Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous

Put each of the following verbs into either the present perfect or present perfect continuous.

1. Why are your hands dirty? - Oh I (work) in the garden.2. It's nine o'clock. Jack (teach) for 4 hours tonight.3. I (work) at this company for a long time.4. Brad (think) poorly of Marsha for a long time.5. Why are you shaking so? What (you/do)?6. Lucky Susan she (visit) so many different countries!7. I (live) in Seattle for 5 years.8. (you/finish) your homework yet?9. He (arrive) from Tokyo.10. I (think) for a long time and I (decide) that you need to give up your job.11. Nick (buy) a new house!12. Some of my students (study) English for over 5 years.13. It's a quarter to nine! I (wait) for over three hours!14. (ever/drive) a Rolls Royce?15. I would like to help you but I (just/eat) and I need to take a nap.

Past Perfect: There are two past tenses used to describe things that happen before another point in time in the past. Use the past perfect to talk about an event which had happened at some point in time before something took place. Tom had interviewed five times before he got his first job. She had already eaten by the time they arrived.Past Perfect Continuous: The past perfect continuous is used to express how long something had been going on before something important happened in the past. Jane had been studying for four hours when he came home. Jack had been driving four over six hours when he finally pulled over to have lunch.

Past Perfect Structure:

Positive

Subject + had + past participle

I, You, He, She, We, They had finished before I arrived.

Negative

Subject + had + not (hadn't) + past participle

I, You, He, She, We, They hadn't eaten before he finished the job.

Questions

Question word + had + subject + past participle

What -> had he, she, you, we, they thought before I asked the question?

Past Perfect Continuous Structure:

Positive

Subject + had + been + verb + ing

I, You, He, She, We, They had been working for two hours when she telephoned.

Negative

Subject + had + not (hadn't) + been + verb + ing

I, You, He, She, We, They hadn't been paying attention for long when he asked the question.

Questions

Question word (often 'How long') + had + been + subject + verb + ing

How long -> had he, she, you, we, they been working before he arrived? Present Simple Every day - When do you get up? / Tom usually eats lunch at home. Present Continuous Now - She's watching TV at the moment. / I'm not working, I'm reading a newspaper. Past Simple Yesterday - They went on vacation last July. / Where did you meet Tim? Past Continuous Yesterday, at X o'clock They were watching TV at 5 o'clock yesterday. / What were you doing when he came home? Present Perfect Since / For - I've lived here a long time. / Have you ever seen that film? Past Simple vs. Present Perfect I've lived here for many years. vs. I lived there before I moved to New York. Present Perfect Continuous Since / For + Time - We've been working since 8 this morning. / What has she been doing recently? Past Perfect Already - They had already eaten when she arrived. / Had you finished the report by the time he asked for it? Future with Will Tomorrow, Next week - We'll get together next week. / Will you be able to come tomorrow? Future with Going to Tomorrow, Next year, semester, etc. - They're going to study Russian next semester. / Where are you going to stay? Future Perfect By, By the time - I'll have finished by the time he arrives. / Will you have done the work by six? Future Continuous At X o'clock, This time next year, month, week / What will you be doing this time next year? - She'll be working tomorrow at 10 o'clock. Conditional Forms If questions - What would you do if you had enough time? / If she is in town, she'll come to the meeting.

Alternate Conditional FormsModal Forms Asking Permission, Giving Advice, etc. - May I help you? / He should see a doctor.Modal Verbs of Probability Stating guesses - He must have stayed at home today. / She might be downstairs.

IRREGULAR VERBS

English tutorial by Ny.Tjoet

be - was/were become - became begin - began break - broke bring - brought build - built buy - bought come - came cost - cost cut - cut do - did drink - drank eat - ate find - found fly - flew get - got give - gave go - went have - had keep - kept know - knew leave - left make - made meet - met pay - paid put - put read - read say - said see - saw sell - sold send - sent speak - spoke spend - spent take - took teach - taught tell - told think - thought

PRONOUNS

Subject Pronouns - I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they function as the subject of a sentence: I live in New York. Do you like playing tennis? He doesn't want to come this evening. She works in London. It won't be easy. We are studying pronouns at the moment. You went to Paris last year, didn't you? They bought a new car last month.

Object Pronouns - me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them serve as the object of a verb. Give me the book. He told you to come tonight. She asked him to help. They visited her when they came to New York. She bought it at the store. He picked us up at the airport. The teacher asked you to finish your homework. I invited them to a party.

Possessive Pronouns - mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs show that something belongs to someone. That house is mine. This is yours. I'm sorry, that's his. Those books are hers. Those students are ours. Look over there, those seats are yours. Theirs will be green.

Demonstrative Pronouns - this, that, these, those refer to things. 'this' and 'these' refer to something that is near. 'that' and 'those' refer to things that are farther away. This is my house. That is our car over there. These are my colleagues in this room. Those are beautiful flowers in the next field.

Possessive adjectives - my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their are often confused with possessive pronouns. The possessive adjective modifies the noun following it in order to show possession. I'll get my books. Is that your car over there? That is his teacher, Mr Jones. I want to go to her store. Its color is red. Can we bring our children? You are welcome to invite your husbands.

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME ( IN / AT / ON )IN Use 'in' months and years and periods of time: in January in 1978 in the twenties

Use 'in' a period of time in the future: in a few weeks in a couple of days

AT Use 'at' with precise time: at six o'clock at 10.30 at two p.m.

ON Use 'on' with days of the week: on Monday on Fridays

Use 'on' with specific calendar days: on Christmas day on October 22nd

IMPORTANT NOTES in the morning / afternoon / evening - at night We say in the morning, afternoon or evening BUT we say 'at night'

GERUNDS VS INFINITIVE Verb + 'ing' OR Verb + InfinitiveWhen two verbs are used together, the second verb is often in the gerund form (-ing) or the infinitive. There are no specific rules concerning which verbs take which form. Like irregular verbs, you will need to learn which form a verb takes.

Common Verbs + 'ing' go enjoy quit discuss mind can't stand suggestExamples: They go jogging on Saturdays. I don't mind helping you. They can't stand driving in traffic jams.

Common Verbs + Infinitive promise plan refuse want need decide hopeExamples: I promised to help him. Alice needs to start that task. He decided to quit his job.

MODALS ( SHOULD, MAY, CAN, MUST )Positive Subject + Modal + Base Form of Verb + Objects Examples He can play the piano. I must leave soon.

Negative Subject + Modal + Not + Base Form of Verb + Objects Examples They can't visit next week. You shouldn't go to that film.

Question Modal + Subject + Base Form of Verb + Objects Examples Can you help me? What should I do?

Giving Advice with Should 'Should' is used when asking for or giving advice. It is also used when asking for suggestions. Examples I think you should see a doctor. What type of job should I get?

Expressing Ability with Can 'Can' is used to speak abilities. Examples He can speak Japanese. Can you play golf?

Asking for Permission with May 'May' is used to ask for permission. Examples May I help you? May I visit you this afternoon?

NOTE: In spoken English, 'Can I ...?' is often used instead of 'May I ...?'

MUCH / MANY/ A LOT / A FEWCountable and Uncountable

Uncountable Use the singular form of the verb with uncountable nouns. Use both 'some' and any' with uncountable nouns when speaking about specific objects. Examples Do you have any butter? There is some juice in the bottle.

If you are speaking in general, do not use a modifier. Examples Do you drink coca cola? He doesn't eat meat.

Countable Use the plural form of the verb with countable nouns. Use both 'some' and 'any' with countable nouns when speaking about specific objects. Examples There are some magazines on the table. Has he got any friends?

If you are speaking in general, use the plural form of the noun. Examples They love books by Hemingway. She doesn't eat apples.

Expressions for Use with Countable and Uncountable Nouns Use the following expressions with uncountable nouns. most much, lots of, a lot of some a little, little

Examples There is lots of interest in the project. She's got some money left in the bank. There's little time to finish.

Use the following expressions with countable nouns. many, lots of, a lot of several some not many, only a few, few

Examples There are a lot of pictures on the wall. We have several friends in Chicago. She bought some envelopes this afternoon. There are only a few people in the restaurant.

COMPARATIVEOne Syllable Adjectives add '-er' to end of the adjective (Note: double the final consonant if preceded by a vowel) remove the 'y' from the adjective and add 'ier' Example: cheap - cheaper / hot - hotter / high - higher Example Sentences Yesterday was hotter than today. This book is cheaper than that book.

Two Syllable Adjectives Ending in '-y' Example: happy - happier / funny - funnier Example Sentences I am happier than you. That joke was funnier than his joke.

Two, Three or More Syllable Adjectives place 'more' before the adjective Example: interesting - more interesting / difficult - more difficult Example Sentences London is more expensive than Madrid. This test is more difficult than the last test.

IMPORTANT EXCEPTIONS There are some important exceptions to these rules. Here are two of the most important exceptions:

good good - adjective better - comparative Example Sentences This book is better than that one. I am better at tennis than my sister.

bad bad - adjective worse - comparative Example Sentences His French is worse than mine. His singing is worse than Tom's.

Writing Storms

The best thing to happen to me today

The worst thing to happen to me today

Something funny that happened to me this week

What I really hate!

What I really like!

My favorite thing

A surprise I had

A landscape

A building

A monument

A museum

A memory from childhood

My best friend

My boss

What is friendship?

A problem I have

My favorite TV show

My son

My daughter

My favorite grandparentUse of the Passive The passive voice is used when focusing on the person or thing affected by an action. Generally, more emphasis is given to the beginning of a sentence. By using a passive sentence, we emphasize by showing what happens to something rather than who or what does something. Example: Reports are expected by the end of the week. In this example, attention is called to what is expected of students (reports).

Inversion Invert the word order by placing a prepositional phrase or other expression (at no time, suddenly into, little, seldom, never, etc.) at the beginning of the sentence followed by inverted word order. Examples: At no time did I say you couldn't come. Hardly had I arrived when he started complaining. Little did I understand what was happening. Seldom have I felt so alone. Note that the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject which is followed by the main verb.

Expressing Annoyance Use the continuous form modified by 'always', 'forever', etc. to express annoyance at another person's action. This form is considered an exception as it used to express a routine rather than an action occurring at a particular moment in time. Examples: Martha is always getting into trouble. Peter is forever asking tricky questions. George was always being reprimanded by his teachers. Note that this form is generally used with the present or past continuous (he is always doing, they were always doing).

Cleft Sentences: It Sentences introduced by 'It is' or 'It was' are often used to emphasize a specific subject or object. The introductory clause is then followed by a relative pronoun. Examples: It was I who received the promotion. It is the awful weather that drives him crazy.

Cleft Sentences: What Sentences introduced by a clause beginning with 'What' are also used to emphasize a specific subject or object. The clause introduced by 'What' is employed as the subject of the sentence as is followed by the verb 'to be'. Examples: What we need is a good long shower. What he thinks isn't necessarily true.

Exceptional Use of 'Do' or 'Did' You have probably learned that the auxiliary verbs 'do' and 'did' are not used in positive sentences - for example: He went to the store. NOT He did go to the store. However, in order to emphasize something we feel strongly these auxiliary verbs can be used as an exception to the rule. Examples:

No that's not true. John did speak to Mary. I do believe that you should think twice about this situation. Note this form is often used to express something contrary to what another person believes.

Fill in the blank with the correct answerName:

1. What ____________ you ____________ (do)? I'm studying. do you do are you doing did you do2. ____________ you always ____________ (get up) at 7 o'clock? Do you always get up Are you always getting up Do always you get up3. ____________ John ____________ (have, got) a motorbike? Does John have got Has John got Have John got4. At the moment he ____________ (have) lunch. is having having has5. John doesn't like playing football, but he ____________ (love) playing tennis. is loving love loves6. Last winter he ____________ (go) by train from Rome to Paris. goed has gone went7. Mary ____________ (not, be) at work at the moment. She's at home. isn't being isn't doesn't be

8. Next Tuesday my brother ____________ (go) to Rome. went goes is going9. They ____________ (take) their children to Spain last year. did take took taked10. What time ____________ he ____________ (arrive) home last Tuesday? did he arrives did he arrive does he arrive11. He ____________ (work) on the computer at the moment. is working works does work12. What ____________ they ____________ (do)? They're sleeping. is they doing are they doing do they do13. When ____________ you ____________ (go) to Rome last year? you went did you go did you went14. ____________ you ____________ (have, got) any brothers or sisters? Has you got Do you have got Have you got15. John doesn't like going to the beach, but he ____________ (love) going to the park. loves doesn't love is loving

16. Next Saturday John ____________ (come) to visit his friends. comes is coming will come17. Peter ____________ (be) on holiday now. He isn't at home. will be is is going to be18. She ____________ (teach) her husband cooking last winter. did teach teached taught19. ____________ he always ____________ (have) dinner at 7 o'clock? Is he always having Does he always has Does he always have20. Last winter she ____________ (drive) to Germany. drove drived did drive21. ____________ you ____________ (have, got) a good job? Do you got Have you got Has you got22. Where ____________ she ____________ (study) English last year? did she study did she studied has she studied23. Mary likes visiting friends, but she ____________ (like) talking on the telephone. doesn't like likes isn't liking

24. She ____________ (watch) a video at the moment. watched watches is watching25. He ____________ (take) his friend to the theater last week. tooked has taken took26. Mary ____________ (not, be) on holiday now. She's at home. isn't won't be isn't being27. What ____________ you ____________ (do)? I'm playing the piano. is you doing do you do are you doing28. Next Thursday my sister ____________ (visit) the new museum. will visit visits is going to visit29. ____________ you always ____________ (finish) work at 5 o'clock? Do you always finish Are you always finishing Did you always finished30. They ____________ (ride) the train to Sweden last summer. did ride rode have ridden31. What ____________ you ____________ (do) this evening? I'm doing my homework. will you do do you do are you doing32. ____________ she often ____________ (telephone) in the evening? Does she often telephone Is she often telephoning Will she often telephones

33. ____________ they ____________ (have, got) a car? Have they got Do they have got Has they got34. At the moment they ____________ (read) a book. are going to read reads are reading35. I ____________ (teach) my students about the USA yesterday. taughted taught have taught36. Jennifer doesn't like working in the office, but she ____________ (love) working at home. loves doesn't love isn't loving37. Next Wednesday my brother ____________ (have) dinner at that new restaurant. is going to have will have has38. She ____________ (fly) to the USA last winter. flied has flown flew39. Thomas ____________ (not, be) at the office tomorrow. He's on holiday. isn't going to be won't been isn't40. What ____________ she ____________ (do) yesterday afternoon? did she do does she do is she doing41. ____________ Thomas ____________ (have, got) a television? Have Thomas got Has Thomas got Does Thomas has got42. Where ____________ they ____________ (go) on holiday last summer? did they went have they gone did they go43. Alice loves walking in the countryside, and she ____________ (like) going to the gym. doesn't like like likes44. At the moment she ____________ (listen) to some music. listens is listening has listened45. ____________ he always ____________ (play) tennis on Saturdays? Do he always play Does he always plays Does he always play46. Mary isn't at work at the moment. She ____________ (be) at home. is will be has been47. What ____________ he ____________ (do)? He's washing up. does he do is he doing has she done48. They ____________ (fly) to Mexico last summer. has flown flew did fly49. She ____________ (ask) her husband to help her yesterday evening. asked did ask has asked50. Next Saturday my friend ____________ (come) to have lunch with us. is coming comes will comes

TenseSubjectHelping VerbMain Verb (String)Objects / Time / Place

Present SimpleI - eatbreakfast at 8 in the morning.

You - eatbreakfast at 8 in the morning.

He - eatsbreakfast at 8 in the morning.

She -eatsbreakfast at 8 in the morning.

It -eatsbreakfast at 8 in the morning.

We - eatbreakfast at 8 in the morning.

You - eatbreakfast at 8 in the morning.

They - eatbreakfast at 8 in the morning.

Present ContinuousIamlearningEnglish online right now.

YouarelearningEnglish online right now.

Heis learningEnglish online right now.

SheislearningEnglish online right now.

ItislearningEnglish online right now.

WearelearningEnglish online right now.

YouarelearningEnglish online right now.

TheyarelearningEnglish online right now.

Past SimpleI -wentto the store yesterday.

You -wentto the store yesterday.

He - wentto the store yesterday.

She - wentto the store yesterday.

It - wentto the store yesterday.

We -wentto the store yesterday.

You -wentto the store yesterday.

They -wentto the store yesterday.

Past ContinuousIwascookingdinner when you came home yesterday.

Youwerecookingdinner when you came home yesterday.

Hewas cookingdinner when you came home yesterday.

Shewascookingdinner when you came home yesterday.

Itwascookingdinner when you came home yesterday.

Wewerecookingdinner when you came home yesterday.

Youwerecookingdinner when you came home yesterday.

Theywerecookingdinner when you came home yesterday.

Future with WillIwillcometo class tomorrow

Youwillcometo class tomorrow

Hewill cometo class tomorrow

Shewillcometo class tomorrow

Itwillcometo class tomorrow

Wewillcometo class tomorrow

Youwillcometo class tomorrow

Theywillcometo class tomorrow

Future with Going toIam going tofly to New York next week.

Youare going tofly to New York next week.

Heis going to fly to New York next week.

Sheis going tofly to New York next week.

Itis going tofly to New York next week.

Weare going tofly to New York next week.

Youare going tofly to New York next week.

Theyare going tofly to New York next week.

Future ContinuousIwill beworkingat 5 pm tomorrow evening.

Youwill beworkingat 5 pm tomorrow evening.

Hewill be workingat 5 pm tomorrow evening.

Shewill beworkingat 5 pm tomorrow evening.

Itwill beworkingat 5 pm tomorrow evening.

Wewill beworkingat 5 pm tomorrow evening.

Youwill beworkingat 5 pm tomorrow evening.

Theywill beworkingat 5 pm tomorrow evening.

Present PerfectIhavetaughtEnglish for many years.

YouhavetaughtEnglish for many years.

Hehas taughtEnglish for many years.

ShehastaughtEnglish for many years.

IthastaughtEnglish for many years.

WehavetaughtEnglish for many years.

YouhavetaughtEnglish for many years.

TheyhavetaughtEnglish for many years.

Present Perfect ContinuousIhave beenwatchingTV for three hours.

Youhave beenwatchingTV for three hours.

Hehas been watchingTV for three hours.

Shehas beenwatchingTV for three hours.

Ithas beenwatchingTV for three hours.

Wehave beenwatchingTV for three hours.

Youhave beenwatchingTV for three hours.

Theyhave beenwatchingTV for three hours.

Past PerfectIhadeatenlunch before you came home yesterday.

Youhadeatenlunch before you came home yesterday.

Hehad eatenlunch before you came home yesterday.

Shehadeatenlunch before you came home yesterday.

Ithadeatenlunch before you came home yesterday.

Wehadeatenlunch before you came home yesterday.

Youhadeatenlunch before you came home yesterday.

Theyhadeatenlunch before you came home yesterday.

Past Perfect ContinuousIhad beenworkingfor three hours before he arrived.

Youhad beenworkingfor three hours before he arrived.

Hehad been workingfor three hours before he arrived.

Shehad beenworkingfor three hours before he arrived.

Ithad beenworkingfor three hours before he arrived.

Wehad beenworkingfor three hours before he arrived.

Youhad beenworkingfor three hours before he arrived.

Theyhad beenworkingfor three hours before he arrived.

Future PerfectIwill havefinishedthe report by three o'clock tomorrow afternoon.

Youwill havefinishedthe report by three o'clock tomorrow afternoon.

Hewill have finishedthe report by three o'clock tomorrow afternoon.

Shewill havefinishedthe report by three o'clock tomorrow afternoon.

Itwill havefinishedthe report by three o'clock tomorrow afternoon.

Wewill havefinishedthe report by three o'clock tomorrow afternoon.

Youwill havefinishedthe report by three o'clock tomorrow afternoon.

Theywill havefinishedthe report by three o'clock tomorrow afternoon.

Future Perfect ContinuousIwill have beenstudyingEnglish for five hours by four o'clock this afternoon.

Youwill have beenstudyingEnglish for five hours by four o'clock this afternoon.

Hewill have been studyingEnglish for five hours by four o'clock this afternoon.

Shewill have beenstudyingEnglish for five hours by four o'clock this afternoon.

Itwill have beenstudyingEnglish for five hours by four o'clock this afternoon.

Wewill have beenstudyingEnglish for five hours by four o'clock this afternoon.

Youwill have beenstudyingEnglish for five hours by four o'clock this afternoon.

Theywill have beenstudyingEnglish for five hours by four o'clock this afternoon.

Prepositions "With", "Over", and "By"With Used to indicate being together or being involved: I ordered a sandwich with a drink. He was with his friend when he saw me. She has been working with her sister at the nail shop. The manager will be with you shortly.

Used to indicate "having": I met a guy with green eyes. Were you the one talking with an accent? People with a lot of money are not always happy.

Used to indicate "using": I wrote a letter with the pen you gave me. This is the soup that I made with rice and barley. He cut my hair with his gold scissors.

Used to indicate feeling: I am emailing you with my sincere apology. He came to the front stage with confidence.

Used to indicate agreement or understanding: Are you with me? Yes, I am completely with you. She agrees with me.

Over Used to indicate movement from one place to another: Come over to my house for dinner sometime. Could you roll over? They sent over a gift for his promotion.

Used to indicate movement downward: The big tree fell over on the road. Can you bend over and get the dish for me? He pushed it over the edge. Used to indicate more than an expected number or amount: This amount is over our prediction. Kids twelve and over can watch this movie. The phone rang for over a minute.

Used to indicate a period of time: I worked there over a year. She did not sleep there over this past month.

By Used to indicate proximity: Can I sit by you? He was standing by me. The post office is by the bank.

Used to indicate the person that does something in a passive voice sentence: The microwave was fixed by the mechanic. The flowers were delivered by a postman. The branch office was closed by the head office.

Used to indicate an action with a particular purpose: You can pass the exam by preparing for it. I expressed my feeling toward her by writing a letter. She finally broke the record by pure effort.

Used to indicate a mean or method: Please send this package to Russia by airmail. I came here by subway. Choose the correct preposition in each sentence.

1) If she left at 4 p.m., she should be here (with, over, by) now. 2) Go (with, over, by) there and catch my ball. 3) (With, Over, By) your determination, you will be able to achieve your dream. 4) I just found it! It was (with, over, by) the radio on my desk. 5) I knocked him (with, over, by) accidentally. 6) She was (with, over, by) me when the accident occurred.

It's important to study the passive voice to place the focus on the object of an action, rather than than the person doing that action. English students should learn how to use the passive voice for explaining processes and for business situations. Here are some examples:

Somebody made my car in Detroit. -> My car was made in Detroit. Somebody painted this beautiful picture. -> This picture was painted by George Smith. A number of people in company ZYZ have designed this recorder. -> This recorder was designed by the ZYZ Company.

Study the passive voice below and then practice your writing skills by changing active sentences to passive sentences. Teachers can use this lesson plan on recognizing the differences between active and passive sentences.

Passive Voice Grammar

The passive voice is used when focusing on the person or thing affected by an action. The Passive is formed: Passive Subject + To Be + Past Particple

The house was built in 1989.It is often used in business when the object of the action is more important than those who perform the action.

For Example:

We have produced over 20 different models in the past two years. Changes to: Over 20 different models have been produced in the past two years.If the agent is important (the person, company or thing that does the action) , use "by"

For Example: Tim Wilson wrote "The Flight to Brunnswick" in 1987. Changes to:"The Flight to Brunnswick" was written in 1987 by Tim Wilson.Only verbs that take an object can be used in the passive voice.

Passive Voice StructureActive VoicePassive VoiceThey make Fords in Cologne.Fords are made in Cologne.Present SimpleSusan is cooking dinner.Dinner is being cooked by SusanPresent ContinuousJames Joyce wrote "Dubliners"."Dubliners" was written by James Joyce.Past SimpleThey were painting the house when I arrived.The house was being painted when I arrived.Past ContinuousThey have produced over 20 models in the past two years.Over 20 models have been produced in the past two years.Present PerfectThey are going to build a new factory in Portland.A new factory is going to be built in Portland.Future Intention with Going toI will finish it tomorrow.It will be finished tomorrow.Future Simple