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Transcript of Cyanobacteria and Algae. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes ProkaryotesEukaryotes “primitive...
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CyanobacteriaCyanobacteriaandand
AlgaeAlgae
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Prokaryotes and Prokaryotes and EukaryotesEukaryotes
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
“primitive nucleus” “true nucleus”
Lack clear nucleus and other inclusions
Clear nucleus and other inclusions
All organisms with cells that lack a nucleus
All organisms with cells that have a nucleus
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Nutritional Requirements Nutritional Requirements of Prokaryotesof Prokaryotes
Methods of obtaining carbonMethods of obtaining carbon Autotroph (“self-feeding) Autotroph (“self-feeding) incorporate incorporate
carbon into organic molecules from inorganic carbon into organic molecules from inorganic sourcessources
Heterotroph (“other feeding”) Heterotroph (“other feeding”) derive derive carbon from breakdown of organic carbon from breakdown of organic compoundscompounds
Methods of deriving energyMethods of deriving energy Chemotroph (“chemical feeding”) Chemotroph (“chemical feeding”) obtain obtain
energy from catalyzing inorganic reactionsenergy from catalyzing inorganic reactions Phototroph (“light feeding”) Phototroph (“light feeding”) obtain energy obtain energy
by absorbing light photonsby absorbing light photons
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Symbiotic Relationships Symbiotic Relationships Between Prokaryotes & Between Prokaryotes &
PlantsPlants RhizobiumRhizobium lives in soil lives in soil
Synthesizes enzyme nitrogenase which Synthesizes enzyme nitrogenase which converts unusable Nconverts unusable N22 to plant-available to plant-available ammonium (NHammonium (NH44
++))
Forms mutualistic relationship with Forms mutualistic relationship with legumes within root noduleslegumes within root nodules Plant → carbohydrates & protectionPlant → carbohydrates & protection Bacterium → nitrogenase & other enzymesBacterium → nitrogenase & other enzymes Both benefit from supply of fixed nitrogenBoth benefit from supply of fixed nitrogen
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CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria“blue green algae”“blue green algae”
PhotosyntheticPhotosynthetic chlorophyll chlorophyll a, a, phycobilinsphycobilins fix nitrogenfix nitrogen
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Symbiotic Relationships Symbiotic Relationships Between Prokaryotes & Between Prokaryotes &
PlantsPlants Other examples of symbiotic Other examples of symbiotic
nitrogen fixing Bacterianitrogen fixing Bacteria FrankiaFrankia – within cells of root nodules of – within cells of root nodules of
aldersalders AnabaenaAnabaena – association with water fern, – association with water fern,
AzollaAzolla NostocNostoc – invades cavities in – invades cavities in
gametophytes of hornworts & cycadsgametophytes of hornworts & cycads
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Figure 17.11
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Photosynthetic Photosynthetic ProtistsProtists“Algae”“Algae”
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Algae = Photosynthetic Algae = Photosynthetic ProtistsProtists
Variety of life histories, body forms, Variety of life histories, body forms, ecological rolesecological roles
Often named for distinctive colorsOften named for distinctive colors Unicellular, colonial, multicellularUnicellular, colonial, multicellular
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Phylum ChlorophytaPhylum Chlorophyta“green algae”“green algae”
Unicellular, colonial, multicellularUnicellular, colonial, multicellular Most found in freshwater, also some Most found in freshwater, also some
in shallow marine habitatsin shallow marine habitats Pigments: chlorophyll a & b, Pigments: chlorophyll a & b,
carotenoidcarotenoid Food stored as starchFood stored as starch Cellulose cell wallsCellulose cell walls
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Green AlgaeGreen Algae
(a)
(b)
(c)
50 µm
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Algal ReproductionAlgal Reproduction Zygotic Zygotic
diploid phase of life cycle is single-celled zygotediploid phase of life cycle is single-celled zygote Examples: Examples: VolvoxVolvox, green algae, , green algae, ChlamydomonasChlamydomonas
GameticGametic Multicellular sporophytesMulticellular sporophytes haploid phase of life cycle is single-celled gametehaploid phase of life cycle is single-celled gamete Examples: some brown algae like Examples: some brown algae like CystoseiraCystoseira
SporicSporic multicellular gametophytes & sporophytesmulticellular gametophytes & sporophytes Examples: Examples: Ectocarpus, UlvaEctocarpus, Ulva (isomorphic), (isomorphic),
LaminariaLaminaria (heteromorphic) (heteromorphic)
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Zygotic l.h found commonly in green algae
Gametic l.h. found in someBrown algae, especially rockweeds(Fucus, Pelvetia, Cystoseira)
Sporic l.h. found in kelps, green algae, land plants
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Zygotic Life Cycles Zygotic Life Cycles ChlamydomonasChlamydomonas
Figure 18.
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UlothrixUlothrix Life Cycle Life Cycle
Figure 18.
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SpirogyraSpirogyra Sexual Sexual ReproductionReproduction
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Phylum Chromophyta Phylum Chromophyta (Stramenopiles) (Stramenopiles)
All have 2 unequally sized flagella All have 2 unequally sized flagella (hairy & smooth)(hairy & smooth)
Photosynthetic ones include: Photosynthetic ones include: Chrysophyceae (golden algae)Chrysophyceae (golden algae) Bacillariophyceae (diatoms)Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) Phaeophyceae (brown algae)Phaeophyceae (brown algae)
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ChrysophyceaeChrysophyceae“golden algae”“golden algae”
Carotenoid Carotenoid pigmentspigments
Usually Usually biflagellated biflagellated
Most unicellular, Most unicellular, some colonialsome colonial
Cell wall of Cell wall of cellulosecellulose
Figure 28.17
25 µm
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BacillariophyceaeBacillariophyceae “diatoms”“diatoms”
Unicellular algae with Unicellular algae with silica tests (cell wall) silica tests (cell wall)
Important Important phytoplanktonphytoplankton
Contain chl. a & c, Contain chl. a & c, fucoxanthinfucoxanthin
3 µ
m
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Reproduction in DiatomsReproduction in Diatoms
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PhaeophyceaePhaeophyceae“brown algae”“brown algae”
abundant in cool, shallow abundant in cool, shallow marine watersmarine waters
Largest algae, multicellular Largest algae, multicellular thallusthallus
Life history sporic or gameticLife history sporic or gametic More More Chlorophylls Chlorophylls aa & & cc, ,
fucoxanthinfucoxanthin Carbohydrates can move Carbohydrates can move
through sieve elements & be through sieve elements & be stored (“mannitol”)stored (“mannitol”)
Cell wall of cellulose & alginCell wall of cellulose & algin
Blade
Stipe
Holdfast
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Figure 18.
GametGameticic
(film)(film)
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SporicSporicLife CycleLife Cycle
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Phylum Phylum RhodophytaRhodophyta“red algae”“red algae”
WidespreadWidespread Shallow to deep waterShallow to deep water Warm to cool waterWarm to cool water
Chlorophyl a, phycobilinsChlorophyl a, phycobilins complex life cycle involving three complex life cycle involving three
types of thallus structures (“triphasic types of thallus structures (“triphasic life cycle”)life cycle”)
Cell wall of cellulose, agar or Cell wall of cellulose, agar or carrageenancarrageenan
.
(b)
(c)
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Figure 18.
TriphasicTriphasicLife CycleLife Cycle
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Phylum EuglenophytaPhylum Euglenophyta“euglena”“euglena”
““mixotroph”, contains chlorophyll a mixotroph”, contains chlorophyll a & b& b
No cell wallNo cell wall Contains eyespotContains eyespot Lack cell wallLack cell wall
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Phylum DinophytaPhylum Dinophyta“dinoflagellates”“dinoflagellates”
UnicellularUnicellular Contain two flagella.Contain two flagella.
1 trails from the cell1 trails from the cell 1 encircles the cell1 encircles the cell
disc-shaped chloroplasts disc-shaped chloroplasts with xanthophyll pigmentswith xanthophyll pigments
Many with tiny projectilesMany with tiny projectiles Many produce toxins (Red Many produce toxins (Red
Tides)Tides)
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DinoflagellatesDinoflagellates
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Ecological & Economic Ecological & Economic ImportanceImportance
PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton Base of aquatic food chainsBase of aquatic food chains Produce about 4x food as earth’s cropsProduce about 4x food as earth’s crops
Help build tropical reefsHelp build tropical reefs Coralline green & red algaeCoralline green & red algae
Medicine, food, and fertilizerMedicine, food, and fertilizer Uses of algal cell walls Uses of algal cell walls
diatomitediatomite for filtering, bulking, abrasive for filtering, bulking, abrasive agaragar as culture medium, gel electrophoresis & as culture medium, gel electrophoresis &
in bakingin baking carrageenancarrageenan used as stabilizer used as stabilizer alginalgin used to absorb water & as additive used to absorb water & as additive
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Kelp movieKelp movie