Cyclotrons Summary Impact of cyclotrons on the Ion Beam...

ERICE, Workshop on Hadron Therapy, 30 April 2009 1

Cyclotrons Summary or

Impact of cyclotrons on the Ion Beam Therapy

by Luciano CalabrettaINFN-LNS


Hampton

Munich, Germany

Zurich, CH

Paris, France

Oklahoma

Cyclotrons marked the proton therapy


– Simplicity

– Reliability

– Lower cost and size

– The ability to modulate rapidly and accurately the proton beam

current


• How fast? 5 mm step in energy in 50 msec at PSI (vs. 2 sec for

IBA or 4 sec. for a synchrotron).

• Energy change by graphite/beryllium degrader at waist after

cyclotron exit, followed by divergence slits and energ y analyzer

• This very effectively decouples the accelerator from the patient

• The emittance is identical in X and Y and this make s gantry optics

much easier in scanning mode

• Yes, neutrons are produced, but ESS is well shielded a nd the

average beam current in PT is low > limited activatio n

• Cyclotrons are simpler but at fixed energy (is this a real limitation?)


Not dangerousIncrease in axial amplitudes

Bz2<20 GBz2162Qr+ 2Qz = 28

Not dangerousIncrease in axial amplitudesBr3<10 GBr31572Qr+ Qz =37

Dangerous

Increase in radial amplitudes beginning from

Ar=1.5 mm. Can be corrected by average field

perturbation.

Bz4, φz41543Qr=46

DangerousIncrease in axial amplitudes, Br1 < 5-7 GBr1145Qr - Qz=15

Not dangerousNo influence up to Az,Ar=5-7 mmBz4, φz41313Qr+ Qz=44


Bz2< 200 G, Br2 < 50 G

Bz2, Br21102Qr – Qz =23

Not dangerousWeak influence on radial motion on accelerationBz4, φz42-10 4Qr =42

DangerousIncrease in radial amplitudes, Bz1<2-3 GBz12-10 Qr =11

Level of dangerDescription, tolerancesDriving

termRadius (cm)Resonance№

Courtesy by E. Samsonov, JINR


Not dangerousIncrease in axial amplitudes, Br1<10 GBz1, Br11812Qz =117

Not dangerous Increase in axial amplitudes.

Requires proper deflector positioning.

Bz4, φz41812Qr + Qz =416

Not dangerousIncrease in axial amplitudes Bz3<10 GBz31802Qr - Qz =315

Not dangerousIncrease in axial amplitudes Bz3<10 GBz3179Qr + 3Qz =314

Not dangerousNo influenceBz4, φz41772Qr +2Qz =413

Not dangerousIncrease in radial and axial amplitudes, Br2<10 GBz2, Br2177Qr + Qz =212

Not dangerousIncrease in radial amplitudes.Bz3<10 GBz31722Qr =311

Not dangerous

Increase in radial amplitudes. Works together with 3Qz =1.

No influence if no axial amplitudes increase on

3Qz =1 due to Br1.

Bz4, φz41673Qr – Qz =410


Br1<20 GBr11673Qz =19

Courtesy by E. Samsonov, JINR


Energy C, 6Li, He

Protons

Sectors

Rpole

<Bo>

<Bmax>

Hill gap

Valley gap

RF frequency

Outer Diameter

Weight

300 AMeV

260 MeV

4

132 cm

3.15 T

4.2 T

50 mm

140 cm

97 MHz

4900 mm

≈≈≈≈ 350 tons

Main Parameters C300Design based on extrapolation of existing superconducting cyclotron


400 MeV/n


A competitor to the Synchrotron!


Cyclotrons are Green accelerators: Low Power consu mption

< 500 kW for IBA cyclotron

<300 kW for ACCEL VARIAN

<450 kW for proposed C300

< 500 kW for proposed C400

Energy Selector System power consumption included

2 MW x12 h x6 days x50 weeks ��7 M kWh ��more than 1 M€/year

Higher power consumption �� larger technological cooling plant

Further energy consumptions and extra maintenance c ost


Dejan Bending Magnet

Save cost & energy!

1

2

34


Dejan Bending Magnet

Save cost & energy!


1919

General concept of a cyclinac

The energy can be varied in 1-2 ms in the full rang e by changing the power pulses sent to the 16-22 accelerating modules

chopped beam at 200-400 Hz

linacmodulescomputer

controlled source

(synchro)cyclotron

fast-cycling beam for tumour multi-painting

RF generatorsgantry

beams used for other medical purposes

IBA structure

Courtesy by Ugo Amaldi, CERN


The properties of the cyclinac beams are speciallyadapted to the PSI spot-scanning technique with

15-20 repaintings of the moving tumour target

2.5 – 5.0 µs

200-400 Hz

5.0 - 2.5 ms

hadron pulse

Ecycl ≤ E ≤ Emax

The number of hadrons N, the two transverse positio ns and the depth of the spot can be varied every pulse, because the linac energy E can b e adjusted every 2 ms



Properties of the accelerated beams

1 secondYesNoSynchrotron

-NoYesCyclotron

Time needed forvarying the energy

Energy variation by electronic

means?

Beam alwayspresent duringTreatments?

Accelerator

2 millisecondsYesYesCyclinac

The energy is changed by adjusting

the RF pulses to the modules

~50 ms (*)

(*) With movable absorbers



IDRA= Institute for Diagnostic and RAdiotherapy

30 MeV cyclotron by IBA

R A D I O P H A R M A C Y

P R O T O N T H E R A P Y

≤230 MeV

30 MeV

70 MeV

Linac for Image GuidedHadron Therapy =LIGHT

18 m



IDRA is based on LIGHT« Linac for Image Guided Hadron Therapy »

Since January 2008IDRA is a product of

Applications of Detectors and Accelerators to Medici ne(A.D.A.M. SA – Geneva)



CABOTO-S from 300 MeV/u (17 cm in water) to 430 MeV/u (32 cm) is shorter than the proton magnetic channel !

16 modules – 18 m

430 MeV/ucarbon ions

SCENT

Building extension


300 MeV/n


CABOTO = CArbon BOoster for Therapy in Oncologya cyclinac for carbon ions

(positive report for the TERA patent)


The tumours which have been treated at HIMAC (Japan) with ≤430 Mev/u carbon ions

Tumours treatable with 300 MeV/u.

400 MeV/u


CABOTO-S perspective view

p

pp/C

p/Cp/C

Superconducting cyclotron by LNS/IBA (250 MeV protons and 3600 MeV carbon ions)

5 m

1st phase:32 cm protons

17 cm carbon ions

2nd Phase 32 cm protons

32 cm carbon ions430 MeV/u Carbon ions

18 m

300 MeV/u Carbon ions


The new 3 GHz (CABOTO-S) and 9-12 GHz (CABOTO-X) 30 MV/m structures are developed also to design a pulsed,

optimized proton/carbon ion cyclinac

The 230 MeV/u synchrocylotron produces proton beams f or deep seated tumours ( ≤32 cm).(In a second stage) the linac is added to produce ca rbon ions having the same range.

SC EBIS source byDREEBIT – Dresden

300-500 Hz – 5 108 C/pulse

SC Synchrocyclotron230 MeV/uH2

+ and C+6

@ 300-500 Hz (TERA + EPFL+ A. Laisné )

CABOTO-S or CABOTO-XTotal voltage: 400 MV

0.5-0.7 µs carbon pulses @ 300-500 Hz

5-6 m

≤ 15-20 m

230 MeV/u 430 MeV/u

ERICE, Workshop on Hadron Therapy, 30 April 2009 29Courtesy by Tim Antaya, MIT

ERICE, Workshop on Hadron Therapy, 30 April 2009 30Courtesy by Tim Antaya, MIT

A serious technological challenge: 9 Tesla


Tentative solution proposed by ACCEL


Here there is a problem with the beam injection.

But probably an internal ECR ion source could be an useful tool !

Or new kind of central region with magnetic inflect or, proposed by Y. Jongen

Courtesy by Tim Antaya, MIT


Thank you for your attention

Cyclotrons Summary Impact of cyclotrons on the Ion Beam...

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