CYCLOPEDIA OF

Physical Science AND Technology

THIRD EDITION

Reference

Editor-in-Chief

Robert A. Meyers, Ramtech, Inc.

OP) ACADEMIC PRESS A Harcourt Science and Technology Company

San Diego San Francisco Boston New York London Sydney Tokyo

%

Contents

Foreword vii Preface xi Guide to the Encyclopedia xiii

Contributors C-l Contents by Subject Area CSA-1 Relational Index RI-1 Index 1

Volume 1 (A) Absorption (Chemical Engineering) 1

James R. Fair and Henry Z. Kister

Accelerator Physics and Engineering 27 Frank T. Cole, Maury Tigner, and Alexander W. Chao

Acetylene 55 Robert J. Tedeschi

Acoustical Measurement Allan J. Zuckerwar

Acoustic Chaos 117 Werner Lauterborn

91

Acoustics, Linear 129 Joshua E. Greenspon

Acoustic Wave Devices 169 Erhard К. Sittig

Acousto-Optics 195 Ting-Chung Poon

Actinide Elements 211 Siegfried Hübener

Adhesion and Adhesives 237 K. W. Allen

Adsorption (Chemical Engineering) 251 Douglas M. Ruthven

Aerosols 273 G. M. Hidy

Aircraft Aerodynamic Boundary Layers 301 Jean Cousteix

Aircraft Avionics 319 Robert G. Loewy

Aircraft Instruments 337 W. B. Ribbens

Aircraft Performance and Design 365 Francis Joseph Hale

Aircraft Speed and Altitude 399 William Gracey, Thomas M. Weeks, and Tony Whitmore

xv

XVI

Airplanes, Light 419 Darrol Stinton

Algebra, Abstract 435 Ki Hang Kim and Fred W. Roush

Algebraic Geometry 465 Rick Miranda

Alkaloids 477 Armin Guggisberg and Manfred Hesse

Aluminum 495 Warren Haupin

Analog Electrical Filters 519 Lawrence P. Huelsman

Analog-Signal Electronic Circuits 531 Donald T. Comer and David J. Comer

Analytical Chemistry 543 Ulrich J. Krull and Michael Thompson

Approximations and Expansions 581 Charles K. Chui

Artificial Intelligence 609 Franz J. Kurfess

Artificial Neural Networks 631 Steven Walczak and Narciso Cerpa

Asteroid Impacts and Extinctions 647 Carolyn S. Shoemaker

Astrochemistry 665 Steven N. Shore

Atmospheric Diffusion Modeling 679 Karl B. Schnelle, Jr.

Atmospheric Turbulence 707 Albert A. M. Holtslag

Atomic and Molecular Collisions 721 Robert E. Johnson and Joel M. Bowman

Atomic Physics 745 Francis M. Pipkin and Mark D. Lindsay

Atomic Spectrometry 765 Vahid Majidi

Auger Electron Spectroscopy 787 с L. Briant

Aurora 793 S.-l. Akasofu

Automobile Technology 805 Hans Joachim Förster and Hermann Gaus

Automotive Control Systems 839 Uwe Kiencke

Baseband Digital Loops 1 Whitham D. Reeve

BASIC Programming Language 23 Thomas E. Kurtz

Batch Processing 41 Narses Barona

Batteries 57 Brooke Schumm, Jr.

Bioconjugate Chemistry 77 Claude F. Meares

Binary Stars 83 Steven N. Shore

Bioenergetics 99 Richard E. McCarty and Eric A. Johnson

Bioinorganic Chemistry 117 Brian T. Farrer and Vincent L. Pecoraro

Biomass, Bioengineering of 141 Bruce E. Dale

Biomass Utilization, Limits of 159 David Pimentel

Biomaterials, Synthetic Synthesis, Fabrication, and Applications 173

Carole С Perry

Biomineralization and Biomimetic Materials Paul Calvert

Biopolymers 207 E. Ann MacGregor

Bioreactors 247 Yusuf Chisti and Murray Moo-Young

Bipolar Transistors 273 Michael Shur

Contents XVII

Bonding and Structure in Solids 281 J. C. Phillips

Boolean Algebra 289 Raymond Balbes

Boron Hydrides 301 Herbert Beall and Donald F. Gaines

Calculus 317 A. Wayne Roberts

С and C++ Programming Language 335 Kaare Christian

Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 355 Tim Wehr

Carbohydrates 369 Hassan S. El Khadem

Carbon Cycle 417 Inez Fung

Carbon Fibers 431 J. B. Donnet, O. P. Bahl, Roop С Bansal, and Т. К. Wang

Catalysis, Homogeneous 457 Piet W.N.M. van Leeuwen

Catalysis, Industrial 491 Bruce E. Leach

Catalyst Characterization 501 Robert J. Farrauto and Melvin С Hobson

Celestial Mechanics 527 Steven N. Shore

Cell Death (Apoptosis) 541 Masato Enari

Cellular Automata 555 Jean-Paul Allouche, Joseph P. S. Kung, Maurice Courbage, and Gencho Skordev

Ceramics 569 Shigeyuki Sömiya

Ceramics, Chemical Processing of 621 P. Hubert Mutin and Bruno Boury

Chaos 637 Joshua Socolar

Charged-Particle Optics 667 P. W. Hawkes

Chemical Composition and Element Distribution in the Earth's Crust 697

Stuart Ross Taylor and Scott M. McLennan

Chemical Kinetics, Experimentation 721 Terence J. Kemp

Chemical Physics 739 Richard Bersohn and Bruce J. Berne

Chemical Process Design, Simulation, Optimization, and Operation 751

B. Wayne Bequette and Louis P. Russo

Chemical Thermodynamics 767 J. Barthel and R. Neueder

Chemical Vapor Deposition 787 Klaus-Hermann Dahmen

Chromatin Structure and Modification 809 Fyodor D. Urnov and Alan P. Wolffe

Circuit Theory 831 Krishnaiyan Thulasiraman

Volume 3 (Gl-Cp) Climatology 1

J. E. Oliver, G. D. Bierly, and Hans A. Panofsky

Cloud Physics 15 Andrew J. Heymsfield

Cluster Computing 33 Thomas Sterling

Coal Geology 45 Colin R. Ward

Coal Preparation 79 Robert A. Meyers, Janusz S. Laskowski, and Anthony D. Walters

Coal Structure and Reactivity 107 John W. Larsen and Martin L. Gorbaty

Coastal Geology 123 Richard A. Davis, Jr.

Coastal Meteorology 155 S. A. Hsu

Coatings, Colorants, and Paints 175 Peter K. T. Oldring

XVIII Contents

Cognitive Sciences 191 M. Gopnik

Coherent Control of Chemical Reactions 207 Robert J. Gordon and Yuichi Fujimura

Cohesion Parameters 233 Allan F. M. Barton

Collider Detectors for Multi-TeV Particles 253 C. W. Fabjan

Collision-Induced Spectroscopy 269 Lothar Frommhold

Color Science 289 Robert M. Boynton

Combustion 315 F. A. Williams

Cometary Physics 339 W.-H. Ip

Communications Satellite Systems 375 Takashi lida and Hiromitsu Wakana

Communication Systems, Civilian 409 Simon Haykin

Compilers 433 Keith D. Cooper, Ken Kennedy, and Linda Torczon

Complex Analysis 443 Joseph P. S. Kung and Chung-Chun Yang

Composite Materials 455 M. Knight and D. Curliss

Computational Aerodynamics 469 David A. Caughey

Computational Chemistry 487 Matthias Hofmann and Henry F. Schaefer III

Computer Algorithms 507 Conor Ryan

Computer Architecture 525 Joe Grimes

Computer-Based Proofs

of Mathematical Theorems 543 C. W. H. Lam

Computer-Generated Proofs of Mathematical Theorems 553

David M. Bressoud

Computer Networks 561 Jordanka Ivanova and Michael Jurczyk

Computer Viruses 577 Ernst L. Leiss

Concrete, Reinforced 583 R. Park

Constitutive Models for Engineering Materials 603 Kaspar J. Willam

Continental Crust 635 Walter D. Mooney

Controls, Adaptive Systems 649 I. D. Landau

Controls, Bilinear Systems 659 Ronald R. Mohler

Controls, Large-Scale Systems 675 M. Jamshidi

Control Systems, Identification 687 R. K. Pearson

Conversion of Step Response to Frequency Response 709

Kamran Forouhar

Convex Sets 717 A. C. Thompson

Coordination Compounds 739 R. D. Gillard

Corrosion 761 Samuel A. Bradford

Cosmic Inflation 779 Edward P. Tryon

Cosmic Radiation 823 Peter L. Biermann and Eun-Suk Seo

Cosmology 837 John J. Dykla

CP (Charge Conjugation Parity) Violation 853 John F. Donoghue and Barry R. Holstein

Volume 4 (Cr-Ela) Critical Data in Physics and Chemistry 1

David R. Lide, Jr. and Bettijoyce B. Lide

Contents

Cryogenic Process Engineering 13 Klaus D. Timmerhaus

Cryogenics 37 P. V. E. McClintock

Cryptography 61 Rebecca N. Wright

Crystal Growth 79 Lynn F. Schneemeyer

Crystallization Processes 91 Ronald W. Rousseau

Crystallography 121 Jeffrey R. Deschamps and Judith L. Flippen-Anderson

Cybernetics and Second-Order Cybernetics 155 Francis Heylighen and Cliff Joslyn

Dams, Dikes, and Levees 171 Robert B. Jansen

Dark Matter in the Universe 191 Steven N. Shore and Virginia Trimble

Databases 213 Alvaro A. A. Fernandes and Norman W. Paton

Data Mining, and Knowledge Discovery 229 Sally I. McClean

Data Mining, Statistics 247 David L. Banks and Stephen E. Fienberg

Data Structures 263 Allen Klinger

Data Transmission Media 277 John S. Sobolewski

Dense Matter Physics 305 George Y. С Leung

Designs and Error-Correcting Codes 335 K. T. Phelps and С A. Rodger

Diamond Films, Electrical Properties 343 Friedel Sellschop, Simon Connell, Charles Levitt, and Elias Sideras-Haddad

Dielectric Gases 357 L. G. Christophorou and S. J. Dale

Differential Equations, Ordinary 373 Anthony N. Michel

Differential Equations, Partial 407 Martin Schechter

Diffractive Optical Components 421 R. Magnusson and D. Shi

Digital Controllers 441 David M. Auslander

Digital Electronic Circuits 461 David J. Comer and Donald T. Comer

Digital Filters 473 N. K. Bose

Digital Speech Processing 485 Biing Hwang Juang, M. Mohan Sondhi, and Lawrence R. Rabiner

Direct Current Power Transmission, High Voltage 501

Narain G. Hingorani and A. Figueroa

Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics 523 Douglas R. Shier

Discrete Systems Modeling 535 Egon Borger

Distillation 547 M. R. Resetarits and M. J. Lockett

Distributed Parameter Systems 561 N. U. Ahmed

DNA Testing in Forensic Science 589 Moses S. Schanfield

Dosimetry 603 J. W. Poston, Sr.

Drinking Water Quality and Treatment 651 Dan Askenaizer

Dynamic Programming 673 Martin L. Puterman

Dynamics of Elementary Chemical Reactions H. Floyd Davis and Hans U. Stauffer

Earthquake Engineering 717 Robert V. Whitman

Earthquake Mechanisms and Plate Tectonics Seth Stein and Eryn Klosko

Earthquake Prediction 743 Tsuneji Rikitake and Kazuo Hamada

Earth Sciences, History of 761 Naomi Oreskes

XX

Earth's Core 775 David Loper

Earth's Mantle (Geophysics) 783 Raymond Jeanloz

Elasticity 801 Herbert Reismann

Elasticity, Rubberlike 813 Jean-Pierre Queslel and James E. Mark

Volume 5 (Ele-Fi) Electrical and Electronic Measurements 1

Barrie A. Gregory, Retired

Electric and Hybrid-Electric Vehicles 39 John S. Reuyl

Electric Machines, Design 53 Enrico Levi

Electric Machines, Drives 69 Zivan Zabar

Electric Machines, Rotating, Construction and Theory 97

Leo Birenbaum and Enrico Levi

Electric Propulsion 125 Robert G. Jahn and Edgar Y. Choueiri

Electrochemical Engineering 143 Geoffrey Prentice

Electrochemistry 161 Donald T. Sawyer

Electrodynamics, Quantum 199 W. P. Healy

Electrolyte Solutions, Thermodynamics 219 J. Barthel, W. Kunz, and R. Neueder

Electrolyte Solutions, Transport Properties 243 J. Barthel, W. Kunz, P. Turq, and O. Bernard

Electromagnetic Compatibility 261 J. F. Dawson, A. C. Marvin, and С A. Marshman

Electromagnetics 277 Sheila Prasad

Electron Microprobe Analysis of Minerals 293 Peter Schiffman and Sarah Roeske

Electrons in Solids 307 Richard H. Bube

Electron Spin Resonance 331 Larry Kevan

Electron Transfer Reactions 347 Gilbert P. Haight, Jr.

Electrophoresis 363 S. P. Spragg

Electrostatic Powder Coating 379 John F. Hughes

Elemental Analysis, Organic Compounds т. s. Ma

Embrittlement, Engineering Alloys 407 S. K. Banerji and С L. Briant

Energy Efficiency Comparisons Among Countries 433

Dian Phylipsen

Energy Flows in Ecology and in the Economy Sergio Ulgiati

Energy Resources and Reserves 461 S. S. Penner

Energy Transfer, Intramolecular 477 Paul W. Brumer

Enhanced Oil Recovery 503 Ronald E. Terry

Environmental Geochemistry 519 Konrad B. Krauskopf and Keith Loague

Environmental Measurements 547 William L. Budde

Environmental Observation and Forecasting Systems 565

Antonio M. Baptista

Environmental Radioactivity 583 Brian D. Amiro

Environmental Toxicology 601 Edward A. Laws

Enzyme Mechanisms 627 Stephen J. Benkovic and Ann M. Valentine

Epitaxial Technology for Integrated Circuit Manufacturing 641

D. M. Hansen and T. F. Kuech

Contents XXI

Evaporites 653 Peter Sonnenfeld

Evolutionary Algorithms and Metaheuristics 673 Conor Ryan

Excitons, Semiconductor 687 Donald С. Reynolds and Thomas С Collins

Exploration Geophysics 709 Manik Talwani and Walter Kessinger

Extraterrestrial Facilities Engineering 727 Stewart W. Johnson

Ferromagnetism 759 H. R. Khan

Fiber-Optic-Based Smart Structures 769 Raymond M. Measures

Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors 803 David R. Walt, Israel Biran, and Tarun K. Mandal

Field-Effect Transistors 831 A. Blicher, I. H. Kalish, and K. F. Brennan

Field Theory and the Standard Model 851 Giampiero Passarino

Fire Dynamics 869 D. D. Drysdale

Fission Reaction Physics 893 Madeline Anne Feltus

Yolume 6 (Fl-Gl) Flight (Aerodynamics) 1

John D. Anderson, Jr.

Flow Visualization 23 Wolfgang Merzkirch

Fluid Dynamics 31 Elaine S. Oran and Jay P. Boris

Fluid Dynamics (Chemical Engineering) 45 Richard W. Hanks

Fluid Inclusions 71 Edwin Roedder

Fluid Mixing 79 J. Y. Oldshue

Food Colors 105 Pericles Markakis

Fossil Fuel Power Stations—Coal Utilization 121 L. Douglas Smoot and Larry L. Baxter

Foundations 145 Fred H. Kulhawy and Anwar Hirany

Fourier Series 167 James S. Walker

Fractals 185 Benoit B. Mandelbrot and Michael Frame

Fracture and Fatigue 209 К. М. Nikbin

Froth Flotation 219 Richard R. Klimpel

Fuel Cells, Applications in Stationary Power Systems 235

Edward Gillis and John O'Sullivan

Fuel Chemistry 253 Sarma V. Pisupati

Fuels 275 E. Lois, E. L. Keating, and A. K. Gupta

Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes 315 Ado Jorio and Gene Dresselhaus

Functional Analysis 337 C. W. Groetsch

Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic, and Fuzzy Systems 355 M. M. Gupta and J. B. Kiszka

Galactic Structure and Evolution 369 John P. Huchra

Game Theory 389 Guillermo Owen

Gamma-Ray Astronomy 397 J. Gregory Stacy and W. Thomas Vestrand

Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy 433 R. F. Casten and С W. Beausang

Gas Chromatography 455 Milos Novotny

Gas Hydrate in the Ocean Environment 473 William P. Dillon

Gas-Turbine Power Plants 487 Albert С Dolbec and Arthur Cohn

XXII Contents

Gene Expression, Regulation of 501 Göran Akusjärvi

Generalized Functions 517 Ram P. Kanwal

Geochemistry, Low-Temperature 531 С. G. Patterson and D. D. Runnells

Geochemistry, Organic 549 Jürgen Rullkötter

Geodesy 575 Petr Vanfcek

Geoenvironmental Engineering 601 Charles D. Shackelford

Geologic Time 623 Don L. Eicher

GeologyofEarthquak.es 649 Robert S. Yeats

Geomagnetism 663 Ronald T. Merrill and Phillip L. McFadden

Geomorphology 675 Victor R. Baker

Geomorphology and Reclamation

of Disturbed Lands 689 David R. Montgomery

Geostatistics 697 Clayton V. Deutsch

Geothermal Power Stations 709 Lucien Y. Bronicki

Glacial Geology and Geomorphology 719 David J. A. Evans

Glaciology 753 W. S. B. Paterson

Glass 781

Solomon Musikant

Glass-Ceramics 807 Linda R. Pinckney

Global Gravity Modeling 817 R. Steven Nerem

Global Seismic Hazards 825 Kaye M. Shedlock

Glycoconjugates and Carbohydrates 833 Eugene Davidson

Volume 7 (Gr-Integ) Graphics in the Physical Sciences 1

Daniel B. Carr

Graph Theory 15 Ralph Faudree

Gravitational Wave Astronomy 33 Patrick R. Brady and Jolien D. E. Creighton

Gravitational Wave Detectors 49 Rosa Poggiani

Gravitational Wave Physics 67 Kostas D. Kokkotas

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Data 87 Philip D. Jones

Greenhouse Warming Research 107 Richard T. Wetherald

Green's Functions 129 G. Rickayzen

Group Theory 137 Ronald Solomon

Group Theory, Applied 155 Nyayapathi V. V. J. Swamy and Satyanarayan Nandi

Halogen Chemistry 197 Marianna Anderson Busch

Hazardous Waste Incineration 223 Joseph J. Santoleri

Health Physics 245 John W. Poston, Sr.

Heat Exchangers 251 Kenneth J. Bell

Heat Flow 265 Paul Morgan

Heat Transfer 279 George Alanson Greene

Heavy Ions (High-Energy Physics) 293 Karel Safafik

Helicopters 309 Barnes W. McCormick

Heterocyclic Chemistry 321 Charles M. Marson

Contents

High-Pressure Research 345 E. F. Skelton and A. W. Webb

High-Pressure Synthesis (Chemistry) 365 R. H. Wentorf, Jr. and R. С DeVries

Holography 381 Clark С Guest

Human-Computer Interaction 393 Dan Diaper

Humanoid Robots 401 David J. Bruemmer and Mark S. Swinson

Hybridomas, Genetic Engineering of 427 Michael Butler

Hybrid System Control 445 Panos J. Antsaklis and Xenofon D. Koutsoukos

Hydraulic Control Equipment 459 Andrew Alleyne

Hydrodynamics of Sedimentary Basins 471 John D. Bredehoeft

Hydroelectric Power Stations 489 John S. Gulliver and Roger E. A. Arndt

Hydrogen Bond 505 Krzysztof Szalewicz

Hydrogeology 539 Leslie Smith

Hydrologie Forecasting 547 Michael B. Butts, Jacob Hoest-Madsen, and Jens Christian Refsgaard

Igneous Geology 567 Richard J. Arculus

Image-Guided Surgery 583 Ferenc A. Jolesz

Image Processing 595 Rama Chellappa and Azriel Rosenfeld

Image Restoration, Maximum Entropy Method 631

R. J. Sault

Imaging Optics 645 Matt Young

Imaging through the Atmosphere 661 N. S. Kopeika

Immunology—Autoimmunity 679 K. Michael Pollard and Eng M. Tan

Impact Cratering 693 William B. McKinnon

Impedance Spectroscopy 703 J. Ross Macdonald

Inclusion (Clathrate) Compounds 717 Jerry L. Atwood

Incommensurate Crystals and Quasicrystals 731 Uwe Grimm and Max Scheffer

Information Theory 751 Alon Orlitsky

Infrared Astronomy 771 Rodger I. Thompson

Infrared Spectroscopy 793 Norman B. Colthup

Inorganic Exotic Molecules 817 Joel F. Liebman, Kay Severin, and Thomas M. Klapötke

Integral Equations 839 Ram P. Kanwal

Integrated Circuit Manufacture 861 Peter С Sukanek, Akihisa Sekiguchi, James G. Ryan, and William R. Wilcox

Integrated Circuit Packaging 883 Frank E. Andros and Bahgat G. Sammakia

Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle Power Plants 897

Neville A. H. Holt and Seymour B. Alpert

Volume 8 (Intel-Mag) Intelligent Control 1

A. Meystel

Interacting Boson Model 25 Bruce R. Barrett and Philip Halse

Internal Combustion Engines 33 Charles L. Proctor, II

Interstellar Matter 45 Donald G. York

Ion Beams for Material Analysis 55 David D. Cohen, Roger Bird, Nick Dytlewski, and Rainer Siegele

xxiv

Ion Kinetics and Energetics 65 James M. Farrar

Ionosphere 83 A. F. Nagy and R. W. Schunk

Ion Transport Across Biological Membranes 99 George P. Hess

Isotopes, Separation and Application 109 Emory D. Collins and Charles L. Ottinger

Jet and Gas Turbine Engines 127 Kenneth W. Bushell

Kaiman Filters and Nonlinear Filters 153 Vytas B. Gylys

Kinetics (Chemistry) 177 Keith J. Laidler

Knots 199 Louis H. Kauffman

Laser-Materials Interactions 247 Michael Bass and Aravinda Kar

Lasers 267 William T. Silfvast

Lasers, Chemical 283 Glen P. Perram

Lasers, Color Center 297 Clifford R. Pollock

Lasers, Dye 315 T. F. Johnston, Jr. and F. J. Duarte

Lasers, Excimer 361 Minoru Obara and Masayuki Kakehata

Lasers, Free-Electron 377 H. P. Freund and R. K. Parker

Lasers, Gas 399 W. W. Duley

Lasers, Nuclear Pumped 409 David A. McArthur

Lasers, Optical Fiber 419 Graham E. Town

Lasers, Semiconductor 443 Peter J. Delfyett

Contents

Lasers, Solid-State 477 Stephen A. Payne and Georg F. Albrecht

Lasers, Ultrafast Pulse Technology 499 Tracy S. Clement, Scott A. Diddams, and David J. Jones

Lasers, X-Ray 511 Raymond С Elton

Ligand Field Concept 523 Gunter Gliemann and Yu Wang

Light-Emitting Diodes 539 Robert Weissman, Gina Christenson, Patrick N. Grillot, Yu-Chen Shen, and Dawnelle Wynne

Light Sources 557 Graeme G. Lister and John F. Waymouth

Linear Optimization 597 C. Roos

Linear Systems of Equations (Computer Science) 617

Victor Pan

Lipoprotein/Cholesterol Metabolism 643 Alan D. Attie

Liquid Alkali Metals 661 С. С. Addison

Liquid Chromatography 673 Neil D. Danielson

Liquid Crystal Devices 701 Michael G. Clark

Liquid Crystals (Physics) 717 Paul Ukleja

Liquid Rocket Propellants 741 Forrest S. Forbes and Peter A. Van Splinter

Liquids, Structure and Dynamics 779 Thomas Dorfmüller

Loop Groups 791 Andrew Pressley

Luminescence 799 J. N. Demas and S. E. Demas

Lunar Rocks 825 Arden L. Albee

Machine Design 839 Gerard Voland, Uffe Hindhede, and Ralph Erisman

Macromolecules, Structure 857 Frank A. Bovey and Lynn W. Jelinski

Contents XXV

Magnetic Fields in Astrophysics 903 Steven N. Shore

Magnetic Materials 919 R. C. O'Handley

Magnetic Recording 945 Kelly Knudson Fitzpatrick

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 959 John F. Schenck

volume у i BiEi™iviii i Main Group Elements 1

Russell L. Rasmussen, Joseph G. Morse, and Karen W. Morse

Mammalian Cell Culture 31 Bryan Griffiths and Florian Wurm

Manifold Geometry 49 С. Т. J. Dodson

Mantle Convection and Plumes 77 Peter Olson

Manufacturing Processes Technology 95 H. C. Kazanas and Lowell P. Lerwick

Marine Engines 121 John B. Woodward and Tor Erik Andersen

Masonry 133 Gregory R. Kingsley

Mass Spectrometry 145 Kenneth L. Busch

Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Science 159 Jan Schuberth

Mass Transfer and Diffusion 171 E. L. Cussler

Materials Chemistry 181 C. N. R. Rao

Mathematical Logic 197 Yiannis N. Moschovakis

Mathematical Modeling 219 Xavier J. R. Avula

Measure and Integration 231 G. de Barra

Mechanics, Classical 251 A. Douglas Davis

Mechanics of Structures 259 Robert A. Heller

Membranes, Synthetic, Applications 279 Eric K. Lee and W. J. Koros

Membranes, Synthetic (Chemistry) 345 Michael E. Starzak

Membrane Structure 355 Anna Seelig and Joachim Seelig

Mesoporous Materials, Synthesis and Properties 369

Robert Mokaya

Mesoscale Atmospheric Modeling 383 Roger Pielke, Sr.

Metabolic Engineering 391 Jens Nielsen

Metal Cluster Chemistry 407 D. F. Shriver

Metal Forming 411 Betzalel Avitzur

Metal Hydrides 441 Holger Kohlmann

Metallogeny 459 D. H. C. Wilton and D. F. Strong

Metallurgy, Mechanical 467 Krishan K. Chawla and Marc A. Meyers

Metal Matrix Composites 485 Franck A. Girot, Azar P. Majidi, and Tsu Wei Chou

Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) 495

Russell D. Dupuis

Metal Particles and Cluster Compounds 513 Allan W. Olsen and Kenneth J. Klabunde

Metamorphic Rock Systems 551 Edward D. Ghent

Meteorites 559 Rhian H. Jones

Meteorites, Cosmic Ray Record 575 Robert C. Reedy

XXVI

Meteorology, Dynamic (Stratosphere) 603 Rolando R. Garcia

Meteorology, Dynamic (Troposphere) 629 Duane E. Stevens and Francis X. Crum

Micelles 661 Srinivas Manne and L. K. Patterson

Microanalytical Assays 679 Jerome S. Schultz

Microcomputer Buses and Links 695 J. D. Nicoud

Microcomputer Design 707 Samuel С Lee

Micromechanical Devices 719 Iwao Fujimasa

Microoptics 735 Kenichi Iga

Microporous Materials: Zeolites, Clays, and Aluminophosphates 755

Larry Kevan

Microscopy 765 Richard J. Evans

Microwave Communications 777 U. S. Berger

Microwave Molecular Spectroscopy 799 Robert L. Cook

Millimeter Astronomy 853 Jeffrey G. Mangum

Volume 10 (Min-Nuc) Mineralogy and Instrumentation 1

Johan P. R. de Villiers and Peter R. Buseck

Mineral Processing 29 Errol G. Kelly

Minicomputers 59 Joe Grimes

Mining Engineering 65 Jaak J. K. Daemen

Modulation 97 Rodger Ziemer

Molecular Beam Epitaxy, Semiconductors 113 Mark Yeadon and J. Murray Gibson

Molecular Electronics 123 Mark A. Ratner and Mark A. Reed

Molecular Hydrodynamics 141 Sidney Yip and Jean Pierre Boon

Moon (Astronomy) 161 Bonnie J. Buratti

Mössbauer Spectroscopy 173 Gilbert R. Hoy

Multiobjective Analysis of Large-Scale Systems Duan Li and Yacov Y Haimes

Multiphoton Spectroscopy 199 Y. Fujimura and S. H. Lin

Multiplexing 231 Rodger Ziemer

Musical Acoustics 241 A. H. Benade

Nanocomposites and Intercalation Compounds 269

Christopher O. Oriakhi and Michael M. Lerner

Nanoelectronics 285 D. J. Paul

Nanosized Inorganic Clusters 303 Leroy Cronin, Achim Müller, and Dieter Fenske

Nanostructured Materials, Chemistry of 319 Peidong Yang

Natural Antioxidants In Foods 335 Eric A. Decker

Naval Architecture 343 Robert Latorre

Networks for Data Communication 361 Paul S. Kreager

Neutrino Astronomy 381 Raymond J. Davis, Jr. and Alfred K. Mann

Neutrinos 395 S. M. Bilenky

Neutron Stars 419 Steven N. Shore

Nitrogen Cycle, Atmospheric 431 Dan Jaffe

Contents XXVII

Nitrogen Cycle, Biological 441 Elisabeth A. Holland and Antje M. Weitz

Noble-Gas Chemistry 449 Gary J. Schrobilgen

Noble Metals (Chemistry) 463 Hubert Schmidbaur and John L. Cihonski

Nondestructive Testing 493 R. Halmshaw

Nonimaging Concentrators (Optics) 507 R. Winston and J. O'Gallagher

Nonlinear Dynamics 523 F. C. Moon

Nonlinear Optical Processes 537 John F. Reintjes

Nonlinear Programming 583 Jon W. Tolle

Nuclear Chemistry 597 Walter Loveland

Nuclear Energy, Risk Analysis 617 George F. Flanagan and Mark A. Linn

Nuclear Facilities Emergency Planning 639 J. C. Courtney

Nuclear Fuel Cycles 655 Ronald A. Knief

Nuclear Fusion Power 671 M. R. Gordinier, J. W. Davis, K. R. Schultz, and F. R. Scott

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 701 Bernard С Gerstein

Nuclear Physics 721 Christopher R. Gould, E. David Davis, Lawrence Wilets, and Philip J. Siemens

Nuclear Power Reactors 739 Ronald A. Knief

Nuclear Radiation Detection Devices 763 Glenn F. Knoll

Nuclear Reactor Materials and Fuels 775 Massoud T. Simnad

Nuclear Reactor Theory 817 Ronald A. Knief

Nuclear Safeguards 837 Joseph R Indusi and Jonathan B. Sanborn

Nucleic Acid Synthesis 853 Sankar Mitra, Tapas K. Hazra, and Tadahide Izumi

Volume 11 (Num-Phos) Number Theory, Algebraic and Analytic 1

H. E. Rose

Number Theory, Elementary 15 Robert L. Page

Numerical Analysis 39 John N. Shoosmith

Ocean-Atmospheric Exchange 71 Joost A. Businger

Oceanic Crust 91 Timothy A. Minshull

Oceanography, Chemical 99 James H. Mathewson

Ocean Surface Processes 117 James F. Price

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) 123 William H. Avery

Offshore Structures (Marine Engineering) 161 James F. Wilson

Operating Systems 169 Laurie S. Keller

Operations Research 193 Salah E. Elmaghraby

Optical Amplifiers (Semiconductor) 219 Mark Summerfield

Optical Detectors 237 Robert H. Kingston

Optical Diffraction 255 Salvatore Solimeno

Optical Fiber Communications 271 B. K. Tariyal and A. H. Cherin

Optical Fibers, Fabrication and Applications 295 W. A. Gambling

Optical Fiber Techniques for Medical Applications 315

Abraham Katzir

XXVIII

Optical Information Processing 335 Mir Mojtaba Mirsalehi

Optical Interferometry 371 P. Hariharan

Optical Isolators, Circulators 381 Yale Cheng

Optical Waveguides (Planar) and Waveguide Devices 395

Katsunari Okamoto

Ore Petrology 411 G. Kullerud

Organic Chemical Systems, Theory 435 Josef Michl

Organic Chemistry, Compound Detection 459 Raphael Ikan and Bernard Crammer

Organic Chemistry, Synthesis 497 John Welch

Organic Macrocycles 517 J. Ту Redd, Reed M. Izatt, and Jerald S. Bradshaw

Organometallic Chemistry 529 Robert H. Crabtree

Ozone Measurements and Trends (Troposphere) 539

Johannes Staehelin

Palynology 563 Rosemary A. Askin and Stephen R. Jacobson

Parallel Computing 579 David W. Walker

Partially Coherent Processing 593 Francis T. S. Yu

Particle Physics, Elementary 617 Brian Martin and Graham Shaw

Particle Size Analysis 649 P. J. Lloyd

Percolation 655 D. Stauffer and A. Aharony

Periodic Table (Chemistry) 671 N. D. Epiotis and D. K. Henze

Permittivity of Liquids 697 J. Barthel and R. Büchner

Perovskites 707 С N. R. Rao

Perturbation Theory 715 Carl M. Bender

Petroleum Geology 729 Richard С Selley

Petroleum Refining 741 James H. Gary

Pharmaceuticals 763 Bryan G. Reuben

Pharmaceuticals, Controlled Release of 791 Giancarlo Santus and Richard W. Baker

Pharmacokinetics 805 Michael F. Flessner

Phase Transformations, Crystallographic Aspects 821

U. Dahmen

Phosphors 855 Alok M. Srivastava

Volume 12 (Phot-Pol) Photoacoustic Spectroscopy 1

Konka Veeranjaneyulu and Roger M. Leblanc

Photochemistry by VUV Photons 15 Michael N. R. Ashfold and Phillip A. Cook

Photochemistry, Molecular 29 Curt Wittig

Photochromic Glasses 49 R. J. Araujo

Photoelectron Spectroscopy 57 G. Hohlneicher and A. Gildenpfennig

Photographic Processes and Materials 91 P. S. Vincett and M. R. V. Sahyun

Photonic Bandgap Materials 133 Sajeev John, Ovidiu Toader, and Kurt Busch

Photovoltaic System Design 147 John P. Thornton

Physical Chemistry 159 Douglas J. Henderson and Charles T. Rettner

Contents XXIX

Physical Oceanography, Oceanic Adjustment 177 Ping Chang

Physical Oceanography, Thermal Structure and General Circulation 189

Anand Gnanadesikan and Robert Hallberg

Physical Organic Chemistry 211 Charles L. Perrin

Planetary Atmospheres 245 Joel S. Levine

Planetary Geology 275 Raymond E. Arvidson

Planetary Radar Astronomy 295 Steven J. Ostro

Planetary Satellites, Natural 329 Bonnie J. Buratti

Planetary Waves (Atmospheric Dynamics) 357 Murry L. Salby

Plasma Confinement 373 Allen H. Boozer

Plasma Diagnostic Techniques 391 Clifford W. Mendel, Jr. and Edl Schamiloglu

Plasma Science and Engineering 401 J. L. Shohet

Plasticity (Engineering) 425 Jules L. Routbort

Plasticizers 441 B. L. Wadey

Plastics Engineering 457 R. J. Crawford

Plate Tectonics 475 William R. Dickinson

Plutonic Geology 491 Colin H. Donaldson, R. John Reavy, and Michael John O'Mahony

Pneumatic Transport 509 George E. Klinzing

Polarization and Polarimetry 521 Kent Rochford

Pollution, Air 539 Roy M. Harrison and Rob P. Kinnersley

Pollution Control 557 Arthur С Stern

Pollution, Environmental 573 M. E. Baur

Pollution Prevention from Chemical Processes 593

Kenneth L. Mulholland and Michael R. Overcash

Polymer Processing 611 Donald G. Baird

Polymers, Electronic Properties 645 J. Mort

Polymers, Ferroelectric 659 Т. С Mike Chung and A. Petchsuk

Polymers, Inorganic and Organometallic 675 Martel Zeldin

Polymers, Mechanical Behavior 697 Garth L. Wilkes

Polymers, Photoresponsive (in Electronic Applications) 723

Elsa Reichmanis, Omkaram Nalamasu, and Francis Houlihan

Polymers, Recycling 745 Richard S. Stein

Polymers, Synthesis 751 Timothy E. Long and James E. McGrath

Polymers, Thermally Stable 775 J. P. Critchley

т у i *i d /иль um \ l / A l l l ' f l l ö 1 Л I »-'ЛС* §•# *Ü*%1 1 WlJP1 l i l 11%^ t * JP 1 ж i i ^ l " l \ o . ! i I

Positron Microscopy 1 Arthur Rich and James Van House

Potential Energy Surfaces 9 Donald G. Truhlar

Power Electronics 19 Adrian loinovici

Power Transmission, High-Voltage 35 S. A. Annestrand

Precipitation Reactions 57 Manfred Kahlweit

Primitive Solar System Objects: Asteroids and Comets 73

Lucy-Ann McFadden and Daniel T. Britt

XXX

Probability 87 M. M. Rao

Process Control Systems 111 Juergen Hahn and Thomas F. Edgar

Production Control Systems 127 James E. Bailey and David D. Bedworth

Project Management Software 139 Robert T. Hughes

Prolog Programming Language 155 Heimo H. Adelsberger

Protein Folding 179 Maurice Eftink and Susan Pedigo

Protein Structure 191 Ivan Rayment

Protein Synthesis 219 Rebecca W. Alexander and Paul Schimmel

Proton Decay 241 David B. Cline

Pulp and Paper 249 Raymond A. Young, Robert Kundrot, and David A. Tillman

Pulsars 267 F. Curtis Michel

Pulsed Power Systems 277 M. Kristiansen and J. Dickens

Qualitative Simulation 287 Benjamin Kuipers

Quantum Chemistry 301 Donald J. Kouri

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) 319 Taizo Muta

Quantum Hall Effect 345 J. K. Jain

Quantum Mechanics 359 Albert Thomas Fromhold, Jr.

Quantum Optics 409 J. H. Eberly and P. W. Milonni

Quantum Theory 441 David W. Cohen

Quasars 465 B. M. Peterson, S. Mathur, P. S. Osmer, and M. Vestergaard

Queueing Theory 481 H. M. Srivastava

Radar 497

Nadav Levanon

Radiation, Atmospheric 511 Knut Stamnes and Gary E. Thomas

Radiation Effects in Electronic Materials and Devices 523

Andrew Holmes-Siedle and Victor A. J. van Lint

Radiation Physics 561 John H. Hubbell

Radiation Shielding and Protection 581 Robert W. Roussin, Bernadette L. Kirk, and David K. Trubey

Radiation Sources 613 Richard E. Faw and J. Kenneth Shultis

Radioactive Waste Disposal (Geology) 633 Saeid Saeb and Stanley J. Patchet

Radioactive Wastes 643 Charles W. Forsberg

Radioactivity 661 Vincent P. Guinn

Radio-Astronomy Interferometry 675 T. Joseph W. Lazio

Radio Astronomy, Planetary 687 Samuel Gulkis and Imke de Pater

Radiocarbon Dating 713 R. E. Taylor

Radiometric Dating 721 Marvin Lanphere

Radiometry and Photometry 731 Ross McCluney

Radionuclide Imaging Techniques, Clinical Peter F. Sharp

Radio Propagation 769 Henry L. Bertoni

Radio Spectrum Utilization 793 Leon W. Couch, II and William J. Weisz

Railway Engineering 807 William W. Hay

Contents

Raman Spectroscopy 845 R. P. Van Duyne and С L. Haynes

Ramjets and Scramjets 867 Bernard Petit

Volume 14 (Rar-Sm) Rare Earth Elements and Materials 1

Zhiping Zheng and John E. Greedan

Reactors in Process Engineering 23 Gary L. Foutch and Arland H. Johannes

Real-Time Systems 45 A. Burns

Reduction of Dimensionality 55 Zhidong Bai and P. R. Krishnaiah

Relativistic Ion Physics 75 William A. Zajc

Relativity, General 93 James L. Anderson

i Relativity, Special 117

Kathleen A. Thompson

Reliability Theory 143 Harry F. Martz

Remote Sensing from Satellites 161 James Acker, Robin Williams, Carl Schueler, Long Chiu, Paris W. Vachon, Philip Ardanuy, Shawn Miller, and Michael Manore

Renewable Energy from Biomass 203 Martin Kaltschmitt, Daniela Thrän, and Kirk R. Smith

Requirements Engineering 229 Bashar Nuseibeh and Steve Easterbrook

Rheology of Polymeric Liquids 237 Chang Dae Han

Ribozymes 253 Alessandra Poggi and John J. Rossi

Robotic Locomotion Systems, Unconventional 263

James P. Ostrowski

Robotics, Computer Simulations for 275 John M. Hollerbach

xxxi

Robotics, Hybrid Systems for 283 Janos Sztipanovits and Shankar Sastry

Robotic Systems, Modular Reconfigurable 293 Keith Kotay, Daniela Rus, and Marsette Vona

Rocket Motors, Hybrid 303 David Altman

Rocket Motors, Liquid 323 Bernard R. Bornhorst

Rocket Motors, Solid 347 Edward W. Price

Rock Mechanics 357 Howard J. Pincus

Rubber, Natural 381 Stephen T. Semegen

Rubber, Synthetic 395 Stephen T. Semegen

Sandwich Composites 407 Charles E. S. Ueng

Satellite Communications 413 Kenneth M. Peterson

Satellite RF Communications and Onboard Processing 439

Robert С Moore

Scanning Electron Microscopy 457 David С Joy and D. G. Howitt

Scanning Probe Microscopy 469 C. Daniel Frisbie

Scattering and Recoiling Spectrometry 485 J. Wayne Rabalais

Sedimentary Petrology 495 Frederick L. Schwab

Seismology, Engineering 531 Kenneth W. Campbell

Seismology, Observational 547 W. H. K. Lee

Seismology, Theoretical 575 Raul Madariaga

Self-Organizing Systems 589 Wolfgang Banzhaf

Semiconductor Alloys 599 т. s. Kuan

XXXII Contents

Sensors for Control 609 Clarence W. de Silva

Separation and Purification ofBiochemicals 651

Laure G. Berruex and Ruth Freitag

Set Theory 675 Marion Scheepers

Signal Processing, Acoustic 687 Edmund J. Sullivan

Signal Processing, Analog 711 W. K. Jenkins

Signal Processing, Digital 737 Fred J. Taylor

Signal Processing, General 761 Rao Yarlagadda and John E. Hershey

Silicon, Hydrogenated Amorphous 781 Jacques I. Pankove

Silicone (Siloxane) Surfactants 793 Randal M. Hill

SIMOX (Separation by Implantation of Oxygen) 805

Julian Blake

Simulation and Modeling 815 William G. Rieder

Simulation, Realistic (Engineering) 837 Jean U. Thoma

Sintering 865 Jose S. Moya, Carmen Baudin, and Pilar Miranzo

Smart Pixels 879 John A. Neff

Volume 15 (So-Sta) Software Engineering 1

Mehdi Jazayeri

Software Maintenance and Evolution 15 Elizabeth Burd and Malcolm Munro

Software Reliability 25 Claes Wohlin, Martin Host, Per Runeson, and Anders Wesslen

Software Testing 41 Marc Roper

Soil and Groundwater Pollution 49 Michael J. Barcelona and Gary A. Robbins

Soil Mechanics 63 John T. Christian

Soil Physics 77 Daniel Hillel

Solar Chimneys 99 Jörg Schlaich and Wolfgang Schiel

Solar Energy in Buildings 111 S. V. Szokolay

Solar Physics 127 Therese Kucera and Carol Jo Crannell

Solar Ponds 149 Lucien Y. Bronicki

Solar System, General 167 John S. Lewis

Solar System, Magnetic and Electric Fields 189 С. Т. Russell

Solar Terrestrial Physics 211 L. J. Lanzerotti

Solar Thermal Power Systems 223 Keith Lovegrove and Andreas Luzzi

Solar Thermochemical Process Technology 237 Aldo Steinfeld and Robert Palumbo

Sol-Gel Processing 257 Douglas A. Loy

Solid Propellants 277 К. О. Hartman and Scott Morrow

Solid-State Chemistry 295 Bahne С. Cornilsen

Solid-State Electrochemistry 301 Günter Holzäpfel

Solid-State Imaging Devices 317 Albert J. P. Theuwissen

Solitons 329 A. S. Fokas

Solvent Extraction 341 Teh С Lo and M. H. I. Baird

Contents

Sonoluminescence and Sonochemistry 363 Kenneth S. Suslick

Source Coding, Theory and Applications 377 N. Farvardin

Space AI and Robotics 397 C. R. Weisbin, P. S. Schenker, R. Easter, and G. Rodriguez

Spacecraft Chemical Propulsion 403 Robert Lewis Sackheim

Spacecraft Dynamics 431 Yoshiaki Ohkami

Spacecraft Structures 449 Tetsuo Yasaka and Junjiro Onoda

Spacecraft Systems Design and Engineering 463 Vincent L. Pisacane

Spacecraft Thermal Control 485 Gajanana С Birur, Georg Siebes, and Theodore D. Swanson

Spaceflight Mechanics 507 Craig A. Kluever

Spaceflight Physiology 521 Randy W. Cohen, Susan Scibetta Hegland, and Linda D. Caren

Space Nuclear Power 537 Gary L. Bennett

Space Nuclear Propulsion 555 David L. Black and Stanley V. Gunn

Space Plasma Physics 577 Larry Lyons

Space Transportation Systems, Advanced 593 Christophe Bonnal

Spatial Objective Analysis 623 H. J. Thiebaux

Speckle Interferometry 629 Harold A. McAlister

Spectroscopy in Forensic Science 637 Michael B. Eyring

Speech Synthesis Based on Linear Prediction 645 Bishnu S. Atal

Sphere Packing 657 Gabor Fejes Toth and Wlodzimierz Kuperberg

Spread-Spectrum Systems 667 Urbashi Mitra

Stable Isotopes as Tracers of Global Cycles 695 Robert T. Gregory

Star Clusters 715 Steven N. Shore

Stars, Massive 727 Steven N. Shore

Stars, Variable 737 Steven N. Shore

Statistical Mechanics 749 W. A. Wassam, Jr.

Statistical Robustness 821 Bruce M. Hill

Statistics, Bayesian 835 Bruce M. Hill

Statistics, Foundations 843 D. A. S. Fräser

Statistics, Multivariate 851 D. L. Banks and S. E. Fienberg

Statistics, Nonparametric 891 Joseph W. McKean and Simon J. Sheather

Volume 18 (Ste-To) Steam Tables 1

Allan H. Harvey

Stefan Problems 9 A. D. Solomon

Stellar Spectroscopy 15 Jason P. Aufdenberg

Stellar Structure and Evolution 45 Peter Bodenheimer

Stereochemistry 79 Ernest L. Eliel

Stochastic Description of Flow in Porous Media 95

Ghislain de Marsily

Stochastic Processes 105 Yüichirö Kakihara

Strategic Materials 117 John D. Morgan

XXXIV Contents

Stratigraphy 123 Derek Ager

Streamflow 129 A. I. McKerchar

Stress in the Earth's Lithosphere 143 Mark D. Zoback and Mary Lou Zoback

Structural Analysis, Aerospace 155 David H. Allen

Superacids 175 George A. Olah and G. K. Surya Prakash

Supercomputers 189 Aad J. van der Steen

Superconducting Cables 199 E. B. Forsyth

Superconducting Devices 219 Jukka Pekola

Superconductivity 235 H. R. Khan

Superconductivity Mechanisms 251 Jozef Spalek

Superconductors, High Temperature 291 John B. Goodenough

Superlattices 325 Michael J. Kelly

Supernovae 335 David Branch

Superstring Theory 351 John H. Schwarz

Surface Chemistry 373 Simon R. Bare and G. A. Somorjai

Surfactants, Industrial Applications 423 Tharwat F. Tadros

Surveying 439 Jack B. Evett

Synthetic Aperture Radar 451 Jakob J. van Zyl and Yunjin Kim

Synthetic Fuels 467 Ronald F. Probstein and R. Edwin Hicks

System Theory 481 F. R. Pichler and John L. Casti

Tectonophysics 499 Donald L. Turcotte

Telecommunications 513 John N. Daigle and Katherine H. Daigle

Telephone Signaling Systems, Touch-Tone 535 A. Michael Noll and Leo Schenker

Telescopes, Optical 545 L. D. Barr

Terrestrial Atmospheric Electricity 565 Leslie С Hale

Textile Engineering 577 Sundaresan Jayaraman, W. W. Carr, and L. Howard Olson

Thermal Analysis 591 David Dollimore

Thermal Cracking 613 B. L. Crynes, Lyle F. Albright, and Loo-Fung Tan

Thermionic Energy Conversion 627 Fred Huffman

Thermodynamics 639 Stanley I. Sandler

Thermoeconomics 659 George Tsatsaronis and Frank Cziesla

Thermoelectricity 681 Timothy P. Hogan

Thermoluminescence Dating 699 Geoff Duller

Thermometry 705 C. A. Swenson and T. J. Quinn

Thin-Film Transistors 723 Yue Kuo

Thunderstorms, Severe 735 R. Jeffrey Trapp

Tidal Power Systems 751 Ian G Bryden

Tilings 763 Egon Schulte

Time and Frequency 783 Michael A. Lombardi

Tin and Tin Alloys 803 William B. Hampshire

Contents XXXV

Tissue Engineering 817 Francois Berthiaume and Martin L. Yarmush

Tomography 843 Z. H. Cho

Topology, General 879 Taqdir Husain

Toxicology in Forensic Science 905 Olaf H. Drummer

YoJume 17 (Tr-Z) Transformers, Electrical 1

S. Bennon

Transition Probabilities and Atomic Lifetimes 21 Wolfgang L. Wiese

Translation of RNA to Protein 31 R. А. Сох and H. R. V. Arnstein

Transmission Electron Microscopy 53 S. Amelinckx and J. Van Landuyt

Transport and Fate of Chemicals in the Environment 89

Frank Wania

Transportation Applications for Fuel Cells 107 Fritz R. Kaihammer and Vernon P. Roan

Tribology 127 Andras Z. Szeri

Tropospheric Chemistry 153 Peter Warneck

Tsunamis 175 Steven N. Ward

Turbine Generators 193 Dean B. Harrington

Ultrafast Spectroscopy and its Applications 217 M. Hayashi, Y. M. Chang, T. K. Wang, S. H. Lin, and Joseph L. Knee

Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphic Rocks 227 J. G. Liou and Ru-Yuan Zhang

Ultra Large-Scale Integration Design 245 Saburo Muroga

Ultrasonics and Acoustics 269 David R. Andrews

Ultraviolet Space Astronomy 289 George R. Carruthers

Underwater Acoustics 317 William A. Kuperman

Unified Field Theories 339 Frank Wilczek

Uranium 351 William L. Chenoweth and Thomas С Pool

Vacuum Arcs 359 James M. Lafferty

Vacuum Switches 371 Mietek T. Glinkowski

Vacuum Technology 385 James M. Lafferty

Valence Bond Theory 411 Richard P. Müller and William A. Goddard III

Variational Calculus 421 John Troutman

Ventilation, Industrial 435 Howard D. Goodfellow

Vibration, Mechanical 455 Marie Dillon Dahleh and William T. Thomson

Vision Sensors for Robots 475 David J. Kriegman

Visual Inspection, Automatic (Robotics) 489 E. R. Davies

Vitamins and Coenzymes 509 David E. Metzler

Voiceband Data Communications 529 Whitham D. Reeve

Volcanic Hazards 559 Robert Tilling

Volcanology 579 Haraldur Sigurdsson

VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) Satellite Earth Station 607

Jonathon Y С Cheah

XXXVI Contents

V/STOL Airplanes 621 Barnes W. McCormick

Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Systems 631 S. S. Penner

Wastewater Treatment and Water Reclamation 639

A. J. Englande, Jr. and Peter A. Krenkel

Water Conditioning, Industrial 671 John M. Donohue

Water Pollution 699 A. James

Water Resources 721 Edward D. Schroeder

Wavelets, Advanced 753 Su-Yun Huang and Zhidong Bai

Wavelets, Introduction 773 Edward Aboufadel and Steven Schlicker

Wave Phenomena 789 Norman Bleistein

Weather Prediction, Numerical 805 Akira Kasahara and Masao Kanamitsu

Wind Power Systems 837 Lennart Söder

Wireless Communications 851 Michele Zorzi and A. Chockalingam

WWW (World Wide Web) 875 Mike Jackson

X-Ray Analysis 887 Ron Jenkins

X-Ray Astronomy 903 M. F. Corcoran

X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 921 Charles С Chusuei and D. Wayne Goodman

X-Ray Small-Angle Scattering 939 O. Kratky and P. Laggner

X-Ray, Synchrotron Radiation, and Neutron Diffraction 989

P. Suortti

z-Transform 1025 M. Edwin Sawan