 = BMR 1625 kcals (irrespective of
gender)
Metabolism and Energy Balance
• The body will remain the same weight when calorific intake equals calorific expenditure
• If intake exceeds output, the excess is stored as fat weight
• If output exceeds input the result is weight loss
Energy in > energy out = weight gainEnergy in < energy out = weight loss
Energy in = energy out = weight maintenance
The Energy Balance Equation
• To lose weight there must be a deficit• A deficit of 3,500 kcals is required to lose
1lb of stored fat• This is best achieved through a
combination of increased physical activity and a reduction in calories
The Energy Balance Equation
There are many health risks associated with a poor diet including:•Overweight (obesity) or underweight•Medical health issues including:
– Hypertension– CHD– Bone and joint disorders– Diabetes– Some forms of cancer
•Mental, emotional and social health issues
Health Risks of Poor Nutrition
• Fitness instructors are limited in providing information to clients without further training.
• Stick to the guidelines as per the Food Standards Agency and the eatwell plate
• Seek professional expert advice• Pursue additional nutrition specific personal
qualifications
Professional Boundaries and Nutritional Advice
Key Points • Good quality foods of the correct quantity are
essential to health• The main food groups are carbohydrates, fats
and protein• Vitamins, minerals, fiber and water are also
necessary for a variety of bodily processes• The energy balance equation explains why we
gain, loose or remain the same weight • A poor diet can lead to many health problems• Instructors are limited in providing nutritional
information without further training