CursoDeLadino.com.ar - Constraints on the Metathesis of Sonorant Consonants in Judeo-Spanish -...

8/2/2019 CursoDeLadino.com.ar - Constraints on the Metathesis of Sonorant Consonants in Judeo-Spanish - Travis G. Bradley

1/37


2/37

260 Tpbzoq F, @pbdhgy

Tng ubugp bhqi ailqodgpq bhtgplbtozg blbhyqgq( bq vghh bq qikg ij tng dojflawh+

togq uiqgd votn pgqugat ti ugpagutwbhhy+`bqgd buupibangq .@hgzolq bld Fbppgtt

2??>( 0554( Nwkg 0554/,

2, Oltpidwatoil

Cwdgi+Qubloqn .nglagjiptn( CQ/ dglitgq tniqg zbpogtogq ij Qubloqn upgqgpzgd `y

tng Qgunbpdoa Cgvq vni vgpg g~ughhgd jpik Qubol ol 24?0 bld nbzg gkofpbtgd

tnpiwfniwt Gwpiug( Liptn Bjpoab( tng Koddhg Gbqt( bld tng Wlotgd Qtbtgq, Dg+

quotg otq awppglt qtbtwq bq bl gldblfgpgd hblfwbfg dwg ti tng hbam ij kilihol+fwbh qugbmgpq bld ti tng gzgp dgapgbqolf lwk`gp ij ffwglt qugbmgpq wldgp tng

bfg ij fljty+flzg .T, Nbppoq 2??4/( kidgpl CQ pgkbolq wldgppgupgqgltgd ol pgaglt

vipm il O`gpi+Pikblag unilgtoaq bld unilihify bld ol fglgpbh unilihifoabh

tngipy, Upgzoiwq dgqapoutoilq ij CQ gkunbqosg otq ailqgpzbtozg( bpanboa lbtwpg(

nofnhofntolf otq qokohbpotogq ti Ihd Qubloqn .nglagjiptn( IQ/( vnohg itngp pg+

qgbpan uioltq wu tng lizgh anbpbatgpoqtoaq tnbt doqtolfwoqn CQ jpik ìtn IQ

bld itngp zbpogtogq ij Kidgpl Qubloqn .nglagjiptn( KQ/, Ilg unilihifoabh

unglikglil ij CQ ol vnoan ìtn pgtgltoil bld ollizbtoil abl `g i`qgpzgd oq

ailqilblt kgtbtngqoq, Tnoq ubugp dgzghiuq bl baaiwlt ij qgzgpbh tyugq ij ail+

qilblt kgtbtngqoq ol CQ votnol tng ailqtpbolt+ bqgd jpbkgvipm ij Iutokbhoty

Tngipy .KaAbptny bld Upolag 2??7( Upolag bld Qkihglqmy 2??1)0554/,

Niht .0554/ baaiwltq jip dh bld dl kgtbtngqoq ol IQ( g,f,( dbhdi8

dbdhifozg ot( dbldiq 8 dbdliq fozg wq( bq b qtpbtgfy jip pgubopolf `bd qyhhb`hg

ailtbat( jipkbhosgd ol tgpkq ij oltgpbatolf ailqtpboltq il qilipoty bld qgfkgl+

tbh ipdgpolf, Nihtq blbhyqoq pgbdohy g~tgldq ti kidgpl CQ( vnoan nbq pgtbolgd

dh kgtbtngqoq ol okugpbtozg+ahotoa qgrwglagq, Bhqi gzodglt ol IQ bld ol qikg

CQ dobhgatq oq tng kgtbtngqoq ij lp ahwqtgpq ol oppgfwhbp jwtwpg bld aildotoilbh

jipkq( g,f,( tgpl O vohh nbzg 8 tglgp ti nbzg, O qniv tnbt lp kgtbtngqoq pg+

agozgq b qtpbofntjipvbpd baaiwlt ol tgpkq ij qyhhb`hg ailtbat iutokosbtoil, Ol

IQ( kgtbtngqoq dod lit bjjgat ngtgpikipungkoa dk ahwqtgpq( bld tng qbkg pg+

qtpoatoil oq jiwld ol kidgpl+dby CQ( g,f,( dbdkg zq, #dbkdg)dbldg fozg kg,

Ti g~uhbol tng jbohwpg ijdk kgtbtngqoq bapiqq kipungkg ìwldbpogq( O g~tgld

Nihtq .0554/ baaiwlt tnpiwfn nofngp+pblmolf lbqbh uhbag bqqokohbtoil bld ui+

qotoilbh jbotnjwhlgqq ailqtpboltq, Il tnoq blbhyqoq( tng `bd qyhhb`hg ailtbat ol dk

oq tihgpbtgd `gabwqg ot oq `gttgp tnbl tng kgtbtngqosgd bhtgplbtozgq3 kd digq litqnbpg uhbag jgbtwpgq( bld ldanblfgq tng uhbag ij bptoawhbtoil ij tng kipungkg+

olotobh lbqbh,

Kidgpl CQ dobhgatq bhqi qniv tvi tyugq ij ollizbtozg pnitoa kgtbtngqoq, Ol

tng flpqt tyug( ngtgpiqyhhbòa pd vbq tpblquiqgd ti tbwtiqyhhbòa dp votnol bld

bapiqq kipungkgq( g,f,( tbdpg8 tbpdg hbtg( bjtgpliil( ubp bkidpg dg 8 ubp

bkip dg jip tng hizg ij, Wlhomg dh bld lp kgtbtngqoq( tpblquiqotoil ij pd


3/37

Kgtbtngqoq ij qilipblt ailqilbltq ol Cwdgi+Qubloqn 261

digq lit pgqwht jpik qyhhb`hg ailtbat iutokosbtoil, O blbhysg tnoq ollizbtoil bq

bl gjjgat ij tng I`hofbtipy Ailtiwp Upolaouhg .Hg`gl 2?61( KaAbptny 2?>:/(

vngpg`y bdcbaglt qgfkgltq odgltoabh ol uhbag( kbllgp( bld zioaolf qugaoflab+

toilq bpg upino`otgd, Tng qgaild tyug olzihzgq doquhbagkglt ij p tivbpd tng

hgjt gdfg ij b vipd( bhqi jpgrwglthy bttgqtgd ol uiuwhbp KQ, Jihhivolf pgaglt

vipm il uiqotoil+qugaofla ailqtpbolt gzbhwbtoil .Poffhg bld Vohqil 0557/ bld

qgfkgltbh bdcbaglay ailqtpboltq .Abpugltgp 0550/( O dgzghiu b aikupgnglqozg

baaiwlt ij `itn tyugq ij ollizbtozg pnitoa kgtbtngqoq,

Tnoq ubugp oq ipfblosgd bq jihhivq, Qgatoil 0 upgqgltq tng lbqbh bld hbtgpbh

kgtbtngqoq dbtb bld pgzogvq tng qyhhb`hg+ailtbat blbhyqoq ij Niht .0554/, Qga+

toil 1 g~tgldq tng blbhyqoq ti baaiwlt jip tng pgqtpoatoil olzihzolf dk ahwq+tgpq, Qgatoil 4 g~bkolgq pdkgtbtngqoq bld dgzghiuq bl baaiwlt ol tgpkq ij tng

I`hofbtipy Ailtiwp Upolaouhg, Qgatoil 7 ailqodgpq bddotoilbh ollizbtoilq ol+

zihzolf hgjtvbpd pnitoa kgtbtngqoq bld dgzghiuqbl blbhyqoq ol tgpkq ij uiqotoil+

qugaofla kbpmgdlgqq bld ailqilbltbh bdcbaglay ailqtpboltq, Qgatoil : g~bk+

olgq qikg ij tng dojflawhtogq uiqgd `y tng IQ bld CQ dbtb votn pgqugat ti

ugpagutwbhhy+`bqgd buupibangq ti ailqilblt kgtbtngqoq, Qgatoil 6 ailahwdgq,

0, Lbqbh bld hbtgpbh kgtbtngqoq bq iutokosbtoil ij qyhhb`hg ailtbat

Btiloa zivgh hiqq ol Hbtg Quimgl Hbtol ijtgl apgbtgd olqtblagq ij bd qyhhb`hg

ailtbat olzihzolf tbwtikipungkoa dl bld dh ahwqtgpq( vnoan vgpg qikgtokgqpgubopgd ol IQ `y kgtbtngqoq( bkilf itngp qtpbtgfogq lit qnivl ngpg,0 Tng

g~bkuhgq ol .2b/ bld .2`/ ohhwqtpbtg dl bld dh kgtbtngqoq( pgqugatozghy .Fbp+

ab dg Dogfi 2?65( Niht 0554( Hhiyd 2?>6( Kbptlgs+Foh 2??2( 2??4( 0551(

Kglldgs+Uodbh 2?42( Uglly 0550( Uiwltbol 0552/, Vnohg zbpob`hg jipkq bpg

bttgqtgd ol IQ( ilhy tng kgtbtngqosgd ahwqtgpq bpg upgqgpzgd ol KQ,

.2/ Hbtol IQ KQ

b, ABTGLBTW abdlbdi abldbdi abldbdi ubdhiamBLTGLBTW bdlbdi bldbdi bldbdi qtguanohd

.aj, hgbpld bltglbdi/

HGFOTOKW hodki holdi holdi upgtty

PGTOLB pogdlb pogldb pogldb pgol

0, Itngp bttgqtgd qtpbtgfogq olahwdg doqqokohbtoil( ubhbtbhosbtoil( oltpwqozg qtiu jipkbtoil( dghg+

toil bld qtpglftnglolf, B ubptoawhbp vipd jpik Hbtol kby qniv qgzgpbh zbpoblt jipkq ol tng

vpottgl pgaipd jpik IQ( g,f,( BLTGLBTW< IQ bdlbdi bldbdi bldpbdi bhlbdi blbdi bllbdi qtguanohd .qgg Niht 05543 44( Jl, 2 bld pgjgpglagq aotgd tngpgol/,


4/37


, QUBTWHB gqubdhb gqubhdb gqubhdb `bamABUOTWHW abòdhi abòhdi abòhdi tivl aiwlaohJIHOBTOHG nicbdhg nicbhdpg nicbhdpg uwjj ubqtpyTOTWHI todhg tohdg tohdg vpottgl baaglt

Kgtbtngqoq bhqi zbpob hy bjjgatgd ngtgpikipungkoa dl bld dh ol IQ uhwpbh

okugpbtozg+ahotoa qgrwglagq( bq qnivl `y tng g~bkuhgq ol .0b( `/, Kgtbtngqoq

bapiqq tng kipungkg ìwldbpy li hilfgp iaawpq ol KQ,

.0/ IQ KQ

b, dbdliq dbldiq dbdliq fozg wqnbsgdliq nbsgldiq nbagdliq di wq`, dbdhi dbhdi dbdhi fozg ot

dgsodhi dgsohdi dgaodhi qby ot

Homg KQ( CQ nbq pgtbolgd tng hg~oabhosgd iwtaikgq ij kipungkg+oltgplbh

kgtbtngqoq, G~bkuhgq qwan bq holdi upgtty bld gqubhdb `bam bpg bttgqtgd ol

Lgnbkbq .2?66/ CQ+Jpglan doatoilbpy( `bqgd il tng zbpogty ij CQ quimgl ol

Qbhilomb, Wlhomg KQ( nivgzgp( CQ qtohh g~noòtq upidwatozg kgtbtngqoq ij dh ol

uhwpbh okugpbtozg+ahotoa qgrwglagq, Tng jipkq upgqgltgd ol .1/ bpg diawkgltgd

ol T, Nbppoq .2??43 67/( bld qokohbp g~bkuhgq bld dgqapoutoilq bpg jiwld ol

Bfbpd .2?753 05605>/( @bpwan .2?153 21?/( Apgvq .2?173 00?/( Hwpob .2?153

21:/( Qw`bm .2?5:3 21:216/( bld Vbflgp .2?243 20620>/,

.1/ CQ KQ

tikbhdb tikbdhb tbmg ot

`wqnmbhdb `wqabdhb hiim jip ot

dbhdi dbdhi fozg ot

kgtghdb kgtgdhb uwt ot

tpbghdi tpbgdhi `polf ot

Kgtbtngqoq ol IQ zgp`bh jipkq dod lit bjjgat ngtgpipfbloa dk ahwqtgpq( bq

qwffgqtgd `y tng hbam ij bttgqtgd g~bkuhgq qwan bq #dbkdg)dbldg jip dbdkg

fozg kg .Niht 05543 72( Jl, >/, Tng flpqt ugpqil uhwpbh upiliwl liq wq ol KQ

aippgquildq ti kiq wq ol CQ( tng hbttgp dwg ti bl oldgugldglt bld ollizbtozg

anblfg ol tng uhbag ij bptoawhbtoil ij tng lbqbh .Uglly 2??03 21621>/, Ti tng

`gqt ij ky mlivhgdfg( tngpg bpg li pguiptq ol tng dgqapoutozg hotgpbtwpg il CQ ijkgtbtngqoq ol jipkq qwan bq #dbkdg)dbldg jip dbdkg ip #dbkdiq)dbldiq jip

dbdkiq fozg wq,

Dpbvolf wuil upgzoiwq vipm il tng pihg ij qilipoty ol qyhhb`hg qtpwatwpg

.@bt+Gh 2??:( Ahgkgltq 2??5( Niiugp 2?6:( Kwppby bld Zgllgkbll 2?>1(

bkilf kbly itngpq/( Niht .0554/ dgzghiuq bl blbhyqoq ol Iutokbhoty Tngipy

.nglagjiptn( IT/ ij kgtbtngqoq bq b pgubop qtpbtgfy jip bziodolf `bd qyhhb`hg


5/37


ailtbatq, Iutokosbtoil ij qyhhb`hg ailtbat oq baaiwltgd jip `y tng oltgpbatoil

bkilf qilipoty ailqtpboltq .4b( `( a/( bhoflkglt .4d/( bld jbotnjwhlgqq .4g( j/,

.4/ b, Kolokbh Doqtblag ol Qilipoty KolDoqtQil

Tngpg kwqt `g b kolokwk dojjgpglag ol qilipoty `gtvggl kgk+

`gpq ij b qyhhb`hg ilqgt,

`, Qilipoty Qgrwglaolf Upolaouhg QQU

@gtvggl bly kgk`gp ij b qyhhb`hg bld tng qyhhb`hg ugbm( ilhy

qiwldq ij nofngp qilipoty pblm bpg ugpkottgd,

a, Qyhhb`hg Ailtbat Hbv QyhhAil

Qilipoty qniwhd lit poqg bapiqq b qyhhb`hg ìwldbpy,d, Bhofl

Tng ghgkgltq ij b kipungkg qniwhd lit g~tgld `gyild tng qtgk

ìwldbpy bld qniwhd pgkbol bt tng upiugp gdfg,

g, Holgbpoty

Tng iwtuwt oq ailqoqtglt votn tng upgagdglag qtpwatwpg ij tng ol+

uwt bld zoag+zgpqb,

j, Kb~okbhoty

Oluwt qgfkgltq kwqt nbzg iwtuwt aippgquildgltq,

Ti wldgpqtbld tng pihg ij qyhhb`hg ailtbat ol IQ kgtbtngqoq( hgt wq bqqwkg

b qilipoty qabhg qwan bq tng ilg qnivl ol .7/, Tng qilipoty upiflhgq ij qgzgpbh

dojjgpglt ahwqtgpq bpg fozgl ol .:/( vngpg ugpoidq oldoabtg qyhhb`hg dozoqoilq,

QyhhAil oq zoihbtgd `y ngtgpiqyhhbòa d,l bld d,h ol .:b/ `gabwqg tngpg oq b poqgol qilipoty bapiqq tng qyhhb`hg ìwldbpy, Tng iuuiqotg ipdgpolf ij qgfkgltq ol

.:`/ qbtoqflgq tng ailqtpbolt `gabwqg tngpg oq li qilipoty poqg,

.7/ I`qtpwgltq8Lbqbhq8 Horwodq8Fhodgq8Zivghq .Ahgkgltq 2??5/

5 2 0 1 4

.:/ b, # d,l 5 2 # d,h 5 0 ,, , zoihbtg QyhhAil`,

l,d 2 5 h,d 0 5 ,, , qbtoqjy QyhhAil

Tng zbpobòhoty ij kgtbtngqoq pgqwhtq jpik b ubptobhhy+ipdgpgd nogpbpany ol

vnoan tng pghbtoilqnou `gtvggl qikg ij tng ailqtpboltq oq ol ffw~ .qgg Blttohb

bld Ani 2??>( Blttohb 0550/, Tng tb`hgbw~ ol .6/ ohhwqtpbtg tng ubptoawhbp pblm+

olf ij ailqtpboltq tnbt upidwagq kgtbtngqoq votnol kipungkgq bld ol okugpb+

tozg+ahotoa qgrwglagq,1 Nofn+pblmolf Kb~okbhoty pwhgq iwt abldodbtgq votn

1, O bqqwkg tnbt tng oluwt gqubdhb ij tng flpqt tb`hgbw ol .6/ aippgquildq ti tng iutokbh iwtuwt

ij tng upgzoiwq fglgpbtoil ij qugbmgpq( jihhivolf tng noqtipoabhhy upoip hiqq ij tng oltgptiloa

zivgh, Ol tng qgaild tb`hgbw( tng oluwt dbd-hi bpoqgq qylanpiloabhhy ol tng kipunihifoabh

ailabtglbtoil ij tng okugpbtozg bld tng ahotoa upiliwl, Tng tb`hgbw~ qgpzg bq b wqgjwh tiih jip

dgqapoòlf qiwld anblfgq tnbt iaawp `gtvggl hblfwbfg zbpogtogq bld jip hbyolf iwt nyuitngqgq


6/37

26: Tpbzoq F, @pbdhgy

ailqilblt dghgtoil( vnoan bpg lit ailqodgpgd ngpg, Tng buiqtpiung ol tng oluwt

ij tng flpqt tb`hgbw pgffgatq tng noqtipoabhhy upoip hiqq ij tng btiloa zivgh, Ol tng

qgaild tb`hgbw( `pbamgtq oldoabtg kipungkg ìwldbpogq ol tng iwtuwt jipkq,

Jip tng kikglt( O b`qtpbat bvby jpik tng ailtolwblay bhtgplbtoil ol Uglol+

qwhbp Noqubli+Pikblag `gtvggl qtiu ]d[ bld buupi~okblt ][ .bhtniwfn tnoq

dojjgpglag vohh uhby b apwaobh pihg ol tng blbhyqoq ij pd kgtbtngqoq ol CQ upi+

uiqgd ol Qgatoil 4/, Ngtgpiqyhhbòa d,h ol .6b/ oq b `bd qyhhb`hg ailtbat( zoihbt+

olf QyhhAil, Tng pgkbololf tnpgg abldodbtgq bziod tng `bd qyhhb`hg ailtbat(

`wt lit bhh bpg grwbhhy iutokbh, Tng ilqgt ahwqtgpq ,dh bld ,hd ol .6a( d/ zoihbtg

qilipoty aildotoilq il ilqgtq,4 Tng hiv pblmolf ij Holgbpoty glqwpgq tnbt tng

upi`hgkbtoa ahwqtgp oq pgubopgd `y kgtbtngqoq ol .6`/, Tng blbhyqoq oq gqqgltobhhytng qbkg jip ngtgpikipungkoa zgp`bh jipkq ol tng qgaild tb`hgbw, Ol bddotoil

ti Holgbpoty( kgtbtngqoq zoihbtgq Bhofl `gabwqg tng pofnt gdfg ij tng zgp`bh

qtgk dbdbld tng hgjt gdfg ij tng ahotoa upiliwl hi di lit aiolaodg ol .6j( n/,

.6/ IQ gqubhdb `bam bld dbhdi fozg ot

gqubdhb KolDoqtQil QQU QyhhAil Bhofl Holgbpoty

b, gq,ubd,hb #"

, gq,ubh,db #

a, gq,ub,dhb #"

d, gq,ub,hdb #" # #

dbd-hi KolDoqtQil QQU QyhhAil Bhofl Holgbpoty

g, dbd,[]hi #"

j, db]h,d[i # #

f, db,d[]hi #"

n, db,]hd[i #" # # #

Niht bttpo`wtgq tng hbam ij kgtbtngqoq ol KQ uhwpbh okugpbtozg+ahotoa qg+

rwglagq ti tng g~tgplbh olffwglag ij tng upgqapoutozoqt Pgbh Babdgkob Gqubihb(

vnoan viwhd nbzg jbzipgd kboltbololf tng oltgfpoty ij gban aikuilglt kip+

ungkg, Bq b pgqwht ij tnoq olffwglag( KQ nbq qgtthgd il tng fl~gd pblmolf ij

bìwt niv tngqg anblfgq iaawp, Jip kipg doqawqqoil ij tng qtbtwq ij oluwtq( hg~oabhosbtoil( bld

ailqtpbolt pg+pblmolf ol hblfwbfg anblfg( qgg tng ailtpo`wtoilq bqqgk`hgd ol Niht .0551/,

4, Ol Qubloqn( aikuhg~ ilqgtq ailqoqt ij bl i`qtpwglt )u( t( m( `( d( f( j) jihhivgd `y b horwod )h) ip)P)( `wt tngpg bpg g~agutoilq olzihzolf ahwqtgpq ij b aipilbh qtiu jihhivgd `y tng hbtgpbh, Vnohg)dh) oq lit b ugpkoqqo`hg ilqgt ahwqtgp ol bly dobhgat( ilqgt )th) oq bhhivgd ol qikg zbpogtogq

qwan bq Kg~oabl Qubloqn .qgg C, Nbppoq 2?>13 2124( 0500( 1217/, Fozgl tng qilipoty qabhg

ol .7/( KolDoqtQil batwbhhy upgdoatq tnbt qtiu+hbtgpbh ilqgtq qniwhd `g bq vghh jipkgd bq

qtiu+pnitoa ilqgtq( qolag ìtn tyugq upgqglt tng qbkg qilipoty doqtblag, Bddotoilbh ailqtpboltq

kwqt `g olzimgd ti baaiwlt jip )th) bld )dh) ahwqtgpq( `wt O di lit bddpgqq tng oqqwg ol tnoq ubugp,

Jip jwptngp doqawqqoil bld blbhyqoq ij qtiu+hbtgpbh ilqgtq( qgg Kbptlgs+Foh .0552/ bld( kipg

pgaglthy( @pbdhgy .055:/,


7/37


Bhofl g/ volq wldgp tnoq pblmolf `gabwqg bhoflkglt oq

pgqugatgd bt tng g~uglqg ij bhhivolf b `bd qyhhb`hg ailtbat, Ilag IQ iwtuwtq

homg .6`/ vgpg iutokosgd bld hg~oabhosgd( tngpg viwhd nbzg `ggl li vby jip

qugbmgpq ti pgaizgp tng gtykihifoabh Hbtol jipk, Qolag upgqapoutozoqk aiwhd lit

wldi tng iwtaikg ij kipungkg+oltgplbh kgtbtngqoq( KQ pgtbolq tng h,d ahwqtgp

ol .>`/,

.>/ KQ gqubhdb `bam zq, dbdhi fozg ot

gqubhdb KolDoqtQil QQU Bhofl QyhhAil Holgbpoty

b, gq,ubd,hb #" # `, gq,ubh,db

a, gq,ub,dhb #" #

d, gq,ub,hdb #" #

dbd-hi KolDoqtQil QQU Bhofl QyhhAil Holgbpoty

g, dbd,[]hi #

j, db]h,d[i #" #

f, db,d[]hi #"

n, db,]hd[i #" # # #

O bpfwg tnbt tng b`qglag ij lipkbtozg upgqqwpg ol CQ nbq pgqwhtgd ol tng pgtgl+

toil ij upidwatozg dh kgtbtngqoq ol uhwpbh okugpbtozg+ahotoa qgrwglagq, Ol ail+

tpbqt ti tng fl~gd KQ pblmolf bld tng zbpob hg IQ pblmolf( CQ liv nbq tng fl~gdpblmolf ij QyhhAil 1/

diawkglt qylanpiloa bhtgplbtoilq olzihzolf lbqbh+pnitoa kgtbtngqoq ol kidgpl

CQ oppgfwhbp zgp`bh jipkq( ohhwqtpbtgd ol .?/, KQ nbq pgtbolgd tng jipkq votn

oltpwqozg qtiuq( vngpgbq tng CQ g~bkuhgq qniv kgtbtngqoq,

.?/

CQ KQ

tgpl tgldp O vohh nbzg .aj, tglgpti nbzg/

zgpl zgldp O vohh aikg .aj, zglopti aikg/

Tng fl~gd pblmolf ij QyhhAil


8/37

26> Tpbzoq F, @pbdhgy

< hd doqawqqgd bìzg, Baaipdolf ti tng qilipoty qabhg upiuiqgd ol .7/( tng

ngtgpiqyhhbòa l,p ahwqtgp ol .25b/ upgqgltq b qilipoty poqg bapiqq tng qyhhb`hg

ìwldbpy( zoihbtolf QyhhAil( vngpgbq tng iuuiqotg ipdgpolf ij qgfkgltq ol

.25`/ qbtoqflgq tng ailqtpbolt,

.25/ b, # l,p 2 0 ,, , zoihbtgq QyhhAil`,

p,l 0 2 ,, , qbtoqflgq QyhhAil

Ol tb`hgbw .22/( tng buiqtpiung ol tng oluwt jipk pgffgatq tng dghgtoil ij tng

tngkg zivgh ij tng olfllotozg, Ngtgpiqyhhbòa l,p ol .22b/ oq ghokolbtgd jip

otq `bd qyhhb`hg ailtbat( bld tng ,lp bld ,pl ahwqtgpq ol .22a( d/ bpg pwhgd iwt

jip tngop zoihbtoilq ij qilipoty aildotoilq il ilqgtq, Tng kgtbtngqoq abldodbtg.22`/ oq iutokbh `gabwqg Holgbpoty oq hiv+pblmolf,7

.22/ IQ)CQ tgplO vohh nbzg

tglP-g KolDoqtQil QQU QyhhAil Bhofl Holgbpoty

b, tgl,Pg #"

`, tgP,lg #

a, tg,lPg #"

d, tg,Plg #" # #

1, Lbqbh uhbag bhtgplbtoilq bld tng jbohwpg ijdk kgtbtngqoq

Ilg upgdoatoil ij tng qilipoty+`bqgd baaiwlt oq tnbt qolag k bld l nbzg tngqbkg qilipoty pblm( dk qniwhd wldgpfi kgtbtngqoq bq gbqohy bq dl, Nivgzgp(

ilhy nikipfbloa dl wldgpvglt kgtbtngqoq ol IQ okugpbtozgq( bld jipkq qwan

bq #dbkdg)dbldg8 dbdkg bld #dbkdiq)dbldiq8 dbdkiq pgkbol wlbttgqtgd

ol CQ, Ol ailtpbqt( tng kipungkg+oltgplbh ahwqtgp ol tng tnopd g~bkuhg ij .2b/(

HGFOTOKW < hodki holdi( dod wldgpfi kgtbtngqoq bld pgfpgqqozg lbqbhuhbag bqqokohbtoil( whtokbtghy upidwaolf KQ)CQ holdi upgtty, Kipg fglgp+

bhhy( bqqokohbtoil tiim uhbag vngl btiloa zivgh dghgtoil ol Hbtg Quimgl Hbtol

uhbagd b jipkgphy upgziabhoa lbqbh ailqilblt ol ailtbat votn b jihhivolf qtiu,

Bq qnivl ol .20/( oltgpziabhoa qtiuq flpqt `gabkg zioagd( bld zivgh hiqq tngl

upidwagd tbwtikipungkoa lbqbh+qtiu ahwqtgpq tnbt vgpg qw`cgat ti pgfpgqqozg

uhbag bqqokohbtoil .Uglly 05503 7?( >6>>/,

.20/ b, AIKOTG< #aikodg< #aikdg< aildg aiwltHOKOTBPG< #hokgdbp< #hokdbp< holdbp ti ìpdgp wuil

QGKOTB< #qgkodb < #qgkdb< qgldb ubtn

7, Jwptngpkipg( Holgbpoty kwqt pblm `ghiv tng jbotnjwhlgqq ailqtpbolt uglbhosolf ailqilblt

olqgptoil( Dgugldglay+A( ol ipdgp ti qghgat iwtuwtq votn pl kgtbtngqoq izgp iwtuwtq votn

oltpwqozg qtiuq, Jip b kipg dgtbohgd IT blbhyqoq ij ailqilblt oltpwqoil ol IQ bld Ihd Jpglan(

qgg Kbptlgs+Foh .0551/, Jip b jgbtwpg+fgikgtpoa baaiwlt ij IQ( qgg Niht .05503 ?1?4/,


9/37

Kgtbtngqoq ij qilipblt ailqilbltq ol Cwdgi+Qubloqn 26?

, @ILOTBTG< #ìlodbdg< ìldbd fiidlgqq

a, KBLOAB < #kblgfb< kb]L[fb qhggzg( niqg

DIKOLOAW< #dikolofi< diko]L[fi Qwldby

Tng fllbh jipkq ol .20b( a/ qniv tnbt nikipfbloaoty vbq banogzgd bt tng g~+

uglqg ij qbapoflaolf tng ipofolbh uhbag jgbtwpgq ij tng lbqbh, Uhbag jgbtwpgq ij

tng jihhivolf qyhhb`hg+olotobh qtiu vgpg kboltbolgd oltbat, Ol .20`/( zivgh dghg+

toil upidwagd b nikipfbloa ahwqtgp `y dgjbwht( bq ìtn tng lbqbh bld tng qtiu

vgpg bhpgbdy aipilbh,

Tng fglgpbhosbtoil gkgpfolf ngpg oq tnbt qtiu+lbqbh kgtbtngqoq oq ugpkot+

tgd cwqt ol abqg tng pgqwhtolf qyhhb`hg+fllbh lbqbh abl qnbpg tng uhbag jgbtwpgqij tng jihhivolf qtiu, Ol tng abqg ij HGFOTOKW < hodki holdi( kgtbtng+qoq oq hoaglqgd il oldgugldglt fpiwldq `gabwqg lbqbhq fglgpbhhy fozg wu tngop

uhbag jgbtwpgq ti `gaikg nikipfbloa votn b jihhivolf tbwtikipungkoa qtiu(

bq qggl ol .20b( a/, O viwhd homg ti upiuiqg tnbt dk kgtbtngqoq oq `hiamgd ol

okugpbtozg+ahotoa jipkq `gabwqg kipungkg+olotobh lbqbhq bpg upitgatgd `y bl

bddotoilbh jbotnjwhlgqq ailqtpbolt il uhbag jgbtwpgq, Tnoq buupiban gjjgatozghy

hokotq kgtbtngqoq ti dgpozgd dl ahwqtgpq `gabwqg tngy bwtikbtoabhhy qbtoqjy tng

nikipfbloaoty pgrwopgkglt, Ol tng abqg ij dbdliq dbldiq( tng pgqwhtolflbqbh+qtiu ahwqtgp oq bhpgbdy aipilbh( ol tng qbkg vby tnbt tng ahwqtgp ol ìl+

dbd .20`/ oq bhpgbdy aipilbh, Ol ailtpbqt( dgpozgd dk oq okkwlg ti pgipdgpolf

`gabwqg nikipfbloaoty viwhd pgrwopg wljbotnjwhlgqq ti tng oluwt uhbag qugao+

flabtoil ij tng ahotoa+olotobh lbqbh, O dgzghiu b jipkbh baaiwlt ij tngqg ubttgplq

olzihzolf lbqbh uhbag bqqokohbtoil bld uiqotoilbh jbotnjwhlgqq ailqtpboltq3

.21/ b, LbqbhBqqokohbtoil LbqBqqok .Ubtgp 05523 267/:

B lbqbh kwqt qnbpg uhbag jgbtwpgq votn b jihhivolf ailqilblt,

`, Odglt.uhbag/ .KaAbptny bld Upolag 2??7/

Aippgquildolf oluwt bld iwtuwt qgfkgltq nbzg tng qbkg uhbag

jgbtwpgq,

a, OdgltKipungkg+Olotobh.uhbag/ OdgltKO.uhbag/ .aj, @gam+

kbl 2??63 7:( Abqbho 2??:3 06/

Aippgquildolf oluwt bld iwtuwt qgfkgltq ol kipungkg+olotobh

uiqotoil nbzg tng qbkg uhbag jgbtwpgq,

d, Pblmolf3 LbqBqqok( OdgltKO.uhbag/:/,


10/37

2>5 Tpbzoq F, @pbdhgy

otq iwtuwt aippgquildglt, Tng uiqotoilbh jbotnjwhlgqq ailqtpbolt ol .21a/ koho+

tbtgq bfbolqt b anblfg ol uhbag jgbtwpgq vngl tng pghgzblt qgfkglt oq kipungkg+

olotobh .aj, @gamkbl 2??63 7071 il tng uqyaniholfwoqtoa kitozbtoil ij piit+

olotobh uiqotoilbh jbotnjwhlgqq ailqtpboltq/,

Vngl oltgfpbtgd votnol tng blbhyqoq iwtholgd ol Qgatoil 0( tng pblmolf ol

.21d/ qwaagqqjwhhy baaiwltq jip tng jbohwpg ijdk ahwqtgpq ti wldgpfi kgtbtngqoq

bapiqq b kipungkg ìwldbpy, Bhtniwfn .24b/ zoihbtgq QyhhAil( tng zoihbtoil

oq tihgpbtgd `gabwqg tng kgtbtngqoq abldodbtgq jbpg vipqg il tng nofngp+pblmgd

ailqtpboltq, Tng ngtgpipfbloa ahwqtgp ol .24`/ zoihbtgq LbqBqqok `gabwqg tng

hbòbh lbqbh digq lit qnbpg uhbag jgbtwpgq votn tng jihhivolf aipilbh qtiu, Tng

uhbag+bqqokohbtgd lbqbh ol .24a/ zoihbtgq OdgltKO.uhbag/ `gabwqg tng olotobhhbòbh lbqbh ij tng oluwt ahotoa anblfgq ti aipilbh ol tng iwtuwt,6 Tnoq blbhyqoq

abutwpgq tng jbat tnbt ot oq vipqg ti apgbtg b ngtgpipfbloa lbqbh+ailqilblt ahwqtgp

.24`/ ip ti anblfg uhbag jgbtwpgq ij b kipungkg+olotobh lbqbh .24a/ tnbl ot oq

ti tihgpbtg b qilipoty poqg bapiqq tng qyhhb`hg ìwldbpy .24b/, Ol ailtpbqt( qolag

tng lbqbh ij tng oluwt ahotoa ol tng qgaild tb`hgbw oq bhpgbdy aipilbh( kgtbtngqoq

ol .24g/ okupizgq qyhhb`hg ailtbat votniwt zoihbtolf nofngp+pblmgd LbqBqqok,

Fpbtwotiwq anblfgq ij tng aipilbh lbqbh ti bly itngp uhbag ij bptoawhbtoil( qwan

bq hbòbh ol .24j/( bpg pwhgd iwt `y zoihbtoilq ij LbqBqqok bld tng uiqotoilbh

jbotnjwhlgqq ailqtpbolt OdgltKO.uhbag/,

.24/ IQ)CQ dbdkg fozg kg zq, IQ dbldiq fozg wq

dbd-kg LbqBqqok OdgltKO.uhbag/ Q

yhhAil O

dglt.uhbag/ B

hofl Holgbpoty

b, dbd,[]kg #

, db]k,d[g #" # #

a, db]l,d[g #" # # #

dbd-liq Lbq

Bqqok

OdgltKO

.uhbag/

Qyhh

Ail

Odglt

.uhbag/

Bhofl Holgbpoty

d, dbd,[]liq #"

g, db]l,d[iq # #

j, db]k,d[iq #" # # # #

6, B jiwptn uitgltobh abldodbtg( db]k,`[g( viwhd qbtoqjy bhh tnpgg tiu+pblmgd ailqtpboltq `y qbapo+

flaolf tng uhbag jgbtwpgq ij tng oluwt qtiu olqtgbd ij tng kipungkg+olotobh lbqbh, Blitngp uiqo+

toilbh jbotnjwhlgqq ailqtpbolt( OdgltIlqgt.uhbag/( oq lgagqqbpy ol ipdgp ti upgqgpzg tng uhbag

jgbtwpgq ij tng qtiu vngl qyhhbòflgd ol ilqgt uiqotoil .qgg @gamkbl 2??6/, Qwan b ailqtpbolt

oq oldgugldglthy lgagqqbpy ti baaiwlt jip pgfpgqqozg uhbag bqqokohbtoil ol kipungkg+oltgplbh

ailtg~tq ol .20/,


11/37

Kgtbtngqoq ij qilipblt ailqilbltq ol Cwdgi+Qubloqn 2>2

Tng qbkg pblmolf viwhd nbzg bhhivgd ìtn kgtbtngqoq bld lbqbh uhbag bq+

qokohbtoil votnol tng kipungkg ol IQ( bq ohhwqtpbtgd ol tb`hgbw .27/, Fozgl

tng pblmolf ij QyhhAil bìzg Odglt.uhbag/ bld Holgbpoty( tng oluwt hbòbh

lbqbh wldgpfigq kgtbtngqoq votn bld bqqokohbtgq ol uhbag ij bptoawhbtoil ti tng

aipilbh qtiu( bq ol .27a/, Qolag tng lbqbh ol tnoq abqg oq lit kipungkg+olotobh(

OdgltKO.uhbag/ oq oppghgzblt .aj, .24a//, B zbpob`hg pblmolf ij QyhhAil votn

pgqugat ti Odglt.uhbag/ abl baaiwlt jip tng zbpobòhoty `gtvggl hodki .27b/ bld

holdi .27a/ ol IQ,

.27/ IQ holdi upgtty

hodki LbqBqqok

OdgltKO.uhbag/

QyhhAil

Odglt.uhbag/

Bhofl Holgbpoty

b, hod,ki #"

`, hok,di #" #

a, hol,di # #

Ol tng uiqotoilbh jbotnjwhlgqq buupiban( lbqbh uhbag bhtgplbtoilq uhby b apwaobh

pihg ol hokotolf tng pblfg ij ailqilblt ahwqtgpq tnbt abl `g tbpfgtgd `y kgtbtng+

qoq, Qolag QyhhAil dikolbtgq Bhofl( ngtgpikipungkoa qtiu+lbqbh ahwqtgpq

fglgpbhhy wldgpfi kgtbtngqoq ti iutokosg qyhhb`hg ailtbat, Qolag LbqBqqok

bld OdgltKO.uhbag/ pblm gzgl nofngp tnbl QyhhAil( kgtbtngqoq oq hoaglqgd

ilhy oj tng nikipfbloaoty ij tng iwtuwt ahwqtgp abl `g banogzgd votniwt bhtgpolf

tng oluwt uhbag jgbtwpgq ij tng kipungkg+olotobh lbqbh, Kgtbtngqoq bapiqq tngkipungkg ìwldbpy tbpfgtq nikipfbloa dl `wt hgbzgq ngtgpipfbloa dk oltbat,

Bl blilykiwq pgzogvgp bqmgd vngtngp tngpg bpg bly g~bkuhgq ij noqtipoabh

anblfg qwan bq #AZ-kZdZ ,, , < AZ-kdZ ,,,( vngpg zivgh dghgtoil uhbagq

tng kipungkg+olotobh òhbòbh lbqbh `gjipg b aipilbh qtiu, Oj kipungkg+olotobh

lbqbhq bpg upitgatgd `y uiqotoilbh jbotnjwhlgqq( tngl tnoq qggkq ti upgdoat tnbt

tng lbqbh viwhd jboh ti wldgpfi uhbag bqqokohbtoil, O bk wlbvbpg ij bly qiwld

aippgquildglagq `gtvggl IQ bld CQ tnbt kggt tng qtpwatwpbh dgqapoutoil ij

tnoq g~bkuhg, Nivgzgp( tng upgdoatgd jbohwpg ij bqqokohbtoil oq aippgat ilhy oj

OdgltKO.uhbag/ dikolbtgq LbqBqqok( bld tng dbtb g~bkolgd tnwq jbp upizodg

li gzodglag ti kitozbtg tnoq pblmolf, Gzodglag jip tng iuuiqotg pblmolf aikgq

jpik bl oldgugldglt anblfg ol CQ, Vipd+olotobh )lvg) vbq pguhbagd `y )kvg)

dwg ti hbòbhosbtoil ij )l) `gjipg tng hbòizghbp fhodg )v)( g,f,( lwgzg < kwgzg

lolg( lwgzi < kwgzi lgv( lwgqtpi < kwgqtpi iwp .Uglly 2??03 21>/, OjLbqBqqok oq pgquilqo`hg jip hbòbhosbtoil( tngl tnoq qiwld anblfg uioltq ti b

pblmolf ij LbqBqqok


12/37


QyhhAil `wt lggd lit `g apwaobhhy pblmgd tngkqghzgq, .24b/ oq iutokbh pg+

fbpdhgqq ij tng pghbtozg pblmolf ij bqqokohbtoil bld uiqotoilbh jbotnjwhlgqq ail+

qtpboltq,

1,2, G~awpqwq il i`qtpwglt+lbqbh kgtbtngqoq ol Qodbki

Tng iuuiqotg pblmolf ij OdgltKO.uhbag/ `ghiv QyhhAil upgdoatq b hblfwbfg

ol vnoan oluwt uhbag jgbtwpgq ij tng kgtbtngqosgd kipungkg+olotobhlbqbh abl `g

anblfgd ti banogzg nikipfbloaoty, Tnoq ubttgpl oq bttgqtgd ol qyanpiloa bhtgplb+

toilq ol Qodbki( bq vghh bq itngp hblfwbfgq olahwdolf Dbpbqb( Fgdgi( Nbdoyyb

bld Mbk`btb .Nwdqil 2?67( 2??7( Nwkg 2??>/, Tng dbtb jpik Qodbki ol .2:/

qniv tnbt qwjfl~+olotobh )l) oq pgfwhbphy tpblquiqgd votn b piit+fllbh i`qtpwglt( ti

vnoan tng lbqbh bqqokohbtgq pgfpgqqozghy ol uhbag,

.2:/ b, )nb -lgkki) ]nbk`gkki[ vg jipfgt

, )fwd-lillo) ]fwldillo[ tngy flloqngd

)ot-liikki) ]oltiikki[ vg nbzg gbtgl

)nbq-lgkki) ]nblqgkki[ vg hiim jip

a, )dwm-lbllo) ]dwLmbllo[ tngy abppy

)bf-li) ]bLfi[ hgtq dpolm

Tng iwtuwt ahwqtgpq ol .2:b( a/ qniv tnbt nikipfbloaoty oq banogzgd `y qbapo+

flaolf oluwt lbqbh uhbag jgbtwpgq( vnohg tng ahwqtgpq ol .2:`/ bpg nikipfbloa `y

dgjbwht,

Tng blbhyqoq ij tng Qodbki ubttgpl oq ohhwqtpbtgd ol .26/, Nofn+pblmolf Qyhh+

Ail bld LbqBqqok pwhg iwt tng `bd qyhhb`hg ailtbat ol .26b/ bld tng ngtgpip+

fbloa ahwqtgp ol .26`/( pgqugatozghy, Ol tng iutokbh abldodbtg .26a/( tng olotobh

aipilbh lbqbh ij tng oluwt qwjfl~ anblfgq ti hbòbh ol tng iwtuwt( `wt wljbotnjwh+

lgqq oq tihgpbtgd `gabwqg OdgltKO.uhbag/ oq dikolbtgd `y tng tiu tvi kbpmgd+

lgqq ailqtpboltq, Wlhomg tng IQ)CQ fpbkkbp ol .24/( tng Qodbki pblmolf bhhivq

kipungkg+olotobh lbqbh uhbag jgbtwpgq ti `g bhtgpgd ol ipdgp ti qbtoqjy tng ni+

kipfbloaoty pgrwopgkglt ol kgtbtngqoq ailtg~tq, Tng qbkg pblmolf fwbpbltggq

kgtbtngqoq ij oluwt )dl) ahwqtgpq( bq qnivl ol .26g/,>

>, Bl blilykiwq pgzogvgp uioltgd iwt tnbt bhtniwfn tng blbhyqoq ol .26/ upgdoatq kgtbtngqoqìtn votnol bld bapiqq kipungkg ìwldbpogq( tngpg bpg kbly hblfwbfgq tnbt nbzg kgtbtngqoq

iaawppolf ilhy ol tng hbttgp ailtg~t, Tnoq dojjgpglag abl `g abutwpgd `y b dozoqoil ij H ol+

gbpoty olti tvi qwàilqtpboltq( ilg tnbt oq ailtg~t+jpgg bld ilg tnbt oq pghbtozosgd ti tng

kipungkg+oltgplbh dikbol, Qwan b dozoqoil nbq `ggl upiuiqgd `y Nipviid .0550/( vni

upiuiqgq Nik.ikipungkoa/Hol.gbpoty/ ti pwhg iwt kgtbtngqoq ol wldgpozgd ailtg~tq, Ol hbl+

fwbfgq votn kgtbtngqoq iaawppolf ilhy bt kipungkg ìwldbpogq( NikHol dikolbtgq tng

kbpmgdlgqq ailqtpbolt pgquilqo`hg jip tpoffgpolf kgtbtngqoq( vnoan ol twpl dikolbtgq Hol+

gbpoty, Jbatipobh tyuihify kby kbmg dojjgpglt upgdoatoilq dgugldolf il vngtngp tng blbhyqoq


13/37


.26/ Qodbki kgtbtngqoq bld lbqbh bqqokohbtoil

)nb`-lgkki) Lbq

Bqqok

Qyhh

Ail

OdgltKO

.uhbag/

Odglt

.uhbag/

Bhofl Holgbp+

oty

b, nb ,[]lgkki #"

`, nb]l,`[gkki #" # #

a, nb]k,`[gkki # # # #

)fwd-lillo) Lbq

Bqqok

Qyhh

Ail

OdgltKO

.uhbag/

Odglt

.uhbag/

Bhofl Holgbp+

oty

d, fwd,[]lillo #"

g, fw]l,d[illo # #j, fw]k,d[illo #" # # # #

1,0, Aikubpoqil votn b ailqtpbolt ailcwlatoil buupiban

Bq b uiqqo hg bhtgplbtozg ti tng uiqotoilbh jbotnjwhlgqq baaiwlt dgzghiugdbìzg(

tng kbpmgdlgqq ailqtpbolt pgquilqo`hg jip tpoffgpolf kgtbtngqoq aiwhd `g kbdg

ti tbpfgt ilhy tng nikipfbloa ahwqtgp( upgqwkb`hy dwg ti tng qokohbpoty ij uhbag

jgbtwpgq, Apiqq+holfwoqtoabhhy( kgtbtngqoq ijtgl bjjgatq bdcbaglt qgfkgltq tnbt

bpg baiwqtoabhhy ip ugpagutwbhhy qokohbp ol qikg vby, @bqgd il tng vipm ij

Mbvbqbmo .2?>0/ bld Inbhb .2??5( 2??1/( Nwkg .2??>3 151/ bpfwgq tnbt

qnbpugp anblfgq ol tng quggan qoflbh olapgbqg tng qbhoglag ij awgq ol tng uip+

toil ij tng qoflbh vngpg tng kidwhbtoil tb mgq uhbag= tng fpgbtgp tng kbflotwdg

ij tng kidwhbtoil( tng `gttgp tng qoflbh oq dgtgatgd, Tng fpgbtgp qwqagutoòhoty

ij nikipfbloa dl .bld dh/ ti wldgpfi kgtbtngqoq abl tnwq `g bttpo`wtgd ti b

pgdwagd kidwhbtoil ij tng quggan qoflbh,

Nwkg .2??>( 0552/ upiuiqgq b jipkbh blbhyqoq ij qokohbpoty gjjgatq ol ailqi+

lblt kgtbtngqoq ol tgpkq ij ailqtpbolt ailcwlatoil .Bhdgpgtg 2??6( Apivnwpqt

bld Ngvott 2??6( Qkihglqmy 2??1( 2??6/, Qugaoflabhhy( tng kbpmgdlgqq ail+

qtpbolt zoihbtgd `y tng lil+kgtbtngqosgd abldodbtg oq ailciolgd votn bl IAU

gkuhiyq ìtn NikHol bld tng Bhofl ailqtpbolt ol .4d/( vnoan pgjgpq qugaoflabhhy ti kipuni+

hifoabh ìwldbpogq, B dgtbohgd doqawqqoil ij tng tngipgtoabh okuhoabtoilq viwhd hgbd wq tii jbp

bflghd,


14/37


ailqtpbolt tbpfgtolf tng ubptoawhbp jgbtwpg qnbpgd `y tng bdcbaglt qgfkgltq, ?

Buuhyolf tnoq buupiban ti tng IQ dbtb( hgt wq bqqwkg tng dgfllotoil ij Hiabh

Ailcwlatoil ol .2>b/( bq vghh bq tng IAU ailqtpbolt ol .2>`/( vnoan tbpfgtq

aipilbh uhbag3

.2>/ b, Tng Hiabh Ailcwlatoil ij A2 bld A0 ol dikbol D( ]A2 * A0[D(

oq zoihbtgd vngl tngpg oq qikg dikbol ij tyug D ol vnoan ìtn

A2 bld A0 bpg zoihbtgd, .Qkihglqmy 2??1/

, IAU.aipilbh/

Bdcbaglt qgfkgltq odgltoabh ol aipilbh uhbag bpg upinoòtgd,

a, ]IAU.aip/ * QyhhAil[Bd cbagltQgfkgltq

Hiabh ailcwlatoil upizodgq b vby ti hokot kgtbtngqoq ti ahwqtgpq ij aipilbh

ailqilbltq tnbt g~noòt b `bd qyhhb hg ailtbat, Tng ailciolgd ailqtpbolt ol .2>a/

oq zoihbtgd `y bl iwtuwt abldodbtg oj bld ilhy oj ìtn ij tng qokuhg~ ailqtpboltq

bpg zoihbtgd votnol tng dikbol ij bdcbaglt qgfkgltq,

Tng tb`hgbw~ ol .2?/ pgugbt tniqg ol .24/( g~agut tnbt OdgltKO.uhbag/ oq

ikottgd bld tng ailciolgd ailqtpbolt ]IAU.aip/ * QyhhAil[BdcQgf pguhbagq

tng qokuhg~ ailqtpbolt QyhhAil, Tng bhtgplbtozg blbhyqoq upidwagq tng aippgat

pgqwhtq jip ngtgpikipungkoa ailtg~tq, Tng ahwqtgp ol .2?b/ digq lit zoihbtg tng

ailciolgd ailqtpbolt `gabwqg tng qokuhg~ ailqtpboltq QyhhAil bld IAU.aip/

bpg lit qokwhtblgiwqhy zoihbtgd votnol tng dikbol ij bdcbaglt qgfkgltq, Bh+

tniwfn d,k zoihbtgq QyhhAil( ot qbtoqflgq IAU.aip/ `gabwqg tng ailqilbltq

bpg lit ìtn aipilbh, LbqBqqok bld Odglt.uhbag/ pwhg iwt tng kgtbtngqoq abl+dodbtgq ol .2?`(a/( bld tng wldgphyolf qgfkglt ipdgp oq upgqgpzgd ol tng iwtuwt,

Qolag tng ahwqtgp ol .2?d/ zoihbtgq ìtn QyhhAil bld IAU.aip/( tng ailciolgd

ailqtpbolt oq bhqi zoihbtgd( bld kgtbtngqoq oq iutokbh ol .2?g/,

?, Ol Nwkgq .2??>( 0552/ jipkbh blbhyqoq( ailqilblt kgtbtngqoq oq tpoffgpgd `y b jbkohy ij

kbpmgdlgqq ailqtpboltq .Bziod A)^/ tnbt uglbhosg tng uiqotoilolf ij ailqilbltq ol ugpagu+

twbhhy vgbm ailtg~tq, Jip ailqoqtglay( O jihhiv Nihtq .0554/ qyhhb`hg+ailtbat baaiwlt bld

ailqodgp tng okuhoabtoilq ij ailciololf QyhhAil votn tng IAU, Tng dojjgpglag ol bqqwkgd

kbpmgdlgqq ailqtpboltq qniwhd lit bjjgat tng doqawqqoil uwpqwgd ngpg, Qgg Qgatoil 1,1 jip doq+

awqqoil ij b uiqqo`hg blbhyqoq `bqgd il Qgi .0551( 0557( 055:/( vni bhqi wqgq Nwkgq Bziod

A)^ ailqtpboltq,


15/37


.2?/ Bhtgplbtozg blbhyqoq olzihzolf ailqtpbolt ailcwlatoil

dbd-kg) Lbq

Bqqok

]IAU.aip/ *

QyhhAil[BdcQgf

Odglt

.uhbag/

Bhofl Holgbpoty

b, dbd,[]kg

`, db]k,d[g #" # #

a, db]l,d[g #" # #

dbd-kg) Lbq

Bqqok

]IAU.aip/ *

QyhhAil[BdcQgf

Odglt

.uhbag/

Bhofl Holgbpoty

d, dbd,[]liq #"

g, db]l,d[iq # #j, db]k,d[iq #" # # #

Vnohg tng hiabh ailcwlatoil buupiban qwaagqqjwhhy doqtolfwoqngq `gtvggl dk

bld dl bapiqq kipungkg `iwldbpogq( tng baaiwlt jbhhq qnipt ol kipungkg+

oltgplbh ailtg~tq, B aikubpoqil ij abldodbtgq .2?b/ bld .05b/ pgzgbhq tnbt tng

ailciolgd ailqtpbolt abllit doqtolfwoqn `gtvggl dgpozgd bld lil+dgpozgd dk

ahwqtgpq, Ol `itn abqgq( tng qbkg pblmolf ij ailqtpboltq qghgatq tng abldodbtg

tnbt upgqgpzgq tng qgfkgltbh ipdgpolf ij tng oluwt, Tnoq oq tng vpilf iwtaikg

jip kipungkg+oltgplbh ahwqtgpq( vnoan zbpob`hy wldgpvglt kgtbtngqoq bld pg+

fpgqqozg lbqbh uhbag bqqokohbtoil, Tng hgjtvbpd uioltolf nbld kgblq tnbt

.05a/ qniwhd vol `wt digq lit,

.05/ Ailqtpbolt ailcwlatoil blbhyqoq abllit upidwag kipungkg+oltgplbh

kgtbtngqoq

hodki Lbq

Bqqok

]IAU.aip/ *

QyhhAil[BdcQgf

Odglt

.uhbag/

Bhofl Holgbpoty

b, hod,ki

`, hok,di #" #

a, hol,di #" #

Ti qbzg tng hiabh ailcwlatoil blbhyqoq( ilg kofnt bqqwkg tnbt tng qokuhg~

ailqtpbolt QyhhAil dikolbtgq Odglt.uhbag/( vnoan viwhd aippgathy jbzip

.05a/ izgp .05b/, Nivgzgp( tnoq pblmolf viwhd izgpfglgpbtg ol dgpozgd ail+

tg~tq `y jbzipolf .2?a/ izgp .2?b/( bld tng baaiwlt ij tng pgqtpoatoil il dk

kgtbtngqoq viwhd `g hiqt, Jwptngpkipg( anblfolf tng vipdolf ij tng IAU ol.2>`/ ti pgjgp ti tbwtikipungkoa qgfkgltq digq lit qbzg tng blbhyqoq gotngp,

Bhtniwfn tng dk ahwqtgp ol .05b/ oq kipungkg+oltgplbh( tng IAU viwhd `g

qbtoqflgd `gabwqg tng lbqbh ailqilblt oq lit aipilbh, Gzgl vipqg( tng kipuni+

hifoabhhy dgpozgd ahwqtgp ol .2?d/ viwhd li hilfgp zoihbtg b tbwtikipungkoa

zgpqoil ij tng IAU( lip otq nofngp+pblmgd ailcwlatoil votn QyhhAil, Tng ba+

aiwlt ijdl kgtbtngqoq ol okugpbtozg+ahotoa qgrwglagq viwhd `g hiqt,


16/37

2>: Tpbzoq F, @pbdhgy

Ol ailtpbqt( tng uiqotoilbh jbotnjwhlgqq blbhyqoq qwaagqqjwhhy doqtolfwoqngq

`gtvggl dgpozgd bld lil+dgpozgd ahwqtgpq, Qolag OdgltKO.uhbag/ oq oppghgzblt

vngl tng lbqbh oq lit kipungkg+olotobh( tng pblmolfij LbqBqqok bld QyhhAil

b`izg Odglt.uhbag/ jbzipq kgtbtngqoq bld lbqbh uhbag bqqokohbtoil ol .27a/,

OdgltKO.uhbag/ `gaikgq batozg ol dgpozgd ailtg~tq( ghokolbtolf tng kgtbtng+

qoq)bqqokohbtoil abldodbtg ol .24a/,

1,1, Aikubpoqil votn b qgfkglt ailtbat buupiban

@bqgd il b tyuihifoabh qwpzgy ij tng ubttgplolf ij qilipbltq ol ailqilblt ahwq+tgpq( Qgi .0551( 0557( 055:/ bpfwgq jip qgfkglt ailtbat ailqtpboltq `bqgd il

unilgtoa qokohbpoty bld ugpaguto`ohoty( bq jipkbhosgd `y Nwkg .2??>( 0552/,

Ilg upi`hgk jip baaiwltq tnbt gkuhiy qyhhb`hg ailtbat oq tnbt li doqtolatoil

oq kbdg `gtvggl nikipfbloa bld ngtgpipfbloa ahwqtgpq, Ol i`qtpwglt+lbqbh qg+

rwglagq( unilihifoabh upiagqqgq bpg kipg homghy ti buuhy oj tng ailqilbltq bpg

nikipfbloa tnbl oj tngy bpg ngtgpipfbloa, Bq vg nbzg qggl( tng IQ bld CQ dbtb

ailjipk ti tnoq fglgpbhosbtoil ol tnbt kipunihifoabhhy dgpozgd dl oq qw`cgat ti

kgtbtngqoq `wt dk oq lit, Qgi .05513 >6/ upiuiqgq ti olaipuipbtg pgjgpglag ti

qnbpgd uhbag jgbtwpgq dopgathy olti tng kbpmgdlgqq ailqtpboltq tnbt fozg poqg ti

unilihifoabh upiagqqgq, Jihhivolf tnoq buupiban( hgt wq ailqodgp bl blbhyqoq

`bqgd il tng ailqtpboltq ol .02/,

.02/ b, #Nik i`q)lbqBziod uiqotoilolf bl i`qtpwglt `gjipg b nikipfbloa lbqbh ail+

qilblt,

#i`q ) YYY lbq

]uh[ ]uh[

, #Ngt i`q)lbq

Bziod uiqotoilolf bl i`qtpwglt `gjipg b ngtgpipfbloa lbqbh ail+

qilblt,

#i`q ) YYY lbq

]uh[ ] uh[

a, #Nik i`q)lbq


17/37


Ol tng tb`hgbw~ ol .00/( `itn LbqBqqok bld #Nik i`q)lbq iwtpblm Odglt

.uhbag/( vnoan iwtpblmq #Ngt i`q)lbq, Tnoq blbhyqoq qwaagqqjwhhy doqtolfwoqngq

dk bld dl ahwqtgpq, .00`(a/ bpg ghokolbtgd jip tngop zoihbtoilq ij LbqBqqok bld

Odglt.uhbag/( pgqugatozghy( bld .00b/ gkgpfgq bq iutokbh dgquotg otq zoihbtoil

ij hiv+pblmolf #Ngt i`q)lbq, Ol ailtpbqt( tng d,l qgrwglag ol .00d/ zoihbtgq

nofn+pblmolf #Nik i`q)lbq( bld kgtbtngqoq oq iutokbh ol .00g/,

.00/ Bhtgplbtozg blbhyqoq olzihzolf qgfkglt ailtbat

dbd-kg) Lbq

Bqqok

#Nik

i`q)lbq

Odglt

.uhbag/

#Ngt

i`q)lbq

Bhofl Holgbp+

oty

b, dbd,[]kg #`, db]k,d[g #" # #

a, db]l,d[g #" # #

dbd-liq Lbq

Bqqok

#Nik

i`q)lbq

Odglt

.uhbag/

#Ngt

i`q)lbq

Bhofl Holgbp+

oty

d, dbd,[]liq #"

g, db]l,d[iq # #

j, db]k,d[iq #" # # #

Tng qgfkglt ailtbat baaiwlt jbagq tng qbkg upi`hgk bq tng ailqtpbolt ail+

cwlatoil baaiwlt doqawqqgd ol Qgatoil 1,0, @itn buupibangq jboh ti doqtolfwoqn

`gtvggl dgpozgd bld lil+dgpozgd dk ahwqtgpq bld( tngpgjipg( abllit baaiwlt

jip zbpob`hg kgtbtngqoq bld lbqbh uhbag bqqokohbtoil ol kipungkg+oltgplbh ail+tg~tq, Bq ohhwqtpbtgd ol tb`hgbw .01/( Odglt.uhbag/ olaippgathy pwhgq iwt abldo+

dbtg .01a/( bld tng d,k ahwqtgp gkgpfgq bq iutokbh ol .01b/, Pblmolf #Ngt

i`q)lbq b`izg Odglt.uhbag/ viwhd qghgat .01a/ `wt viwhd bhqi izgpfglgpbtg

kgtbtngqoq bld uhbag bqqokohbtoil ol dgpozgd ailtg~tq ol .00a/,

.01/ Qgfkglt ailtbat blbhyqoq abllit upidwag kipungkg+oltgplbh kgtb+

tngqoqhodki Lbq

Bqqok

#Nik

i`q)lbq

Odglt

.uhbag/

#Ngt

i`q)lbq

Bhofl Holgbp+

oty

b, hod,ki #

`, hok,di #" #

a, hol,di #" #


18/37

2>> Tpbzoq F, @pbdhgy

4, pdkgtbtngqoq bq b qgfkgltbh IAU gjjgat

Ol bhkiqt bhh zbpogtogq ij CQ g~agut tng liptnvgqt @bhmblq( olngpotgd vipdq

tnbt ailtbolgd pd ahwqtgpq ol IQ liv nbzg aippgquildolf dp, Uglly .2??03

21>/ qtbtgq tnbt qolag tnoq jgbtwpg oq wlbttgqtgd ol itngp zbpogtogq ij Noqubli+

Pikblag( ot qniwhd `g olahwdgd bkilf tng ollizbtoilq ij CQ, Tng dbtb ol .04b/

bpg jpik T, Nbppoq .2??43 67/( bld qokohbp g~bkuhgq bpg jiwld ol Bfbpd .2?753

05:/( Apgvq .2?173 2>>/( Hwpob .2?153 21:/( Lgnbkb .2?66/( bld Qbhb .2?623

72/, Qw`bm .2?5:3 262260/ diawkgltq tng g~bkuhg ol .04`/ jpik Oqtbl`wh CQ

qnivolf pd kgtbtngqoq bapiqq tng vipd ìwldbpy, Buubpglthy( tpblquiqotoil ij

tng ipofolbh pdahwqtgp hgd ti hg~oabhosbtoil ij tng pgqwhtolf `hgld bkidpg( tnwqpgrwopolf b qgaild buugbpblag ij tng upguiqotoil ol tng unpbqg ubp bkidpg dg

jip tng hizg ij,

.04/ b, CQ KQ

tbdpg tbpdg hbtg( bjtgpliil

qidpi qipdi dgbj

ugdpil ugpdl ubpdil

fidpi fipdi jbt

ugdpgp ugpdgp ti hiqg

zgdpb.d/ zgpdbd tpwtn

mvgdpb awgpdb aipd

bmidpi bawgpdi bfpggkglt

fwbdpbp fwbpdbp ti mggu

zgdpg zgpdg fpggl

`, ubp bkidpg dg ko jip tng hizg ij kg

.8 #ubp bkidpg 8ubp bkip dg/

Vnbt kitozbtgq pd kgtbtngqoq9 Qyhhb`hg ailtbat abllit `g bt oqqwg `gabwqg

p,dbhpgbdy nbq b upgjgppgd qilipoty dpiu bapiqq tng qyhhb`hg ìwldbpy( o,g,( 0 5 baaipdolf ti tng qilipoty qabhg ol .7/, @hgzolq bld Fbppgtt .05543 21:/ qwffgqt

ol ubqqolf tnbt tng pd< dp qnojt ol CQ kby `g b ailqgrwglag ij aibptoawhbtipy

gjjgatq3 ]v[ngl A2A0 fgqtwpbh izgphbu pgqwhtq ol lgbphy qokwhtblgiwq ahiqwpg(

votn A2 pghgbqgd bjtgp A0( b A0A2 ahwqtgp kby `g ugpagozgd, Nivgzgp( ot pg+

kbolq ti `g g~uhbolgd vny ilhy pdahwqtgpq viwhd nbzg `ggl qw`cgat ti izgphbu

`wt lit itngp ahwqtgpq ailtbololf b pnitoa, Jip g~bkuhg( kgtbtngqoq jbohgd ti bj+jgat p`gjipg lilaipilbh ailqilbltq ol .07b/, Tng b`qglag ij bttgqtgd g~bkuhgq

homg .07 / pgzgbhq tng dopgatoilbhoty ij kgtbtngqoq( vnoan tpblquiqgd pdti dp`wt

lit zoag+zgpqb, Kgtbtngqoq oq bhqi wlbttgqtgd ol itngp pnitoa+aipilbh ahwqtgpq( bq

qnivl ol .07a/,

.07/ b, bkbpfi #bkbfpi òttgp

ygpzb #ygzpb fpbqq


19/37

Kgtbtngqoq ij qilipblt ailqilbltq ol Cwdgi+Qubloqn 2>?

`, mvbdpi #mvbpdi jpbkg

ubdpg #ubpdg jbtngp25

a, bpti #btpi jwhh( jgd wu

mbplg #mblpg kgbt

ugphb #ughpb ugbph

dozgpqi #dozgqpi dozgpqg

B `pwtg+jipag kbpmgdlgqq ailqtpbolt qwan bq #pd pblmgd bìzg Holgbpoty

bld Bhofl viwhd fglgpbtg tng ubttgplq ol .04b( `/( pgqugatozghy, Nivgzgp( qwan

bl buupiban kgpghy qtouwhbtgq pd bq b tbpfgt ij kgtbtngqoq votniwt g~uhbololf

vny tng ahwqtgpq ol .07/ vgpg wlbjjgatgd, O upiuiqg tnbt pd vbq tbpfgtgd `g+abwqg tng bdcbaglt ailqilbltq vgpg kb~okbhhy qokohbp ol uhbag( kbllgp( bld

zioag jgbtwpgq, Tnoq g~uhblbtoil pgqtq wuil qgzgpbh ahbokq bìwt tng unilgtoa

pgbhosbtoil ij CQ )P) bld )d) ol dojjgpglt qyhhbòa ailtg~tq, Jopqt( pgaglt bptoawhb+

tipy qtwdogq diawkglt qyhhb`hg+uiqotoil gjjgatq ol qgzgpbh hblfwbfgq( vngpg`y

qyhhb`hg+olotobh ailqilbltq tgld ti qniv kipg qtb`hg ubttgplq ij oltpbqgfkgltbh

fgqtwpbh aiipdolbtoil bld fpgbtgp dgfpggq ij ailqtpoatoil tnbl tng qbkg ail+

qilbltq ol qyhhb`hg+fllbh uiqotoil .Miangtiz 055:( Mpbmiv 2???( bld qtwdogq

aotgd tngpgol/, B uhbwqo`hg nyuitngqoq oq tnbt ol CQ( aidb )P) abkg ti `g pgbhosgd

kipg jpgrwglthy bq bl buupi~okblt .tpblqapo`gd ngpg bq ]Pff[ votn tng OUB hivgp+

olf dobapotoa/( vnohg )P) bqqiaobtgd ti tng qyhhb`hg ilqgt vbq pgbhosgd votn tofntgp

ailqtpoatoil dgfpggq .qgg @hgawb 0552 jip bl baiwqtoa dgqapoutoil ij buupi~o+

kblt bld qtiu+homg pgbhosbtoilq ij )P) ol kidgpl Abqtohobl Qubloqn/, Qgaild( ol

kiqt CQ zbpogtogq( tng zioagd i`qtpwgltq )`df) qniv tng qbkg bhhiuniloa doq+

tpo`wtoil bq ol Uglolqwhbp Noqubli+Pikblag zbpogtogq( votn buupi~okblt ]@F[

buugbpolf ol kiqt uiqotoilq bld qtiu ]`df[ ilhy bjtgp b ubwqg ip lbqbh( bld bhqi

bjtgp b hbtgpbh ol tng abqg ij )d) .Uglly 2??03 216/, Tnopd( Qubloqn buupi~o+

kbltq ]@F[ olzihzg hgqq bptoawhbtipy upgaoqoil bld di lit nbzg pghgbqg `wpqtq(

ol ailtpbqt ti tngop uhiqozg aiwltgpubptq .Kbptlgs+Aghdpl 0554/,

Oj aippgat( tng nyuitngqoq tnbt pd ol CQ vbq pgbhosgd unilgtoabhhy bq ]Pff,[

kbmgq ot uiqqo`hg ti blbhysg pnitoa kgtbtngqoq bq bl gjjgat ij tng qgfkgltbh

I`hofbtipy Ailtiwp Upolaoubh .nglagjiptn( IAU/, Hg`gl .2?61/ flpqt upiuiqgd

tng IAU ol ipdgp ti g~uhbol doqtpo`wtoilbh pgfwhbpotogq ol hg~oabh tilg qyqtgkq(

bld KaAbptny .2?>:/ qw`qgrwglthy kidoflgd tng IAU ti buuhy bhqi ti lil+

holgbp qgfkgltbh unilihify, Qikg IT buupibangq ti tng qgfkgltbh IAU nbzg

jipkwhbtgd tng upolaouhg bq b zoihb`hg ailqtpbolt tbmolf dojjgpglt jgbtwpgq bq otqbpfwkgltq, O upiuiqg bl blbhyqoq ijpdkgtbtngqoq olzihzolf tng IAU ailqtpbolt

25, Uglly .2??03 21>( Jl, >/ bamlivhgdfgq tng quipbdoa tpblquiqotoil ij dp< pd ol qikg KQ

dobhgatq .g,f,( Anoabli Qubloqn uogpdbq8uogdpbq qtilgq( Hiwoqoblb Oqhgi Qubloqn ubpdg8

ubdpg jbtngp/ `wt zogvq tnoq bq nyugpaippgatoil ij gbphogp pd< dp, Qgg Qgatoil 7 jip jwptngp

fglgpbhosbtoilq bld blbhyqoq ij hgjtvbpd pnitoa kgtbtngqoq ol CQ bld uiuwhbp KQ,


20/37

2?5 Tpbzoq F, @pbdhgy

ol .0:/( vnoan iugpbtgq izgp jgbtwpgq qwan bq tng ilgq qnivl ol .06/ jip aipilbh

ailqilbltq,

.0:/ IAU.uhbag( kbllgp( zioag/ IAU

Bdcbaglt qgfkgltq odgltoabh ol uhbag( kbllgp( bld zioag jgbtwpgq bpg

upinoòtgd,

.06/ ]Pff[ ][ ]P[ ]d[ ]t[ ]l[ ]h[22 ]q[

aipilbh

]ailtolwblt[ - -

)- -

]lbqbh[ - ]hbtgpbh[ - ]`wpqt[ - - ]zioag[ - - - - - -

Bhtniwfn bpfwb`hy wlozgpqbhhy lil+ailtpbqtozg( tng unilgtoa jgbtwpg ]`wpqt[ oq

olahwdgd ol .06/ ti doqtolfwoqn `gtvggl tng lilailtolwbltq ]P[ bld ]d[ .qgg

Qtgpobdg 0555/, Tng ngtgpiqyhhbòa qgrwglag ]Pff,[ zoihbtgq .0:/ `gabwqg tng

buupi~okbltq ]Pff[ bld ][ bpg odgltoabh ol uhbag( kbllgp( bld zioag jgbtwpgq,

Ngtgpiqyhhbòa ahwqtgpq ij ]Pff[ jihhivgd `y aipilbh ]t[( ]l[( ]h[( ip ]q[ bpg lil+

odgltoabh ol kbllgp bld)ip zioag jgbtwpgq bld( tngpgjipg( di lit zoihbtg tng

ailqtpbolt, Qolag lilailtolwblt ]P[( vnoan qwpjbagq g~ nyuitngqo ol ilqgt ui+

qotoil( dojjgpq jpik ][ votn pgqugat ti ]ailtolwblt[( tbwtiqyhhbòa ],P[ oq bhqilil+odgltoabh bld okkwlg jpik tng IAU,

Tng tb`hgbw~ ol .0>/ ohhwqtpbtg tng blbhyqoq ijpdkgtbtngqoq ìtn vipd+oltgpl+

bhhy bld bapiqq vipd ìwldbpogq, Tng doqtpo`wtoil ij aidb ]Pff[ zgpqwq ilqgt ]P[

bld tng buugbpblag ij ][ bpg ailtpihhgd `y itngp ailqtpboltq lit qnivl ngpg,

Tng pblmolf ij IAU `/ izgp

ngtgpiqyhhb oa ]Pff,[ ol .0>b/, Ngtgpiqyhhb oa ],P[ ol .0>a/ zoihbtgqQyhhAil `g+

abwqg qilipoty poqgq bapiqq tng qyhhb`hg ìwldbpy, Tbwtiqyhhbòa ],P[ ol .0>d/

zoihbtgq tng QQU `gabwqg qilipoty digq lit poqg `gtvggl tng pnitoa bld tng qyh+

hb`hg ugbm .pgabhh tng ailqtpbolt dgfllotoil ol .4`//, Iutokbh iwtuwtq homg .0>`/

vgpg gzgltwbhhy hg~oabhosgd ol CQ( tnwq fozolf poqg ti tng kgtbtngqosgd jipkq

i`qgpzgd ol .04b/, Tng blbhyqoq oq tng qbkg jip tng unpbqg bkip dg ol tng qga+

ild tb`hgbw( g~agut tnbt kgtbtngqoq bapiqq tng vipd ìwldbpy ol .0>j/ bhqi zo+

ihbtgq Bhofl, Ol ailtpbqt ti tng jpgrwglay ij vipd+oltgplbh pd kgtbtngqoq( tng

ubwaoty ij g~bkuhgq qnivolf pdkgtbtngqoq bapiqq tng vipd ìwldbpy qwffgqtq

22, Jihhivolf Niht .0550/( O bqqwkg tnbt hbtgpbhq ailtbol ìtn upokbpy bld qgaildbpy uhbag lidgq

tnbt dikolbtg dojjgpglt zbhwgq ij ]ailtolwblt[( bhtniwfn litnolf ol tng upgqglt blbhyqoq nolfgq

wuil tng doqtolatoil,


21/37

Kgtbtngqoq ij qilipblt ailqilbltq ol Cwdgi+Qubloqn 2?2

Bhofl /, Vnohg tng unilgtoa pgbhosbtoil ij aidb)P) dwpolf tnbt noqtipoabh ugpoid oq li hilfgp dopgathy zgpoflb`hg( tngpg oq oldopgat

gzodglag ij tng qokohbpoty `gtvggl )P) bld )d) ol aidb uiqotoil, Apgvq .2?173

2?4( L, 265/ litgq zbpobtoil ol tng upilwlaobtoil ij olfllotozg+ahotoa qgrwglagq

ol @wanbpgqt CQ( g,f,( dbdziq 8 dbpziq ti fozg ti yiw( ol vnoan )d) pguhbagq

tng fllbh )P) ij tng olfllotozg,21 Bt tng tokg ij Apgvqq i`qgpzbtoilq ol tng gbphy

20, Tng dojjgpglag ol tng jpgrwglay ijdh zgpqwq pdkgtbtngqoq bapiqq kipungkg ìwldbpogq aiwhd

bhqi `g pghbtgd ti dojjgpglagq ol upiqidoa pgupgqgltbtoil, Oj glahotoaq bpg bdciolgd ti tng upgagd+

olf upiqidoa vipd .UV/ ti jipk bl iwtgp UV( tngl tng dh ahwqtgp ij ..dbd/UVhi/UV jbhhq votnol

b UV dikbol, Oj upguiqotoilq bpg qokohbphy bdciolgd ti tng jihhivolf UV( tngl tng pdahwqtgp ij

.bkip/UV.dg.ko/UV/UV qublq tng ìwldbpy `gtvggl tvi UVq, Fozgl tngqg pgupgqgltbtoilbh

bqqwkutoilq( ot kby `g uiqqo`hg ti dgzoqg bl baaiwlt ol vnoan qgfkgltbh pgipdgpolf oq kipg

aiqthy bapiqq tng UV ìwldbpy tnbl votnol b qolfhg UV dikbol,21, Oltgpgqtolfhy( cwqt tng iuuiqotg qgfkgltbh anblfg nbq bpoqgl ol qikg Uglolqwhbp zbpogtogq ij

KQ( vngpg`y )P) pguhbagq tng fllbh )d) ij oljipkbh uhwpbh okugpbtozgq( g,f,( bubfbphb 8 bub+fbdhb twpl ot ijj( dgaopkg 8 dgaodkg tghh kg .Gddolftil 05543 :::>/, Ciq Oflbaoi

Nwbhdg .ugpqilbh aikkwloabtoil/ i`qgpzgq tnbt b jipk qwan bq dbdhi fozg ot oq ilhy b pgbd+

olf upilwlaobtoil livbdbyq bld tnbt dbphi oq kipg anbpbatgpoqtoa ij tng quimgl hblfwbfg, D,

Gpoa Niht .ugpqilbh aikkwloabtoil/ qwffgqtq tnbt tng +pokugpbtozg jipk oq tng pgqwht ij b kip+

unihifoabh anblfg pbtngp tnbl pnitbaoqk ugp qg, Qolag Qubloqn bhhivq p+fllbh zgp`bh olfllotozgq

ti `g wqgd bq okugpbtozgq vngl tng pgaouoglt oq wlqugaoflgd( bq ol dopgatoilq jip niwqgnihd


22/37


2?15q( ][ nbd bhpgbdy doqbuugbpgd bq bl bhhiunilg ij )d) ol tng @wanbpgqt zb+

pogty( hgbzolf ilhy tng zioagd qtiu pgbhosbtoil, Rwoltblb .055:3 >>/ bfpggq votn

Apgvqq qwffgqtoil tnbt )d) kwqt nbzg `ggl upiliwlagd bt gbphogp qtbfgq bq ][(

vnoan oq gbqohy ailjwqgd votn tng pnitoa, Tng uitgltobh jip ailjwqbòhoty viwhd

nbzg `ggl fpgbtgqt oj aidb )P) bt tnbt tokg vbq pgbhosgd bq bl buupi~okblt ]Pff[,

Bl bddotoilbh uogag ij gzodglag qwuuiptolf tng IAU baaiwlt ij pdkgtbtng+

qoq aikgq jpik tng @iqlobl zbpogty ij CQ( vnoan g~noòtq ilhy qtiu bhhiunilgq

ij )`df), Bq @bpwan .2?15/ i`qgpzgq( hb d iahwqozb gq ugpaguto`hg gl uiqoaol

oltgpziahoab y upgagdodb dg p( h( l3 mbdb( kidw( fipdw( upgldb( kihdo .u, 21>/,

@bpwan figq il ti litg tnbt pdkgtbtngqoq oq lit jiwld ol @iqlob( vngpg jipkq

qwan bq zbpdo fpggl( ubpdgp ti hiqg( bld fipdw jbt kboltbol tng ipofolbhpd ahwqtgpq oltbat .u, 21?/, Bqqwkolf tnbt aidb )P) vbq pgbhosgd bq bl buupi~+

okblt ]Pff[( tng hbam ij buupi~okblt ][ ol @iqlobl CQ qwffgqtq tnbt pd ahwqtgpq

viwhd nbzg `ggl pgbhosgd unilgtoabhhy bq ]Pff,d[, Fozgl tng jgbtwpg qugaoflabtoilq

ol .06/( tnoq unilgtoa qgrwglag viwhd lit nbzg zoihbtgd tng IAU( bld bly dg+

zobtoil jpik tng ipdgp ij qgfkgltq ol tng oluwt viwhd nbzg `ggl pwhgd iwt `y

zoihbtoilq ij Bhofl bld)ip Holgbpoty, Tng b`qglag ij buupi~okblt ][ aippg+

hbtgq votn tng b`qglag ij tng pd< dp qnojt votnol tng qbkg CQ dobhgat( vnoan

qwffgqtq tnbt jgbtwpbh odgltoty vbq b lgagqqbpy aildotoil jip pdkgtbtngqoq,24

7, Hgjtvbpd pnitoa kgtbtngqoq ol CQ bld uiuwhbp KQ

Tng tpblquiqotoil ij pd ahwqtgpq vbq bl ollizbtozg bld nofnhy pgfwhbp qiwld

anblfg ol tng kbcipoty ij CQ dobhgatq, Bhtniwfn hgqq pgfwhbp tnbl pdkgtbtngqoq(

hgjtvbpd doquhbagkglt ij p oq bhqi bttgqtgd bld kwqt `g tbmgl olti baaiwlt,

@bpwan .2?153 21?/( T, Nbppoq .2??43 67/( Hwpob .2?153 21:/( bld Qbhb .2?623

274/ diawkglt tng jihhivolf g~bkuhgq3

.0?/ CQ KQ

b, upoqilb ugpqilb ugpqil

upoqofop ugpqgfwop ti uwpqwg

tpgqgpw tgpagpi tnopd

otgkq( pgaougq( gta,( qugbmgpq kby nbzg ai+iutgd tng upgg~oqtolf olfllotozbh jipkq bq oljipkbhuhwpbh okugpbtozgq zob blbhify .Gddolftil 2??2/,

24, Pgabhh tnbt @wanbpgqt CQ bhqi hiqt tng buupi~okblt bhhiunilg ij )d) `wt qtohh qnivq gzodglag

ij pd kgtbtngqoq .Apgvq 2?17/, Rwoltblb .055:3 >>/ litgq tnbt .o/ buupi~okblt bhhiunilgq

vgpg hiqt jpik CQ dwg ti ailtbat votn Qhbzoa hblfwbfgq( vnoan hbamgd tngqg qiwldq( bld .oo/

tnoq anblfg tiim uhbag ol @iqlob( Apibtob( bld Qgpòb kipg tnbl b agltwpy `gjipg @whfbpob

bld Pikblob, Tnoq anpilihify qwffgqtq tnbt ol tng vgqtgpl quggan aikkwlotogq( tng gbphy

hiqq ij ][ upgahwdgd tng uiqqoòhoty ij pdkgtbtngqoq, Ol tng gbqtgpl quggan aikkwlotogq( pd

kgtbtngqoq vbq bhpgbdy wldgpvby `gjipg tng hiqq ij ][ vbq aikuhgtg,


23/37


`, okupwzoqgp gkui`pgagp ti okuizgpoqn

upizo ui`pg uiip

mpiqtb aiqtpb qab`

B aikubpoqil ij tng CQ jipkq votn tngop KQ aiwltgpubptq qnivq tnbt p nbq

kofpbtgd hgjtvbpd jpik aidb uiqotoil ol .0?b/ bld jpik tng qgaild uiqotoil

ij b aikuhg~ ilqgt ol .0?`/( gldolf wu ol tng flpqt aikuhg~ ilqgt ij tng vipd,

Kgtbtngqoq oq oltpbqyhhb`oa ol tng flpqt fpiwu ij g~bkuhgq `wt apiqqgq b qyhhb`hg

`iwldbpy ol tng qgaild fpiwu,

Tng hgjtvbpd doquhbagkglt ijp oq bkuhy bttgqtgd ol uiuwhbp KQ quggan, Tng

jihhivolf g~bkuhgq bpg jpik Houqmo .2??53 ?0/,27 Ol .15/( tng aidb pnitoa nbq

qvotangd uhbagq votn tng upgagdolf lwahgbp zivgh bld liv jipkq b aikuhg~

ilqgt votnol tng qbkg qyhhb`hg( bq ol CQ .0?b/,

.15/ b`bpabp< b`pbabp ti aizgp( tbmg il

@ipfbdb


24/37


Ol .12/( tng pnitoa nbq kizgd hgjtvbpd jpik tng qgaild uiqotoil ij b aikuhg~

ilqgt ti tng qbkg uiqotoil ol tng okkgdobtghy upgagdolf qyhhb hg( bq ol CQ .0?`/,

Tng uihyqyhhbòa KQ g~bkuhgq ol .12`/ qniv gzodglag ij b ilg qyhhb`hg hokot

il hgjtvbpd kizgkglt, Ol gban abqg( tng pnitoa oq doquhbagd `y ilhy ilg qyhhb`hg

jpik otq ipofolbh hiabtoil( gzgl tniwfn kizgkglt ti tng olotobh qyhhb`hg viwhd

nbzg apgbtgd b vghh+jipkgd ahwqtgp,

.12/ b, bdogltpi < bdpoglti olqodg

dgltpi < dpglti olqodg

glab`potbdi< glfpbzotbi blfpy

j`poab< jpòab jbatipyFb`pogh< Fpbògh .lbkg/

.n/ouiapgqb< .n/oupirwgqb nyuiapoqy

ltgfpb < ltpofb oltgfpbh

ugtpbh


25/37


kipg ijtgl tnbl pA oq, Houqmo .2??53 ?5/ upiuiqgq ti g~uhbol .10a/ bq bl gj+

jgat ij Hbtol unilitbatoa ubttgplq( vnoan nbd tng izgpbhh okubat ij upikitolf

ip pgtbololf vipdq ol vnoan tng ailqilbltbh dglqoty .ilqgt+olotobh bld pnykg

ahwqtgpq/ dgapgbqgq jpik hgjt ti pofnt, Jolbhhy( .10d/ oq kitozbtgd `y g~bkuhgq

homg tniqg ol .12`/, Houqmo .2??53 255/ uioltq iwt tnbt jipkq homg #apbtgdbh .8

abtgdpbh/ bpg iaabqoilbhhy ngbpd( `wt tnbt doquhbagkglt buugbpq ti `g bt hgbqt

ubptobhhy qw`cgat ti b ailqtpbolt il doqtblag ij kizgkglt,

7,2, Uiqotoil+qugaofla kbpmgdlgqq bld hgjtvbpd pnitoa kgtbtngqoq

Tnoq qgatoil dgzghiuq bl IT baaiwlt ij tng fglgpbhosbtoilq b`iwt hgjtvbpd

pnitoa kgtbtngqoq ol CQ bld uiuwhbp KQ, Tng dgjbwht pblmolf ij unilitbatoa

ailqtpboltq ol .11/ abutwpgq fglgpbhosbtoilq .10b(`/, @itn pA bld Ap ahwqtgpq

bpg kbpmgd qtpwatwpgq bld uitgltobh kgtbtngqoq tpoffgpq( bld Ap oq hgqq kbpmgd

tnbl pA,

.11/ #PA


26/37

2?: Tpbzoq F, @pbdhgy


27/37


.1:/ Uiuwhbp KQ tb`gplb < tb`pglb tbzgpl

tb@gPlb #PAE1

#APE1

#PAE0

Holgbpoty

#APE0

#PAE2

#APE2

b, tb,@gPff0,lb #"

`, tb,@P0g,lb # #

a, tbPff2,@g,lb ##" #

d, tP2b,@g,lb ##"# #

Tng qbkg pblmolf baaiwltq jip hilf+doqtblag kgtbtngqoq `gtvggl bdcbaglt

Ap ilqgtq( bq qnivl ol tb`hgbw .16/, Abldodbtgq .16b( `/ bpg ghokolbtgd `y

#APE1 bld #PAE0( pgqugatozghy, Abldodbtg .16a/ oq iutokbh `gabwqg ot ol+

zihzgq tng qniptgqt doquhbagkglt,2:

.16/ Uiuwhbp KQ abtgdpbh< abtpgdbh abtngdpbh

mbtgPbh #PAE1

#APE1

#PAE0

Holgbpoty

#APE0

#PAE2

#APE2

b, mb,tg,P1bh #"

`, mb,tgPff0,bh #" # a, mb,tP0g,bh ## #

d, mbPff2,tg,bh ###" #

g, mP2b,tg,bh ###"# #

Houqmo .2??5/ diawkgltq qgzgpbh aiwltgpg~bkuhgq ti fglgpbhosbtoilq .10`(

a/, Tng blbhyqoq dgzghiugd tnwq jbp abl baaikkidbtg tngqg aiwltgpg~bkuhgq

ol b vby tnbt pgffgatq tngop kipg kbpmgd anbpbatgp, Vnohg pnitoa kgtbtngqoq

wqwbhhy jbzipq tng apgbtoil ij Ap ilqgt ahwqtgpq( tng g~bkuhgq ol .1>/ qniv

ngtgpiqyhhb`oa pA bq tng jbzipgd iwtaikg, Ol .1>b/( p oq doquhbagd pofntvbpd

jpik bl ilqgt ahwqtgp ti aidb uiqotoil votnol tng olotobh qyhhb`hg, Ol .1>`/( p oq

doquhbagd hgjtvbpd jpik bl ilqgt ahwqtgp ol tng qgaild qyhhb`hg ti aidb uiqotoil

ol tng flpqt qyhhb`hg,

2:, Qbpdolobl qnivq gzodglag ij hilf+doqtblag pnitoa kgtbtngqoq ol vnoan p nbq qnojtgd tvi qyh+

hb`hgq hgjtvbpd jpik otq ipofolbh uiqotoil .qgg Jpofglo 0557b jip doqawqqoil/, Ol tng uiqotoil+

qugaofla kbpmgdlgqq buupiban dgzghiugd ngpg( hilfgp doqtblag doquhbagkglt oq upgdoatgd ti

`g uiqqo`hg `wt hgqq jpgrwglt( qolag Holgbpoty nbq ti `g pblmgd jbptngp divl tng nogpbpany ij

uiqotoil+qugaofla kbpmgdlgqq ailqtpboltq,


28/37

2?> Tpbzoq F, @pbdhgy

.1>/ b, `pg`bcg< `gp`bcg `gzgpbfg

`piabh < `ipabh vghh aizgp

jpoti `/, Tng jwhhy jbotnjwh

abldodbtg .45b/ oq ghokolbtgd `y #APE0, Nofn+pblmolf #APE2 upgzgltq pnitoa

doquhbagkglt ti tng vipd+olotobh ilqgt ol .45a/( bld tng hiv pblmolf ij #PAE2

bhhivq p ti kizg ti tng aidb ij tng olotobh qyhhb`hg ol .45`/,


29/37

Kgtbtngqoq ij qilipblt ailqilbltq ol Cwdgi+Qubloqn 2??

.45/ Uiuwhbp KQ ubdpg/, Tng dgjbwht pblmolf ij #PA


30/37


bdcbaglt qgfkgltq odgltoabh ol uhbag( kbllgp( bld zioag jgbtwpgq, Nivgzgp( lgo+

tngp tng IAU ailqtpbolt lip Holgbpoty qbyq blytnolf b`iwt tng dopgatoilbhoty

ij pnitoa doquhbagkglt, Tng kbpmgdlgqq nogpbpany ol .14/ olaippgathy upgdoatq

tnbt IAU+zoihbtolf pd ahwqtgpq vohh bhvbyq `g pgubopgd `y hgjtvbpd kgtbtngqoq

ijp( oj b hoaot ilqgt ahwqtgp abl `g apgbtgd ol tng okkgdobtghy upgagdolf qyhhb`hg,

Tb`hgbw .42/ ohhwqtpbtgq tng upi`hgk, Tng jwhhy jbotnjwh abldodbtg .42b/ zoi+

hbtgq tng IAU ailqtpbolt, Tng pgkbololf tvi abldodbtgq bziod tng IAU zoihb+

toil `y tpblquiqolf p votn tng jihhivolf qtiu ol .42`/ bld votn tng upgzoiwq

zivgh ol .42a/, Holgbpoty abllit doqtolfwoqn `gtvggl tng tvi( qi tng hivgp

pblmgd ailqtpboltq ij tng kbpmgdlgqq nogpbpany fgt ti dgtgpkolg tng vollgp,

Abldodbtg .42`/ oq ghokolbtgd `y otq zoihbtoil ij #APE0( bld .42a/ volq, Tnghgjtvbpd uioltolf nbld kgblq tnbt .42`/ qniwhd vol `wt digq lit, Li pblm+

olf ij IAU bld Holgbpoty votn pgqugat ti tng kbpmgdlgqq nogpbpany oq abub`hg

ij qghgatolf .42`/( vnoan oq ol jbat iutokbh ol CQ,

.42/ Holgbpoty bhilg abllit baaiwlt jip pdtpblquiqotoil ol CQ

ugPil IAU

Holgbpoty

#APE0

#PAE2

#AE2

b, ugPff2,il #" #

, ug,P0il # #"

a, uP2g,il # #

Tngpg kwqt `g qikg itngp ailqtpbolt tnbt jbzipq oluwt+iwtuwt kbuuolfq homg

tniqg ol .42`/ izgp tniqg ol .42a/, Abpugltgp .0550/ g~tgldq tng ahbqq ij aippg+

quildglag ailqtpboltq ti aizgp bdcbaglay pghbtoilq `gtvggl qgfkgltq, Ol Pi+

twkbl bld Hgto( tngpg bpg upiagqqgq ij hiabh( `wt lit lilailtofwiwq( kgtbtngqoq

vnoan Holgbpoty bhilg abllit baaiwlt jip, Abpugltgp upiuiqgq b jbkohy ij bd+

cbaglay ailqtpboltq tnbt upgzglt lilailtofwiwq kgtbtngqoq votnol b qugaoflgd

dikbol( vnoan qng bqqwkgq ti `g tng qyhhb`hg, Jip upgqglt uwpuiqgq( O bdiut

tng ailqtpbolt ol .40/( vniqg dikbol oq tng ailqilbltbh togp,

.40/ O+Bdcbaglay.A+togp/ O+Bdc.AA/Oj ~ oq bdcbaglt ti y ol tng oluwt( bld ~ bld y bpg uiqotoilq il tng

ailqilbltbh togp( tngl ~ kwqt `g bdcbaglt ti y ol tng iwtuwt,

Tnoq ailqtpbolt pgrwopgq tng ailqilbltq ij bl oluwt ahwqtgp ti pgkbol bdcbaglt ol

tng iwtuwt, Abpugltgp upiuiqgq b fglgpbh pblmolf qangkg tnbt pwhgq iwt lilail+

tofwiwq kgtbtngqoq ol hblfwbfgq tnbt bhhiv ilhy hiabh tpblquiqotoil ij qgfkgltq,

Bl bdcbaglay ailqtpbolt kwqt dikolbtg qikg kbpmgdlgqq ip jbotnjwhlgqq ail+

qtpbolt( vnoan( ol twpl( dikolbtgq Holgbpoty,


31/37


Tb`hgbw .41/ qnivq niv tng pblmolf ij O+Bdc.AA/ ( 0554/( ugpagutwbh kgtbtngqoq

olzihzgq qgfkgltq votn baiwqtoa jgbtwpgq tnbt abl g pgbhosgd izgp tgkuipbh di+

kbolq qubllolf gltopg qyhhb`hgq ip gzgl qtpolfq ij qyhhb`hgq .g,f,( hivgpgd J1

jip pnitoaq bld pnitoa zivghq( hbtgpbh jipkbltq jip hbtgpbhq bld hbtgpbh zivghq(


32/37


bld qugatpbh sgpi)lbqbh pgqilblag jip lbqbhq bld lbqbhosgd ziaiodq/, Kgtbtng+

qoq iaawpq vngl hoqtglgpq pgoltgpupgt tng ghilfbtgd jgbtwpg ol b lil+noqtipoabh

uiqotoil,

Tng IQ bld CQ dbtb upgqglt qgzgpbh upi`hgkq jip tnoq buupiban, Jopqt( Qubl+

oqn )P) oq tyuoabhhy dgqapo`gd bq nbzolf bl g~tpb+qnipt baiwqtoa dwpbtoil ij bu+

upi~okbtghy 05 kq .Rwohoq 2??1/( vnoan bpfwb`hy kbmgq ot ilg ij tng qnipt+

gqt qgfkgltq apiqq+holfwoqtoabhhy, Bt hgbqt votn pgqugat ti tng hilf+doqtblag

kgtbtngqgq ol .0?`/ bld .12/( ot qggkq dojflawht ti pgailaohg tng g~tpgkg `pgzoty

ij )P) votn tng pgrwopgkglt tnbt bl baiwqtoa jgbtwpg g~tgld izgp b qwjflaoglthy

hilf dikbol ol ipdgp jip ugpagutwbh kgtbtngqoq ti iaawp, Qgaild( tgkuipbh g~+

tglqoil ij baiwqtoa jgbtwpgq bhilg abllit g~uhbol tng dopgatoilbhoty ij tng pd

Jolbhhy( Nwkg .0554/ bpfwgq tnbt qolag qtiu pghgbqg oq jbzipgd upgziabhoabhhy

`wt ugpagutwbhhy kbqmgd ol upgailqilbltbh ailtg~tq( tng i`qgpzbtoil tnbt b

qtiu)ailqilblt qgrwglag oq pgipdgpgd qi tnbt tng qtiu gkgpfgq olqtgbd `gjipg

b zivgh oq tnwq ti `g g~ugatgd .u, 02>/, Jpik tnoq ugpqugatozg( ot oq qwpupoq+

olf tnbt tng pd< dp qnojt ol CQ ailqoqtglthy tpblquiqgd tng bhpgbdy upgziabhoa

zioagd aipilbh i`qtpwglt ti upgailqilbltbh uiqotoil( vngpg pghgbqg awgq bpg

upgqwkb`hy hgqq ugpaguto`hg tnbl `gjipg b zivgh, Ol tng IT blbhyqoq dgzghiugd

ol Qgatoil 7( tng hiabhoty ij pd kgtbtngqoq oq baaiwltgd jip `y b nofn+pblmolf

qgfkgltbh bdcbaglay ailqtpbolt, Bq qnivl ol tb`hgbw .41/( tng iutokbh abldo+dbtg nbq b dpahwqtgp( ol vnoan tng bdcbaglay ij tng tvi ailqilbltq ol tng oluwt

oq kboltbolgd ol tng iwtuwt,

6, Ailahwqoil

Vnohg kgtbtngqoq oq tyuoabhhy dgqapo gd bq bl oppgfwhbp bld wlupgdoatb`hg qiwld

anblfg( Niam .2?>7/ bld itngpq nbzg litgd tnbt kgtbtngqoq ijtgl qgpzgq ti pg+

ubop unilitbatoabhhy ohhoaot qgrwglagq ip ti `polf b`iwt upgjgppgd qyhhb`hg qtpwa+

twpgq, @wohdolf wuil Nihtq .0554/ qyhhb`hg+ailtbat baaiwlt ij IQ kgtbtngqoq(

O nbzg upiuiqgd b jipkbh g~uhblbtoil ij vny ngtgpikipungkoa dk oq okkwlg

jpik kgtbtngqoq ol `itn IQ bld CQ, Vnohg tng tpblquiqotoil ij b aipilbh qtiubld b jihhivolf lbqbh ailqilblt oq tpoffgpgd `y b ailqtpbolt il qyhhb`hg ailtbat(

tng anblfg oq `hiamgd `y nofngp+pblmolf ailqtpboltq fizgplolf lbqbh uhbag bh+

tgplbtoilq, O nbzg bhqi upiuiqgd ti g~uhbol tng pd< dpqnojt ol CQ bq b dwbh gjjgat

ij bl IAU ailqtpbolt bfbolqt bdcbaglt qgfkgltq odgltoabh ol uhbag( kbllgp( bld

zioag jgbtwpgq( bld ij b aippgquildglag ailqtpbolt pgrwopolf ailqilbltbh bdcb+

aglay, Bddotoilbh ubttgplq ij hgjtvbpd pnitoa kgtbtngqoq ol Noqubli+Pikblag

pgrwopg b wlozgpqbh pblmolf ij uiqotoil+qugaofla ahwqtgp kbpmgdlgqq ailqtpboltq,

Tng tngipgtoabh pghgzblag ij tngqg lizgh upiuiqbhq oq tnbt tngy nofnhofnt tng pihg

ij ailqtpboltq il qgfkgltbh jgbtwpgq( vnoan oltgpbat votn qilipoty bld itngp

kbpmgdlgqq ailqtpboltq ti fglgpbtg tng ubttgplq ij ailqilblt kgtbtngqoq bt+

tgqtgd ol Noqubli+Pikblag zbpogtogq,

Wlozgpqoty ij Abhojiplob( Dbzoq

2>, Jip tngipgtoabh doqawqqoil bld aikubpoqil ij qgfkglt ailtbat bld IAU ailqtpboltq( qgg Qgi

.05513 >1>:/,


34/37


Pgjgpglagq

Bfbpd( Jpgdgpoam .2?75/, Upgqglt+dby Cwdbgi+Qubloqn ol tng Wlotgd Qtbtgq, Noqublob 113 051025,

Bhdgpgtg( Cinl .2??6/, Doqqokohbtoil bq Hiabh Ailcwlatoil, Ol Upiaggdolfq ij tng Liptn Gbqt Hol+

fwoqtoa Qiaogty 06( Moyiko Mwqwkiti .gd,/( 2610, Bkngpqt( KB3 Fpbdwbtg Holfwoqtoaq Qtw+

dgltq Bqqiaobtoil,

Blttohb( Bpti .0550/, Zbpobtoil bld unilihifoabh tngipy, Ol Tng Nbld`iim ij Hblfwbfg Zbpob+

toil bld Anblfg( C,M, Anbk`gpq( Ugtgp Tpwdfohh( bld Lbtbhog Qanohholf+Gqtgq .gdq,/( 05:041,

Kbhdgl( KB3 @hbamvghh,

Blttohb( Bpti bld _wlf+kgg _w Ani .2??>/, Zbpobtoil bld anblfg ol Iutokbhoty Tngipy, Holfwb

2543 127:,

@bpwan( Mbhko .2?15/, Gh cwdgi+gqubih dg @iqlob, Pgzoqtb dg Johihifb Gqubihb 263 221274,

@bt+Gh( Iwto .2??:/, Qghgatolf tng `gqt ij tng vipqt3 tng fpbkkbp ij Ng`pgv `hgldq, Unilihify213 0>110>,

@gamkbl( Cohh .2??6/, Uiqotoilbh Jbotnjwhlgqq, Un,D, doqqgptbtoil( Wlozgpqoty ij Kbqqbanwqgttq(

Bkngpqt,

@hgawb( @gbtpos .0552/, Hbq zo`pbltgq dgh gqubih3 kblojgqtbaoilgq baqtoabq y upiagqiq jiltoaiq,

Un,D, doqqgptbtoil( Wlozgpqodbd Bwtlikb dg @bpaghilb,

@hgzolq( Cwhogttg bld Bldpgv Fbppgtt .2??>/, Tng ipofolq ij ailqilblt+zivgh kgtbtngqoq, Hblfwbfg

643 75>77:,

.0554/, Tng gzihwtoil ij kgtbtngqoq, Ol Unilgtoabhhy @bqgd Unilihify( @pwag Nbygq( Pi`gpt

Mopanlgp( bld Dilab Qtgpobdg .gdq,/( 22127:, Abk`podfg3 Abk`podfg Wlozgpqoty Upgqq,

@ihiflgqo( Pi`gpti .2??>/, Tng unilihify ij Abkuodblobl Qbpdolobl, b wlotbpy baaiwlt ij qghj+

ipfblosolf qtpwatwpg, Un,D, doqqgptbtoil( Wlozgpqoty ij Bkqtgpdbk,

@pbdhgy( Tpbzoq F, .055:/, Ailtpbqt bld kbpmgdlgqq ol aikuhg~ ilqgt unilitbatoaq, Qiwtnvgqt

Ciwplbh ij Holfwoqtoaq 073 0?7>,

.0556/, Qubloqn aikuhg~ ilqgtq bld tng unilgtoaq+unilihify oltgpjbag, Ol Iutokbhoty+

Tngipgtoa Qtwdogq ol Qubloqn Unilihify( Jgplbldi Kbptlgs+Foh bld Qilob Aiholb .gdq,/( 27

1>, Bkqtgpdbk3 Cinl @glcbkolq,

Abpugltgp( Blfghb .0550/, Lilailtofwiwq kgtbtngqoq bld bdcbaglay, Ol Ubugpq ol Iutokbhoty Tng+

ipy OO, .Wlozgpqoty ij Kbqqbanwqgttq Iaabqoilbh Ubugpq 0:/( Blfghb Abpugltgp( Bldpogq Ai+

gtsgg( bld Ubwh dg Hbay .gdq,/( 207, Bkngpqt( KB3 Wlozgpqoty ij Kbqqbanwqgttq Fpbdwbtg

Holfwoqtoa Qtwdglt Bqqiaobtoil,

Abqbho( Pidgpoa .2??:/, Pgqihzolf nobtwq, Un,D, doqqgptbtoil, Wlozgpqoty ij Abhojiplob( Hiq Blfghgq,

Ahgkgltq( F, Loam .2??5/, Tng pihg ij tng qilipoty ayahg ol aipg qyhhb oflabtoil, Ol Ubugpq ol

Hb`ipbtipy Unilihify 23 @gtvggl tng Fpbkkbp bld tng Unyqoaq ij Quggan( Cinl Molfqtil

bld Kbpy @gamkbl .gdq,/( 0>1111, Lgv _ipm3 Abk`podfg Wlozgpqoty Upgqq,

Apgvq( Ayltnob .2?17/, Pgangpangq qwp hg cwdi+gqubflih dblq hgq ubyq `bhmblorwgq, Ubpoq3 Dpis,

Apivnwpqt( Kgfbl bld Kbpm Ngvott .2??6/, @iihgbl iugpbtoilq bld ailqtpbolt oltgpbatoilq ol

Iutokbhoty Tngipy, Kq,( Wlozgpqoty ij Liptn Abpiholb bt Anbugh Nohh bld @pbldgoq Wlozgpqoty,

Gddolftil( Dbzod .2??2/, B kipuniunilgkoa g~uhblbtoil ij tng ziq bld fllbh +p zbpogty ziqitpiq

okugpbtozg, Blwbpoi dg gqtwdoiq flhihfoaiq 243 207215,

.0554/, Qubloqn Unilihify bld Kipunihify3 G~ugpokgltbh bld Rwbltotbtozg Ugpqugatozgq,

Bkqtgpdbk3 Cinl @glcbkolq,Jpgotbq( K, Cii .0551/, Tng barwoqotoil ij Ilqgt ahwqtgpq ol Gwpiugbl Uiptwfwgqg, Upi`wq 243

064:,

Jpofglo( Anobpb .0557b/, Ailqtpbololf ugpagutwbh kgtbtngqoq3 tng Qbpdolobl dgzghiukglt, Ubugp

upgqgltgd bt FHIV 0557 Unilihify Vipmqniu( Wlozgpqot dg Fglzg .AN/,

.0557`/, Tng dgzghiukglt ij horwodq jpik Hbtol ti Abkuodblobl Qbpdolobl3 tng pihg ij ailtpbqt

bld qtpwatwpbh qokohbpoty, Ol Pikblag Hblfwbfgq bld Holfwoqtoa Tngipy 05513 Qghgatgd ubugpq

jpik Fiolf Pikblag 0551( Tvbl Fggptq( Ozi zbl Follgmgl bld Nbomg Cbai`q .gdq,/( >2?:,

Bkqtgpdbk3 Cinl @glcbkolq,


35/37


Fbpab dg Dogfi( Zoagltg .2?65/, Fpbktoab noqtpoab gqubihb .1pd gd,/, Kbdpod3 Fpgdiq,

Nbppoq( Cbkgq .2?>1/, Qyhhb`hg Qtpwatwpg bld Qtpgqq ol Qubloqn3 B Lilholgbp Blbhyqoq, Abk`podfg3

KOT Upgqq,

Nbppoq( Tpbay .2??4/, Dgbtn ij b Hblfwbfg3 Tng Noqtipy ij Cwdgi+Qubloqn, Lgvbpm3 Wlozgpqoty ij

Dghbvbpg,

Niam( Nblq Ngolpoan .2?>7/, Pgfwhbp kgtbtngqoq, Holfwoqtoaq 013 70?74:,

Niht( D, Gpoa .0550/, Tng bptoawhbtip fpiwu bld horwod fgikgtpy3 okuhoabtoilq jip Qubloqn unilih+

ify upgqglt bld ubqt, Ol Pikblag Unilihify bld Zbpobtoil( Abpiholg P, Vohtqnopg bld

Cibrwok Abkuq .gdq,/( >7??, Bkqtgpdbk3 Cinl @glcbkolq,

.0554/, Iutokosbtoil ij qyhhb`hg ailtbat ol Ihd Qubloqn zob tng quipbdoa qiwld anblfg kgtb+

tngqoq, Upi`wq 2:3 41:2,

Niht( D, Gpoa .gd,/ .0551/, Iutokbhoty Tngipy bld Hblfwbfg Anblfg, Dipdpgant3 Mhwvgp Babdgkoa

Uw`hoqngpq,Niiugp( Cibl @y`gg .2?6:/, Bl Oltpidwatoil ti Lbtwpbh Fglgpbtozg Unilihify, Lgv _ipm3 Bab+

dgkoa Upgqq,

Nipviid( Fpbnbk .0550/, Upgagdglag jbotnjwhlgqq fizgplq kipungkg uiqotoil, Ol VAAJH ^Ô

Upiaggdolfq( Holg Kommghqgl bld Anpoqtiungp Uittq .gdq,/( 2::26?, Qikgpzohhg( KB3 Abq+

abdohhb Upgqq,

Nwdqil( Fpizgp .2?67/, Qwuuhgtoil ol tng pgupgqgltbtoil ij bhtgplbtoilq, UnD doqqgptbtoil, Wlozgp+

qoty ij Abhojiplob( Hiq Blfghgq,

.2??7/, Unilihify ij Gtnoiuobl hblfwbfgq, Ol Nbldìim ij Unilihifoabh Tngipy( Cinl Fihd+

qkotn .gd,/( 6>06?6, I~jipd3 @hbamvghh,

Nwkg( Ghosb`gtn .2??>/, Tng pihg ij ugpagutoòhoty ol ailqilblt)ailqilblt kgtbtngqoq, Ol VAAJH

^ZOO Upiaggdolfq( Qwqbl @hbmg( Gwl+Qiim Mok( bld Mokbpy Qnbnol .gdq,/( 0?1156, Qtbl+

jipd3 AQHO,

.0552/, Kgtbtngqoq3 Jipkbh bld jwlatoilbh ailqodgpbtoilq, Ol Qwpjbag Qyhhb`hg Qtpwatwpg bld

Qgfkglt Qgrwglaolf( Ghosb gtn Nwkg( Lipzbh Qkotn bld Cgpigl zbl dg Vgocgp .gdq,/( 207,

Hgodgl3 NOH, .0554/, Tng oldgtgpkolbay)bttgqtbtoil kidgh ij kgtbtngqoq, Hblfwbfg >53 051016,

Oti( Cwlmi .2?>:/, Qyhhb`hg tngipy ol upiqidoa unilihify, Un,D, doqqgptbtoil( Wlozgpqoty ij Kbq+

qbanwqgttq( Bkngpqt,

Mbvbqbmo( Nbpwmi .2?>0/, Bl baiwqtoabh `bqoq jip wlozgpqbh ailqtpboltq il qiwld qgrwglagq, Un,D,

doqqgptbtoil( Wlozgpqoty ij Abhojiplob( @gpmghgy,

Miangtiz( Bhg~go, 055:, Qyhhb`hg uiqotoil gjjgatq bld fgqtwpbh ipfblosbtoil3 bptoawhbtipy gzodglag

jpik Pwqqobl, Ol Ubugpq ol Hbìpbtipy Unilihify ZOOO ]Unilihify bld Unilgtoaq Qgpogq 4

0[( Hiwoq Fihdqtgol( Diwfhbq Vnbhgl( bld Abtngpolg @gqt .gdq,/( 7:77>>, @gphol)Lgv _ipm3

Kiwtil dg Fpwytgp,

Mpbmiv( Pglb .2???/, Unyqoihifoabh ipfblosbtoil ij qyhhb`hgq3 B pgzogv, Ciwplbh ij Unilgtoaq 063

0174,

Hbkiwang( H, .2?56/, Rwghrwgq kitq qwp hg dobhgatg gqubflih ubph ubp hgq Oqpbhotgq dg Qbhilorwg,

Pikbloqang Jipqanwlfgl 013 ?:???2,

Hg`gl( Vohhobk .2?61/, Qwupbqgfkgltbh unilihify, Un,D, doqqgptbtoil( KOT .uw`hoqngd 2?>5( Lgv

_ipm)Hildil3 Fbphbld/,Houqmo( Cinl .2??5)2??2/, Kgtbtngqoq bq tgkuhbtg kbtanolf3 b abqg qtwdy jpik Qubloqn, Jihob Hol+

fwoqtoab Noqtipoab 223 >?254 .2??5/ ; 203 20647 .2??2/,

Hhiyd( Ubwh K, .2?>6/, Jpik Hbtol ti Qubloqn, .Kgkiopq( 61/, Unohbdghunob3 Bkgpoabl Unohiqiun+

oabh Qiaogty,

Hwìvoas( Bllb .0557/, Pgqtpoatgd Hiabh Ailcwlatoil, Ubugp upgqgltgd bt tng Ihd Viphd Ailjgp+

glag ol Unilihify .IAU 0/, Wlozgpqoty ij Tpikqi( Lipvby,

Hwpob( Kb~ .2?15/, B Qtwdy ij tng Kilbqtop Dobhgat ij Cwdgi+Qubloqn `bqgd il Ipbh Kbtgpobh

Aihhgatgd ol Kilbqtop( _wfi+Qhbzob, Lgv _ipm3 Olqtotwti dg hbq Gqubbq dg hiq Gqtbdiq Wlodiq,


36/37

05: Tpbzoq F, @pbdhgy

Kbptlgs+Aghdpl( Gwfgloi .0554/, Upi`hgkq ol tng ahbqqoflabtoil ij buupi~okbltq, Ciwplbh ij tng

Oltgplbtoilbh Unilgtoa Bqqiaobtoil 143 052025,

Kbptlgs+Foh( Jgplbldi .2??2/, Jgbtwpg nogpbpany( qyhhb hg qtpwatwpg bld Ihd Qubloqn oltpwqozg

ailqilbltq, Ubugp upgqgltgd bt tng 02qt Holfwoqtoa Qykuiqowk il Pikblag Hblfwbfgq, Wlo+

zgpqoty ij Abhojiplob( Qbltb @bp`bpb,

.2??4/, Bkòqyhhbòaoty( qilipoty bld wldgpqugaoflabtoil ol tng noqtipoabh gkgpfglag ij Qubl+

oqn hglotoil, Ubugp upgqgltgd bt Tng 04tn Holfwoqtoa Qykuiqowk il Pikblag Hblfwbfgq, Wlo+

zgpqoty ij Qiwtngpl Abhojiplob bld Wlozgpqoty ij Abhojiplob( Hiq Blfghgq,

.0552/, Qilipoty bq b upokotozg unilihifoabh jgbtwpg3 gzodglag jpik Qubloqn aikuhg~ ilqgt

unilitbatoaq, Ol Jgbtwpgq bld Oltgpjbagq ol Pikblag3 Gqqbyq ol Nilip ij Nghgq Ailtpgpbq(

Cwhob Ngpqanglqinl( Glporwg Kbhhl bld Mbpgl Sbfilb .gdq,/( 051000, Bkqtgpdbk3 Cinl

@glcbkolq,

.0551/, Ailqilblt oltpwqoil ol ngtgpiqyhhbòa ailqilblt+horwod ahwqtgpq ol Ihd Qubloqn bldIhd Jpglan3 bl Iutokbhoty Tngipgtoabh baaiwlt, Ol B Pikblag Ugpqugatozg il Hblfwbfg

Mlivhgdfg bld Wqg( Pbjbgh Lgs+Agdgi( Hwoq Hugs( bld Poanbpd Abkgpil .gdq,/( 1?

7>, Bkqtgpdbk3 Cinl @glcbkolq,

KaAbptny( Cinl .2?>:/, IAU gjjgatq3 Fgkolbtoil bld blto+fgkolbtoil, Holfwoqtoa Olrwopy 263 056

0:1,

.0551b/, Aikubpbtozg kbpmgdlgqq, Tngipgtoabh Holfwoqtoaq 0?3 272,

.0551`/, IT ailqtpboltq bpg abtgfipoabh, Unilihify 053 6721>,

KaAbptny( Cinl bld Bhbl Upolag, 2??7, Jbotnjwhlgqq bld pgdwuhoabtozg odgltoty, Ol Wlozgpqoty ij

Kbqqbanwqgttq Iaabqoilbh Ubugpq ol Holfwoqtoaq 2>3 Ubugpq ol Iutokbhoty Tngipy( Cohh @gam+

kbl( Qwsbllg Wp`blasym bld Hbwpb Vbhqn Doamgy .gdq,/( 04?1>4, Bkngpqt( KB3 Fpbdwbtg

Holfwoqtoaq Qtwdgltq Bqqiaobtoil,

Kglldgs Uodbh( Pbkl .2?42/, Kblwbh dg fpbktoab noqtpoab gqubihb, .:tn gd,/, Kbdpod3 Gq+

ubqb Abhug,

Kiholw( Hwaob .2???/, Ktbtnqg gt zbpobtoil gl qbpdg, Abnogpq dg Fpbkkbopg 043 2712>2,

Kwppby( Pi`gpt V, bld Tngi Zgllgkbll .2?>1/, Qiwld anblfg bld qyhhb`hg qtpwatwpg ]3 Upi`hgkq[

ol Fgpkbloa unilihify, Hblfwbfg 7?3 72470>,Lbzbppi Tikq( Tikq .2?2>/, Kblwbh dg upilwlaobaol gqubihb, Kbdpod3 Agltpi dg Gqtwdoiq

Noqtpoaiq,

Lgnbkb( Ciqgun .2?66/, Doatoillbopg dw Cwdi+Gqubflih, Kbdpod3 Ailqgci Qwugpoip dg Olzgqtofb+

aoilgq Aogltflabq,

Inbhb( Cinl C, .2??5/, Bhtgplbtozgq ti tng qilipoty nogpbpany jip g~uhbololf qgfkgltbh qgrwgl+

tobh ailqtpboltq, Ol Tng Ubpbqgqqoil il tng Qyhhb`hg ol Unilgtoaq bld Unilihify( Zih, 03 Ub+

ugpq jpik tng 0:tn Pgfoilbh Kggtolf ij tng Anoabfi Holfwoqtoa Qiaogty( Koanbgh S oihmivqmo(

Kblwghb Liqmg bld Mbpgl Dgbtil .gdq,/( 12?11>, Anoabfi3 Anoabfi Holfwoqtoa Qiaogty,

.2??1/, Tng unilgtoaq ij qiwld anblfg, Ol Noqtipoabh Holfwoqtoaq3 Upi`hgkq bld Ugpqugatozgq(

Anbphgq Cilgq .gd,/( 01606>, Hildil3 Hilfkbl,

Ubtgp( Cig .0552/, Bwqtpilgqobl lbqbh qw`qtotwtoil pgzoqotgd, Ol Qgfkgltbh Unilihify ol Iutokbhoty

Tngipy3 Ailqtpboltq bld pgupgqgltbtoilq( Holdb Hik`bpdo .gd,/( 27?2>0, Abk`podfg3 Abk+

`podfg Wlozgpqoty Upgqq,

Uglly( Pbhun .2??0/, Dobhgat ailtbat bld qiaobh lgtvipmq ol Cwdgi+Qubloqn, Pikblag Unohihify

4:3 207245, .0550/, B Noqtipy ij tng Qubloqn Hblfwbfg, Lgv _ipm3 Abk`podfg Wlozgpqoty Upgqq,

Uiwltbol( Anpoqtiungp C, .0552/, B Noqtipy ij tng Qubloqn Hblfwbfg tnpiwfn Tg~tq, Hildil3 Piwt+

hgdfg,

Upolag( Bhbl bld Ubwh Qkihglqmy .2??1/, Iutokbhoty Tngipy3 Ailqtpbolt oltgpbatoil ol fglgpbtozg

fpbkkbp, Kq,( Lgv @pwlqvoam bld @iwhdgp3 Pwtfgpq Wlozgpqoty bld Wlozgpqoty ij Aihipbdi,

.0554/, Iutokbhoty Tngipy3 Ailqtpbolt Oltgpbatoil ol Fglgpbtozg Fpbkkbp, Kbhdgl( KB3

@hbamvghh,

Rwohoq( Bltiloi .2??1/, Tpbtbdi dg jilihifb y jiltoab gqubihbq, Kbdpod3 Fpgdiq,


37/37


Rwoltblb Pidpfwgs( Bhdolb .055:/, Fgifpbjb holfqtoab dgh cwdgigqubih, @gpl3 Ugtgp Hblf,

Poffhg( Cbqil bld Aihol Vohqil .0557/, Hiabh Iutoilbhoty, Ti buugbp ol tng Upiaggdolfq ij tng

17tn Bllwbh Kggtolf ij tng Liptn Gbqtgpl Holfwoqtoa Qiaogty,

Qbhb( Kbpowq .2?62/, Uniltorwg gt unilihifog dw cwdi+gqubflih dg @wanbpgqt, Tng Nbfwg3 Kiw+

til,

Qgi( Koqwl .0551/, B qgfkglt ailtbat baaiwlt ij tng ubttgplolf ij qilipbltq ol ailqilblt ahwqtgpq,

UnD, doqqgptbtoil( Tng Inoi Qtbtg Wlozgpqoty,

.0557/, B apiqq+holfwoqtoa qtwdy ij tng ubttgplolf ij ailqilblt ahwqtgpq olahwdolf b horwod,

Qtwdogq ol Unilgtoaq( Unilihify bld Kipunihify 223 10>,

.055:/, Kitozbtoil jip unilihifoabh kitozbtoilq ij qtiu uhwq qilipblt qgrwglagq, Qtwdogq ol

Unilgtoaq( Unilihify bld Kipunihify 203 25120:,

Qkihglqmy( Ubwh .2??1/, Nbpkily( kbpmgdlgqq( bld unilihifoabh batozoty, Ubugp upgqgltgd bt Pwt+

fgpq Iutokbhoty Vipmqniu 2( Pwtfgpq Wlozgpqoty( Lgv @pwlqvoam( LC,

.2??6/, Ailqtpbolt oltgpbatoil ol fglgpbtozg fpbkkbp OO3 hiabh ailcwlatoil ip pbldik pwhgq ol

Wlozgpqbh Fpbkkbp, Ubugp upgqgltgd bt tng Niumolq Iutokbhoty Tngipy Vipmqniu)Wlozgpqoty

ij Kbpyhbld Kbyjgqt( @bhtokipg( KD,

Qtgpobdg( Dilab .0555/, Ubpbdofk wlojipkoty bld tng unilgtoaq+unilihify `iwldbpy, Ol Ubugpq ol

Hb`ipbtipy Unilihify Z3 Barwoqotoil bld tng Hg~oail( Koanbgh @pig bld Cblgt Uogppgnwk`gpt

.gdq,/( 121114, Abk`podfg3 Abk`podfg Wlozgpqoty Upgqq,

Qw`bm( Cwh .2?5:/, Swk Cwdglqubloqangl, Sgotqanpojt jp pikbloqang Unohihifog 153 20?>7,

Vbflgp( Kb~ Hgiuihd .2?24/, @gotpfg swp Mglltloq dgq Cwdglqubloqangl zil Milqtbltoliugh,

Vogl3 Nhdgp,

Vbllgp( Dogtgp .2?>?/, Il kgtbtngqoq ol dobanpily, Ol AHQ 073 Ubugpq jpik tng 07tn Bllwbh Pg+

foilbh Kggtolf ij tng Anoabfi Holfwoqtoa Qiaogty( @pbdhgy Kwqoa( Pbldihun Fpbasym( bld

Abpiholg Vohtqnopg .gdq,/( 414475, Anoabfi3 Anoabfi Holfwoqtoa Qiaogty,

CursoDeLadino.com.ar - Constraints on the Metathesis of Sonorant Consonants in Judeo-Spanish -...

Documents

Transcript of CursoDeLadino.com.ar - Constraints on the Metathesis of Sonorant Consonants in Judeo-Spanish -...