Curso Inglés Militar
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Transcript of Curso Inglés Militar
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PRLOGOLa mayor integracin de los Ejrcitos de las naciones de nuestro entorno
en estructuras supranacionales para, con la puesta en comn de lascapacidades conjuntas, poder responder a los nuevos desafos de seguridadque pudieran amenazar la estabilidad mundial, ha obligado a que el Ejrcitode Tierra espaol se adapte a las nuevas circunstancias en consonancia conlos cambios experimentados por la sociedad espaola, pasando de unEjrcito territorial de guarnicin, a otro de proyeccin, con una altadisponibilidad y en el que se ha profesionalizado la tropa.
Este operar conjunto con otros Ejrcitos exige, adems de contar conarmamento y materiales interoperables con los de nuestros aliados, eldisponer de unos procedimientos operativos comunes. No obstante, aunsiendo importante lo anterior, resultara de todas luces mposible el llevar abuen trmino este trabajo conjunto, si los componentes de cada uno de estosEjrcitos son incapaces de comunicarse en un lenguaje comn. Siendo elingls la lengua adoptada por la comunidad internacional como el idioma enel que se desarrollan normalmente las operaciones militares, se hacenecesario que los componentes del Ejrcito tengan una formacin adecuadaen este idioma.
Este libro de ingls ha sido concebido y diseado para responderfundamentalmente a las necesidades que en esta lengua tengan loscomponentes del ET., estando orientado a sus niveles bsicos, y sirviendocomo pilar en el que se asienten posteriores conocimientos y niveles msavanzados.
En consecuencia, considero que el Basic English Book for the Military esun libro pensado para los profesionales de las armas y que constituye unaherramienta muy til para iniciarse en los fundamentos de la lengua inglesa.
Juan Ramn Amat Gutirrez
TENIENTE GENERAL
Jefe del Mando de Adiestramiento y Doctrina del Ejercito de Tierra
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IRRE-
UNIT GRAMMAR DAILY SPEAKING CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
1page9-15
Personal pronouns Verb "To Be"
-Affirmative form-Negative form-Question form
Greetings-Whats your name?-How old are you?-How are you?
Cardinal numbers I-(1-30)
Ordinal number I-(1st-5th)
2page17-26
Articles -Definite article The-Indefinite article A, An-Some-Any
Possession-Saxon genitive-Possessive adjectives-Possessive pronouns
Verb "To Have" Affirmative form Negative form Question form
Plurals-Regular plurals-Irregular plurals
IntroductionsGood morningGood afternoonThis is myNice to meet you
Colours Cardinal numbers II
-(30-100) Ordinal numbers II
-(6th-25th)
3page27-35
Demonstratives -This, That-These, Those
Infinitive, participle and gerund Simple present
-Affirmative form-Negative form
The time
The time-What time is it?-Its half past five
How are you?-How are you?-Im not fineIm very tired-Lately I don't sleep very well-Take some sleeping pills
Family and relationships Meals I
4page37-46
The adjective-Degrees of comparison-Superiorty comparatives andsuperlatives-Inferiority comparatives-Equality comparatives
Irregular forms of the comparativeand superlative How to make comparisons The adverb I
-Where to put the verb-Adverbs classification
On the phone-Who's calling?-This is-Do you want to leave a message?-I call you back later
Days of the week Seasons of the year Months of the year Dates Cardinal numbers III
-(101-2.000.000)
5page47-54
The adverb II-"-ly" ending adverbs
Adverb degrees Irregular forms of the adverbs Adverbial phrases
At the travel agency-Id like to know if there are anyseats on
On the plane-Is there still a long way to go?-The plane is landing now
Moods Weather phenomena and naturalcatastrophes
R E V I E W F R O M U N I T 1 T O U N I T 5
6page59-68
"There is" and "there are"sentences and partitives
-"There is" and "there are"sentences-The use of "Some"-The use of "Any"
Quantities-The use of "too", "too much", "toomany", "enough", "not enough"-"Some", "any" and "no" compounds
At the hotel-Ive booked two single rooms-How long are you going to stayat this hotel for?-Wed like to have half board-Could you change us poundsinto euros?
Parts of the house Rooms of the house Furniture The bathroom
7page69-77
Questions I-Auxiliary "To Do"-The verb "To Be"
Prepositions I
In the Restaurant-Where would you like to sit?-Could you bring me whateveryou think is best on the menu?-Which wine do you recommend?
Breakfast Fruit, cereals and vegetables-meat and fish Drinks, desserts, the table
8page79-88
Past Simple of the regular verbs-Affirmative form-Negative form-Question form-Negative question form
Past Simple of the irregular verbs Past Simple of the verb "To Be"
-Affirmative form-Negative form-Question form-Negative question form
In the train station-Were about to take a train-When does your train leave?-Do you know where the platform?
Countries and nationalities
CONTENTS
MAP
CONTENTS MAP
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CONTENTS
MAP
READING COMPREHENSION MILITARY TERMS MILITARY CONVERSATION
"This is the description of Miguel andTeresa"
-He /She is a-He /She is years old-His /Her telephone number is
Ranks Various
Conversation between a Staff Sergeantand a Private
-May I come in, Sir?-This is. assigned to-Whats your post?
"Description of Miguel's little brother"-He has lots of-He likes-He plays football
In the barracks andgeneralities
Conversation between a Full Corporaland a Private
-Are you on duty?-Im the sentry-Did you clean your rifle?-There is an inspection parade in thebattery
"My family"-My mother's name is-I have one brother-My mother's parent's are my grandparents
Units and commandschelons
Conversation between a Private and aCorporal
-Whats that unit?-Whos the commander?
"Holidays"-Christmas-New Year's Eve-St. Valentine's Day-Easter
-Festival of Passover-Good Friday-Easter Day-Easter Monday
-Mother's Day-Father's Day-Fourth of July
Weapons, specialities andassignments
Conversation between a Full Corporaland a Corporal
-Whats your branch?-Im posted in-I don't have a driver license-I should apply for
"El Nio and La Nia"-El Nio takes place in-These effects occur around-These fires create-Opposite to El Nio-Climate historians speculate that
The uniform
Conversation between two Privates-These boots are very big for me-Whats your size?-I need size
R E V I E W F R O M U N I T 1 T O U N I T 5
"The History of Harrods"-This tale begins with-Init becomes-It is the best and the most well knowndepartment store in the world
Light weaponry
Conversation between two Privates-Im collecting ammunition for-What kind of exercise is it about?-Will it be carried out with live ammunition?
"British meals"-British people have three meals a day-Beakfast is usually between-The second meal of the day is-The last meal of the day is
Heavy weaponry
Conversation between a Sergeant and aPrivate
-Did you check the track of the tank?-Don't forget to install the machine on the turret-Did you already refuel the tank?
"Prejudices"-There are a lot of prejudices accordingto nationalities-German people are considered to-Danish people are thought to be-British people are believed to be
The Navy and the Air Force
Conversation between a Private and aFull Corporal
-Did you see that warjet?-I think that it is an F-18-Look at that helicopter
CONTENTS MAP
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UNIT GRAMMAR DAILY SPEAKING CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
9page89-99
Questions II-Wh questions-How to form Wh questions
How to write a letter in English-Date and place of origin-Opening a letter-Closing a letter
Rent a car-Wed like to rent a car-Can I see your ID or passport?-I'm afraid you will have to pay anadditional fee for being under 25-Which car would you like to rent?-Is there an additional driver fee?-No, but there is limited mileage of
"Do" or "Make"?-When to use make-When to use do
10page
101-111
How to form the gerund Present Continuous
-Affirmative form-Negative form
Past Continuous-Affirmative form-Negative form
Present and Past Continuousquestion
-Question form-Negative question form
Wh questions with present andPast Continuous Questions with "How"
How to make an appointment tosee the doctor
-Could I make an appointment tosee the doctor?-Id like to see the doctor assoonas possible
Animals and plants Parts of the head Parts of the body
R E V I E W F R O M U N I T 6 T O U N I T 1 0
11page
117-129
-Future Tense-Affirmative form-Negative form and question form-Negative question form-Future with "going to"
First Type Conditional Sentences Present Perfect -Use of "Since" and "For"
Asking the Way-Is far from here?-You might need to take a bus to-The bus stop is quite near-Go straight on along this streetuntil-Take the third turning on-Could you show us in the map?
Means of transport Clothes The sizes and their equivalences The city
12page
131-138
The Conditional tense-Affirmative form-Negative form-Question form-Negative question form
The Imperative
Customs-Where are you from?-Do you have an entry permit?-Whats the purpose of yourjourney?
Sports and leisure time
13page
139-148
Modal Verbs Can Could Must Need May Might Should /Ought to
Shopping. Buying food-Could I have some of?-Which one do you want?-How much is it?-I'll have
Shopping. Buying clothes-It goes with-Try on.-I need a smaller size-To change for
Length Weight Capacity
14page
149-157
Passive voice Prepositions II
At the doctor's-Whats the matter?-My head hurts-How is the pain like?-Acute and constant pain-To be allergic to-To take pills
Diseases and pains
15page
159-171
Phrasal verbs-How to form phrasal verbs
So/Neither do I-So-Neither-Grammatical constructions todisagree with someone
Verb + -Ing (=Gerund)
Calling the insurance company-My cars broken down-To tow the car-Whats your insurance company?
Differences between British andAmerican English
R E V I E W F R O M U N I T 1 1 T O U N I T 1 5
CONTENTS MAPCONTENTS
MAP
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CONTENTS
MAP
READING COMPREHENSION MILITARY TERMS MILITARY CONVERSATION
Writing a Letter in British English In the office On the maneuvers Formed in parade
Conversation between two operators-Whats the position of?-Were deployed in-Move on up to-Over-Roger. Out
"Climatic Change"-People and environment areexperiencing the consequeces of-This change is mainly due to-There are extreme weather events-Climate impacts-Predictions for the future-To slow down global warming-To avoid climate catastrophe-Renewable energy sources-Clean energies
In the training
Conversation between a Private and aSergeant
-NBC attack-To put the mask on-To avoid being affected by the radiations
R E V I E W F R O M U N I T 6 T O U N I T 1 0
"The United Kingdom of Great Britainand Northern Ireland"
-The United Kingdom is situated in-Its neighbours are-The United Kingdom consists of fournations-Great Britain is often incorrectly usedto refer to the United Kingdom
Parts of the rifle, machinegun & pistol
Conversation between a Private and aSergeant
-Show me your rifle-I have a cartridge in the chamber-Pull the charging handle down and take it out
"Terrorist Attack"-The terrorist attacks on-There is a great uncertainty about-An emergency communications plan-Meeting place-Disaster supplies kit-Seriously injured people
Communications First aid
Conversation between two Privates-Do you know what happened to?-He was wounded on-Shell explosion-Mortar shrapnel-A severe injury
"David Bowie"-David Jones was born on-David Jones started playing-In, he changed his name to-He married-He produced albums for-Bowie had no luck in
Operations, offensive
Conversation between a Captain and aLieutenant
-Cross the departure line at-My platoon will advance up to-Where is the enemy position?-The attack will be performed-To receive the order by radio-Fire support-Departure line
"The Euro"-European single currency-The euro has replaced-To join the euro-Faces of the coin-Strong currency
Operations, defensive
Conversation between a Sergeant and aPrivate
-Watch that cord-Take care-Come back to the trench-To report by radio
"Stonehenge"-The most famous monument of-To be built in several phases-Is Britain's greatest national icon-Its original purpose-Worship of-Astronomical observatory for-Sacred site-Burial of ancient
Peacekeeping missions
Conversation between a Corporal and aPrivate
-My unit is in a peacekeeping mission-To operate in-Hot spot-There are lots of snipers in-What Organization is leading?-To be in charge-To be in command
R E V I E W F R O M U N I T 1 1 T O U N I T 1 5EXERCISES
VERBS 183 - 198REGULAR VERBS: CONJUGATION . . . . . . . . . . 183 - 196IRREGULAR VERBS: LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 - 198
GLOSSARIES 199 - 225PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200CIVILIAN GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 - 219MILITARY GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 - 225
KEYS TO THE EXERCISES 227 - 235
CONTENTS MAP
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1UNIT 1UNIT 1
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1.-PERSONAL PRONOUNS(PRONOMBRES PERSONALES)
Ntese que en ingls, a diferencia de lo queocurre en espaol, hay tres gneros (masculino,femenino y neutro) para el pronombre personalde tercera persona del singular. La traduccinque ofrecemos para el pronombre personalneutro de tercera persona del singular (it) es*ello.
2.-THE VERB TO BE(EL VERBO TO BE)
A diferencia de lo que ocurre en espaol,todas las formas verbales en ingls han de estaracompaadas por un sujeto explcito, ya seaun pronombre personal (I, you, etc.) o uno ovarios sustantivos (John, Paul and Ane, etc.)
TO BE (ser; estar)Simple present / Question form
English Spanish
1st S am I? soy (yo)?estoy (yo)?
2nd S are you?eres (t)?; ests (t)?es (usted)?; est (usted)?
3rd S is he/ she/ it?es (l/ ella/ *ello)?est (l/ ella/ *ello)?
1st P are we?somos (nosotros/ as)?estamos (nosotros/ as)?
2nd P are you?
sois (vosotros/ as)?estis (vosotros/ as)?son (ustedes)?estn (ustedes)?
3rd P are they?son (ellos/ as)?estn (ellos/ as)?
TO BE (ser; estar)Simple present / Negative form
English Spanish
1st SI am not I'm not
(yo) no soy(yo) no estoy
2nd Syou are notyou arent
(t) no eres; (t) no ests(usted) no es; (usted) no est
3rd S he/ she/ it is nothe/ she/ it isnt(l/ ella/ *ello) no es(l/ ella/ *ello) no est
1st Pwe are not we arent
(nosotros/ as) no somos(nosotros/ as) no estamos
2nd Pyou are notyou arent
(vosotros/ as) no sois(vosotros/ as) no estis(ustedes) no son(ustedes) no estn
3rd Pthey are notthey arent
(ellos/ as) no son(ellos/ as) no estn
TO BE (ser; estar)Simple present / Affirmative form
English Spanish
1st SI amI'm
(yo) soy(yo) estoy
2nd Syou areyou're
(t) eres; (t) ests(usted) es; (usted) est
3rd She/ she/ it ishe's/ she's/ it's
(l/ ella/ *ello) es(l/ ella/ *ello) est
1st Pwe arewe're
(nosotros/ as) somos(nosotros/ as) estamos
2nd Pyou areyou're
(vosotros/ as) sois(vosotros/ as) estis(ustedes) son(ustedes) estn
3rd Pthey arethey're
(ellos/ as) son(ellos/ as) estn
PLURALEnglish Spanish
1st we nosotros/ as
2nd youvosotros/ asustedes
3rd they ellos/ as
SINGULAREnglish Spanish
1st I yo
2nd you t/ usted
3rd he/ she/ it l/ ella/ *ello
G R A M M A R
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D A I L Y S P E A K I N G
1.-GREETINGS(SALUDOS)
Isabel: Hello! My names Isabel.Whats your name?
Isabel: Hola! Me llamo Isabel. Cmote llamas?
Nuria: My names Nuria.Nuria: Me llamo Nuria.
Isabel: How old are you?Isabel: Cuntos aos tienes?
Nuria: Im thirty-six years old. Andyou?
Nuria: Tengo treinta y seis aos. Y t?
Isabel: Im thirty-nine.Isabel: Tengo treinta y nueve.
Alicia: Hi!Alicia. Hola!
Isabel: Hi! How are you?Isabel: Hola! Cmo ests?
Alicia: Fine, thank you. And you?Alicia: Bien, gracias. Y t?
Isabel: Fine, thanks.Isabel: Bien, gracias.
Hello! My namesIsabel.
Whats your name?
My names Nuria
How old are you? Im thirty-six years old.And you?
Im thirty-nine
Hi!
Hi! How are you?
Fine, thank you.And you?
Fine, thanks
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1.-CARDINAL NUMBERS I (1-30)(NMEROS CARDINALES I [1-30])
C I V I L I A N V O C A B U L A R Y
1 one2 two3 three4 four5 five6 six7 seven8 eight9 nine10 ten
11 eleven12 twelve13 thirteen14 fourteen15 fifteen16 sixteen17 seventeen18 eighteen19 nineteen20 twenty
21 twenty-one22 twenty-two23 twenty-three24 twenty-four25 twenty-five26 twenty-six27 twenty-seven28 twenty-eight29 twenty-nine30 thirty
2.-ORDINAL NUMBERS I (1st-5th)(NMEROS ORDINALES I [1-5])
English Spanish
1st first primero/ a/ os/ as
2nd second segundo/ a/ os/ as
3rd third tercero/ a/ os/ as
4th fourth cuarto/ a/ os/ as
5th fifth quinto/ a/ os/ as
English Spanish
The Fourth of July is the American Independence Day. El cuatro de julio es el Da de la Independencia estadounidense.
The second day of the week is Tuesday. El segundo da de la semana es martes.
His first last name is Prez. Su primer apellido es Prez.
English Spanish
I have three cars. Tengo tres coches.
George is twenty-six years old. George tiene veintisis aos.
My brother spent eight days in London. Mi hermano estuvo ocho das en Londres.
Examples:
Examples:
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1-12-
R E A D I N G C O M P R E H E N S I O N
1.DESCRIPTION OF MIGUEL AND TERESA(DESCRIPCIN DE MIGUEL Y TERESA)
Miguel and Teresa are a couple. He istwenty-four years old and she is twenty-threeyears old. They are students. He is a biologistand she is an economist. His telephonenumber is 4-8-6-7-1-5 and her telephonenumber is 7-6-9-1-6-4. Miguel is a sportsmanbut she is not. They are in Granada, they liveat 13 Telephone Road. This is the first timethey live together.
M I L I T A R Y T E R M S1.-RANKS(EMPLEOS MILITARES)
Private Corporal Full Corporal Corporal Major
Sergeant Staff Sergeant Warrant Officer Sergeant Major
SecondLieutenant
First Lieutenant
Captain Major LieutenantColonel
Colonel
N.C.O.
all rank and file
officers
generals
Brigadier MajorGeneral
Three StarGeneral
Four StarGeneral
Five StarGeneral
2.-VARIOUS(VARIOS)
English Spanishrecruit reclutaall rank and file tropaN.C.O. suboficiales
English Spanishtemporary officer oficial de complementoconscript soldier soldado de reemplazoprofessional soldier soldado profesionalgenerals oficiales generales
2.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.(CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)1) How old is Miguel?2) What are they?3) What is her telephone number?
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1-13-
M I L I T A R Y C O N V E R S A T I O N
Private: May I come in, Sir?Soldado: Puedo entrar, mi Brigada?
Staff Sergeant: Yes, come in.Brigada: S, entre.
Private: This is the Private Juan RamrezMartnez, assigned to this RifleCompany, Sir.
Soldado: Mi Brigada, soy el Soldado JuanRamrez Martnez, destinado a laCompaa de Fusiles.
Staff Sergeant: Whats your post given to you by theSergeant?
Brigada: Cul es el encuadramiento que te hadado el Sargento?
Private: Second Rifle Platoon, first Squad.Soldado: Segunda Seccin de Fusiles, primer
Pelotn.
Staff Sergeant: OK, why did you join the Army?Brigada: De acuerdo, por qu entr en el Ejrcito?
Private: Because I always liked this kind oflife and I love serving my country inthe Army.
Soldado: Porque siempre me ha gustado estetipo de vida y me encanta servir a mipatria en el Ejrcito.
E X E R C I S E S
May I come in, Sir?
Yes, come in
This is the PrivateJuan Ramrez
Martnez, assigned tothis Rifle Company, Sir
Whats your postgiven to you by the
Sergeant?
Second Rifle Platoon,first SquadOK, why did you join
the Army?
Because I always likedthis kind of life and I
love serving my countryin the Army
1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTINGTHE CORRECT WORD.
a) Hello. My name is Cristina. What is your name?b) My _____ is Patricia.
c) Hello. I _____ Charles. What is _____ name?d) _____ _____ _____ Hellen.
e) I am twenty-two years old. How old _____ you?f) _____ _____ nineteen _____ old.
g) _____ old are _____?h) I am _____ years _____?
i) What is your telephone number?j) My _____ number is 5-6-2-8-4-5.
k) Is your telephone _____ 5-6-2-8-4-5l) Yes, it _____.
2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THECORRECT FORM OF THE VERB TO BE.
a) Are you a student?b) _____ she Patricia?c) _____ they Spanish?d) _____ I nice?e) _____ we friends?
3) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH ASUITABLE WORD.
a) Are you a student?b) No, I am not a _____.c) Are they Paul and Mary?d) _____, they are.e) _____ I your friend?f) Yes, you _____.g) Are you a soldier?h) No, I _____ _____ a soldier.
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1-14-
4) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING CARDINAL NUMBERSBY USING WORDS.
a) 14a) Fourteen
b) 30b) __________________
c) 28c) __________________
d) 16d) __________________
e) 13e) __________________
f) 11f) __________________
g) 25g) __________________
h) 3h) __________________
5) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USINGCONTRACTIONS.
a) What is your name?a) What's your name?
b) My name is Michael.b) ______________________________.
c) What is your telephone number?c) ______________________________?
d) My telephone number is 4-5-6-3-7-5.d) ______________________________.
e) I am thirty years old.e) ______________________________.
f) She is twenty-four years old.f) ______________________________.
6) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING ORDINAL NUMBERS BYUSING WORDS.
a) 1sta) First
b) 2ndb) __________________
c) 3rdc) __________________
d) 4thd) __________________
e) 5the) __________________
7) HOW MUCH DO THESE COUPLES OF NUMBERS ADD UP?WRITE THE SOLUTIONS WITH THE CORRECT WORD.
a) six + tena) Sixteen
b) five + nineb) __________________
c) one + threec) __________________
d) thirteen + nined) __________________
e) two + eighte) __________________
f) three + threef) __________________
g) four + teng) __________________
h) eleven + twelveh) __________________
i) twenty + teni) __________________
j) twenty-four + onej) __________________
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English terms Spanish terms
1) Recruit a) General de Brigada
2) First Lieutenant b) Teniente
3) Conscript c) Cabo Primero
4) Non-commissioned officer d) Coronel
5) Staff Sergeant e) Recluta
6) Full Corporal f) Suboficial
7) Brigadier g) Soldado de reemplazo
8) Colonel h) Sargento Primero/ Brigada
1
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8) MATCH WORDS 1) TO 8) WITH WORDS A) TO H).
9) PUT THE RANKS IN THE RIGHT DECREASING ORDER.
a) ____________ Three Star Generalb) ____________ Lieutenant Colonelc) ____________ Warrant Officerd) ____________ Corporale) ____________ Sergeantf) ____________ Major Generalg) ____________ Second Lieutenanth) ____________ Captaini) 1 Five Star Generalj) ____________ Private
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2UNIT 2UNIT 2
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1.-ARTICLES(ARTCULOS)
El artculo determinado "the" es invariable,esta nica forma se usa para el masculino, elfemenino, el singular y el plural:
Examples:
El artculo indefinido para las formas delmasculino, del femenino y del neutro singular es"a", pero se cambia por "an" delante de "h"muda y de vocal cuyo sonido no sea [ju:]:
Examples:
El artculo indefinido no tiene plural, y en sulugar se usan adjetivos indefinidos, la forma"some" para oraciones afirmativas y "any" paraoraciones negativas e interrogativas:
Examples:
2.-POSSESSION(POSESIN)
2.1.-SAXON GENITIVE(GENITIVO SAJN)
En ingls para expresar posesin opertenencia se puede emplear el genitivo sajn.Se forma aadiendo al nombre del poseedor una"s" precedida de un apstrofo. Para expresarposesin tambin puede utilizarse la preposicin"of" (de), como ocurre en espaol. Cuando seusa el genitivo sajn, el orden de las palabras enla oracin se altera y se coloca el poseedor enprimer lugar seguido del apstrofo y la "s", y acontinuacin el objeto posedo sin artculo.
Examples:
La "s" del genitivo, en los siguientes casos, seomite aunque se conserva el apstrofo :
a) Si el poseedor es un sustantivo en pluralacabado en "s":
b) Si el poseedor es un sustantivo singularacabado en "s":
English Spanish
Moses law la ley de Moiss
Jess friend el amigo de Jess
English Spanish
these girls' mother la madre de estas nias
these boys' pens los bolgrafos de estos nios
English Spanish
the mother of the girlla madre de la nia
the girl's mother
the hats of these menlos sombreros de estos hombres
these men's hats
English Spanish
I have some questions. Tengo algunas preguntas.
Is there any question? Hay alguna pregunta?
I don't have any question. No tengo ninguna pregunta.
He has a question. (l) tiene una pregunta.
There are some students. Hay algunos estudiantes.
There is a student. Hay un estudiante.
English Spanisha girl una chicaa boy un chicoa dog un perroan arm un brazoan hour una horaa human being un ser humano
English Spanish
the girl la chica
the boy el chico
the girls las chicas
the boys los chicos
G R A M M A R
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Ntese que el adjetivo posesivo en inglsconcuerda con el poseedor, indistintamente delgnero y nmero del objeto posedo:
Examples:
2.3.-POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS(PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS)
Ntese que el pronombre posesivo en inglsconcuerda con el poseedor, indistintamente delgnero y nmero del objeto posedo:
Examples:
English Spanish
This car is mine. Este coche es mo.
These oranges are mine. Estas naranjas son mas.
The cat is hers. El gato es suyo (de ella).
The tables are hers. Las mesasson suyas (de ella).
PLURAL
English Spanish
1st ours nuestro/ a/ os/ as
2nd yours vuestro/ a/ os/ assuyo/ a/ os/ as (de ustedes)
3rd theirs suyo/ a/ os/ as
SINGULAREnglish Spanish
1st mine mo/ a/ os/ as
2nd yours tuyo/ a/ os/ assuyo/ a/ os/ as (de usted)
3rd his, hers, its suyo/ a/ os/ as
English Spanish
her house su casa (de ella)
her houses sus casas (de ella)
their house su casa (de ellos/ as)
their houses sus casas (de ellos/ as)
our car nuestro coche
our apples nuestras manzanas
Sin embargo, si el poseedor es un sustantivomonoslabo terminado en "s", se conserva la "s"del genitivo:
Examples:
El genitivo sajn se emplea con nombrespropios, sustantivos que denotan persona,sustantivos que denotan seres animados, etc.:
Examples:
Si el poseedor es un sustantivo compuesto obien son varios poseedores, el genitivo seforma con el ltimo sustantivo:
Examples:
2.2.-POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES(ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS)
PLURAL
English Spanish
1st our nuestro/ a/ os/ as
2nd your vuestro/ a/ os/ assu/ sus (de ustedes)
3rd their su/ sus
SINGULAR
English Spanish
1st my mi
2nd your tu/ su (de usted)
3rd his, her, its su/ sus
English Spanish
my sister-in-law's car el coche de mi cuada
Mary and Peter's house la casa de Mary y Peter
English Spanish
Mary's cat el gato de Mary
my sister's book el libro de mi hermana
the dog's tail el rabo del perro
English Spanish
Bess's table la mesa de Bess
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2-19-
3.-THE VERB TO HAVE(EL VERBO TO HAVE)
4.-PLURALS(PLURALES)
4.1.-REGULAR PLURALS(PLURALES REGULARES)
El plural de los nombres en ingls se formaaadiendo una "s" al singular:
Examples:
Los nombres que terminan en "s", "ss", "sh","x" o "z" forman el plural aadiendo la slaba"es":
Examples:English Spanish
class/ classes clase/ clases
box/ boxes caja/ cajas
watch/ watches reloj/ relojes
English Spanish
plate/ plates plato/ platos
roof/ roofs tejado/ tejados
TO HAVE (tener)Simple present / Question form
English Spanish
1st S have I? tengo yo?
2nd S have you?(t) tienes?(usted) tiene?
3rd S has he/ she/ it? tiene (l/ ella/ *ello)?
1st P have we? tenemos (nosotros/ as)?
2nd P have you ?tenis (vosotros/ as)?tienen (ustedes)?
3rd P have they? tienen (ellos/ as)?
TO HAVE (tener)Simple present / Negative form
English Spanish
1st SI have notI havent (yo) no tengo
2nd Syou have notyou havent
(t) no tienes(usted) no tiene
3rd She /she /it has nothe /she /it hasnt (l/ ella/ *ello) no tiene
1st Pwe have notwe havent (nosotros/ as) no tenemos
2nd Pyou have notyou havent
(vosotros/ as) no tenis(ustedes) no tienen
3rd Pthey have notthey havent (ellos/ as) no tienen
TO HAVE (tener)Simple present / Affirmative form
English Spanish
1st S I have (yo) tengo
2nd S you have (t) tienes(usted) tiene
3rd S he /she /it has (l/ ella/ *ello) tiene
1st P we have (nosotros/ as) tenemos
2nd P you have (vosotros/ as) tenis(ustedes) tienen
3rd P they have (ellos/ as) tienen
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2-20-
Los nombres terminados en "o" precedida deconsonante tambin forman el plural aadiendola slaba "es". Sin embargo, si la "o" estprecedida por una vocal forman el pluralaadiendo solamente "s":
Examples:
Algunos nombres de origen sajn terminadosen "f" o en "fe" cambian la "f" en "v" antes deaadir la terminacin "es":
Examples:
Los nombres terminados en "y" precedida deconsonante al formar el plural cambian aqullaen "i" antes de aadir la terminacin "es".Cuando la "y" est precedida por vocal al paraformar el plural simplemente hay que aadir "s":
Examples:
4.2.-IRREGULAR PLURALS(PLURALES IRREGULARES)
Existen algunos nombres en ingls cuyoplural es irregular:
Examples:
Hay nombres que siempre se empleanen plural:
Examples:English Spanish
trousers pantalones
sweets caramelos
thanks gracias
scissors tijeras
English Spanish
ox/ oxen buey/ bueyes
child/ children nio/ nios
man/ men hombre/ hombres
woman/ women mujer/ mujeres
tooth/ teeth diente/ dientes
foot/ feet pie/ pies
mouse/ mice ratn/ ratones
goose/ geese ganso/ gansos
person/ people persona/ personas
English Spanish
sky/ skies cielo/ cielo
body/ bodies cuerpo/ cuerpos
boy/ boys nio/ nios
day/ days da/ das
English Spanish
calf/ calves ternera/ terneras
elf/ elves duende/ duendes
leaf/ leaves hoja/ hojas
English Spanish
potato/ potatoes patata/ patatas
hero/ heroes hroe/ hroes
duo/ duos do/ dos
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2-21-
D A I L Y S P E A K I N G
1.-INTRODUCTIONS(PRESENTACIONES)
Good afternoon!! It's one o'clock
Good morning!
Nice to meet you
Nuria, this is myfriend MiguelHi, Miguel!
Alicia: Good morning!Alicia: Buenos das!
Nuria: Good afternoon!!Its one oclock.
Nuria: Buenas tardes!!Es la una de la tarde.
Alicia: Nuria, this is my friend Miguel.Alicia: Nuria, ste es mi amigo Miguel.
Nuria: Hi, Miguel!Nuria: Hola, Miguel!
Miguel: Nice to meet you.Miguel: Encantado de conocerte.
C I V I L I A N V O C A B U L A R Y
1.-COLOURS(COLORES)
English Spanish
black negro
wwhhiittee bbllaannccoo
red rojo
blue azul
yellowyellow amarilloamarillo
English Spanish
green verde
pink rosa
purple violeta
grey gris
orange naranja
brown marrn
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2-22-
R E A D I N G C O M P R E H E N S I O N
La mayora de los colores son susceptiblesde aparecer junto con adjetivos que denoten suluminosidad (un color claro, un color oscuro). Eningls estos adjetivos son "light" (claro) y"dark" (oscuro):
Examples:
2.-CARDINAL NUMBERS II (30-100)(NMEROS CARDINALES II [30-100])
30 thirty35 thirty-five40 forty45 forty-five50 fifty55 fifty-five60 sixty65 sixty-five70 seventy75 seventy-five80 eighty85 eighty-five90 ninety95 ninety-five100 one hundred
English Spanish
light red rojo claro
dark pink rosa oscuro
3.-ORDINAL NUMBERS II (6th-25th)(NMEROS ORDINALES II [6-25])
English Spanish
6th sixth sexto
7th seventh sptimo
8th eighth octavo
9th ninth noveno
10th tenth dcimo
11th eleventh undcimo
12th twelfth duodcimo
13th thirteenth dcimo tercero
14th fourteenth dcimo cuarto
15th fifteenth dcimo quinto
16th sixteenth dcimo sexto
17th seventeenth dcimo sptimo
18th eighteenth dcimo octavo
19th nineteenth dcimo noveno
20th twentieth vigsimo
21st twenty-first vigsimo primero
22nd twenty-second vigsimo segundo
23rd twenty-third vigsimo tercero
24th twenty-fourth vigsimo cuarto
25th twenty-fifth vigsimo quinto
This is Miguel's little brother, hisname is Pedro and he is eight yearsold. He has lots of toys: a football,some tennis balls, a yellow bicycle, apair of skates and a blue radio-controlled car. He likes some sportsbut his favourite sport is football. Hisidol is David Beckham, a Real Madridfootball player. He plays football withhis friends Antonio, Carlos, Juan andRubn. Their idol is also Beckham.Pedro has a football T-shirt but hehasn't any trainers.
2.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.(CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)
1.-DESCRIPTION(DESCRIPCIN)
1) How old is Pedro?2) What is Pedro's favourite sport?3) Who is Beckham?4) Who are Antonio, Carlos, Juan and Rubn?
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2-23-
M I L I T A R Y T E R M S
1.-IN THE BARRACKS AND GENERALITIES(EN EL CUARTEL Y GENERALIDADES)
English Spanish
barracks cuartel
main gate puerta principal
mess mesn, cantina
weapon support company compaa de armas de apoyo
headquarters battery batera de plana mayor
armour squadron escuadrn acorazado
courtyard patio de armas
crest metopa [de una unidad]
boot camp campamento de reclutas
sleeping bag saco de dormir
rucksack mochila
lorry camin
on duty de servicio
on leave de permiso
promotion ascenso
outpost puesto avanzado
military parade formacin
march past desfile
inspection parade revista
drill parade ejercicios de orden cerrado
sentry centinela
base base
flagpole mstil de la bandera
dormitory nave de dormitorio
Navy Armada
Air Force Ejrcito del Aire
equipment equipo
salute saludar; saludo
salary sueldo
rucksack
lorry
military parade
march past
inspection parade
drill parade sentry
Navy
Air Force
salute
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2-24-
M I L I T A R Y C O N V E R S A T I O N
Full Corporal: Are you on duty this weekend?Cabo Primero: Ests de servicio este fin de semana?
Private: Yes, Im the sentry in the main gatenext Saturday.
Soldado: S, soy el centinela de la puertaprincipal el prximo sbado.
Full Corporal: Did you already clean your rifle?Cabo Primero: Has limpiado ya tu fusil?
Private: Yes, tomorrow theres an inspectionparade in the battery.
Soldado: S, maana hay una revista en labatera.
E X E R C I S E S
Yes, Im the sentryin the main gatenext Saturday
Are you on dutythis weekend?
Did you alreadyclean your rifle?
Yes, tomorrowtheres an
inspection paradein the battery
1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTINGTHE CORRECT WORD.
a) Anna: Hello. Good morning!
b) Paul: Good _____!
c) Anna: _____ are you?
d) Paul: Fine, thank _____. And you?
e) Anna: _____. Paul, this _____ my boyfriend, John.
f) Paul: Nice to _____ you, John!
g) John: _____ to _____ _____, Paul!
h) Anna: John is twenty-five _____ old, he _____a student.
i) Paul: That is right! I _____ a student too.
2) WRITE THE SUITABLE GREETING ACCORDING TO THEWATCHES.
a) 10:00a) Good morning
b) 15:00b) ______________________________
c) 20:00c) ______________________________
d) 23:45 (bed time)d) ______________________________
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2-25-
3) WHAT ARE THE COLOURS OF THE FOLLOWINGNUMBERS?
a) 6a) Number six is blue.
b) 17b) __________________.
c) 7c) __________________.
d) 1d) __________________.
e) 3e) __________________.
f) 20f) __________________.
g) 29g) __________________.
h) 1133h) __________________.
i) 9i) __________________.
j) 11j) __________________.
k) 15k) __________________.
d) 13 + 54
d) ______________________________
e) 12 + 15
e) ______________________________
f) 17 + 10
f) ______________________________
g) 9 + 57
g) ______________________________
h) 25 + 8
h) ______________________________
4) HOW MUCH DO THESE COUPLES OF NUMBERS ADD UP?WRITE THE SOLUTIONS BY USING WORDS.
a) 45 + 23
a) Sixty-eight
b) 13 + 8
b) ______________________________
c) 24 + 10
c) ______________________________
5) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BYUSING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
a) Mary's book
a) The book is hers.
b) Peter and Paul's dog
b) ______________________________.
c) Laura's house
c) ______________________________.
d) My car
d) ______________________________.
e) Your note book
e) ______________________________.
f) Michael's ball
f) ______________________________.
g) Anna's doll
g) ______________________________.
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2-26-
6) WRITE SENTENCES BY USING THE NEGATIVEFORM OF THE VERB TO HAVE: (1) HAVE NOT /HAS NOT (FULL FORM) (2) HAVENT / HASNT(ABBREVIATED FORM).
a) Peter / computer.a) Peter has not a computer.a) Peter hasnt a computer.
b) Hellen and Michael / newspaper.b) ______________________________b) ______________________________
c) Julian / house.c) ______________________________c) ______________________________
d) Andrew / girlfriend.d) ______________________________d) ______________________________
e) My mother / dog.e) ______________________________e) ______________________________
f) I / bagf) ______________________________f) ______________________________
g) Louise / a pair of shoes.g) ______________________________g) ______________________________
7) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING THESUITABLE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE.
a) These are (1 sg) my keys.b) That is (3 pl) _______ housec) This is (3 sg fem) _______ boyfriend, and this
is (3 sg mas.) father.d) Those are (1 pl) _______ teachers.e) Those are (1 sg) _______ pencils.f) That was (2 sg) _______ girlfriend.g) That was (2 pl) _______ class.
8) ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.a) What is the colour of your tie?a) My tie es red.
b) What is the colour of the sky?b) ______________________________
c) What is the colour of the sun?c) ______________________________
d) What is the colour of your dog?d) ______________________________
e) What is the colour of your mothers hair?e) ______________________________
f) What is the colour of your hair?f) ______________________________
g) What is the colour of the snow?g) ______________________________
9) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH ANINDEFINITE ARTICLE (A OR AN FORM).
a) My neighbour is a photographer.b) I have _____ very bad night.
c) _____ travel agent gives you informationabout hotels.
d) Mr Smith is _____ old man.
e) You are not _____ worker, you are _____capitalist.
f) He goes to _____ concert.
g) I have _____ day off.
h) I had _____ amazing experience last night,I saw _____ dinosaur.
English terms Spanish terms
1) on leave a) cuartel
2) drill parade b) escuadrn acorazado
3) dormitory c) de permiso
4) salute d) ascenso
5) on duty e) ejercicios de orden cerrado
6) armour squadron f) saludar o saludo
7) barracks g) nave de dormitorio colectivo
8) promotion h) de servicio
10) MATCH WORDS 1) TO 8) WITH WORDS A) TO H).
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3UNIT 3UNIT 3
- 27 -
1.-DEMONSTRATIVES(DEMOSTRATIVOS)
2.-INFINITIVE, PAST PARTICIPLE AND GERUND(FORMAS IMPERSONALES DEL VERBO)
3.-SIMPLE PRESENT(PRESENTE SIMPLE)3.1.-AFFIRMATIVE FORM(FORMA AFIRMATIVA DEL VERBO)
La forma del presente simple se forma quitando lapartcula "to" al infinitivo (to walk, andar; I walk, yoando). Es invariable para todas las personas exceptopara la tercera persona del singular (he, she, it)que aade una "-s" o la slaba "-es" (se aplica la reglade ortografa del plural de los sustantivos).
3.2.-NEGATIVE FORM(FORMA NEGATIVA DEL VERBO)
En ingls la forma negativa del verbo se forma conel auxiliar "to do" en forma negativa, "do not" (dont).Esto ocurre con todas las personas, salvo en el casode la tercera persona del singular, que se forma con"does not" (doesnt.)
TO WALK (andar)Simple present / Negative form
English Spanish
1st S I do not walkI dont walk (yo) no ando
2nd S you do not walkyou dont walk(t) no andas
(usted) no anda
3rd S he/she/it does not walkhe/she/it doesnt walk (l/ ella/ *ello) no anda
1st P we do not walkwe dont walk (nosotros/ as)no andamos
2nd P you do not walkyou dont walk(vosotros/ as) no andis
(ustedes) no andan
3rd P they do not walkthey dont walk (ellos/ as) no andan
TO WALK (andar)Simple present / Affirmative form
English Spanish
1st S I walk (yo) ando
2nd S you walk(t) andas
(usted) anda
3rd S he/she/it walks (l/ ella/ *ello) anda
1st P we walk (nosotros/ as) andamos
2nd P you walk(vosotros/ as) andis
(ustedes) andan
3rd P they walk (ellos/ as) andan
English Spanish
INFINITIVE to walk andar
PASTPARTICIPLE walked andado
GERUND walking andando
PLURALEnglish Spanish
these estos/ as
thoseesos/ asaquellos/ as
SINGULAREnglish Spanish
this este/ a/ o
thatese/ a/ o
aquel/ aquella/ o
G R A M M A R
THAT
THIS
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3- 28 -
Examples:
NEGATIVEEnglish Spanish
I dont eat (yo) no como
you do not walk
(t) no andas(vosotros/ as) no andis(usted) no anda(ustedes) no andan
he does not drink (l) no bebeshe doesnt love (ella) no amait does not rain no lluevewe dont drive (nosotros/ as)noconducimosthey do not swim (ellos/as) nadan
AFFIRMATIVEEnglish Spanish
I eat (yo) como
you walk
(t) andas(vosotros/ as) andis(usted) anda(ustedes) andan
he drinks (l) bebeshe loves (ella) amait rains lluevewe drive (nosotros/ as) conducimosthey swim (ellos/ as) nadan
Como se ve en el cuadro, en ingls para decirla hora se utilizan las expresiones:
"o'clock" (en punto);"half past" (y media);
"to" (menos);"past" (y);
"noon" (medioda);"midnight" (medianoche).
A excepcin de la expresin "It is ... o'clock"(son las/ es la ... en punto) la cifra que indica lashoras se pospone a la cifra o expresin queindica los minutos:
English Spanish
It is half past one. Es la una y media.
It is twenty to ten. Son las diez menos veinte.
It is nine oclock. Son las nueve en punto.
oclock
to
past
4.-THE TIME(LA HORA)
What time is it?(Qu hora es?)
It is...Its...(Son las...)(Es la...)
five oclock(cinco en punto)
ten to five(cinco menos diez)
ten past five(cinco y diez)
a quarter to five(cinco menos cuarto)
a quarter past five(cinco y cuarto)
half past five(las cinco y media)
noon(medioda)
midnight(medianoche)
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3- 29 -
D A I L Y S P E A K I N G
What time is it?
Its half past fiveAre you sure?
Yes, I am
Oh! My watch doesntwork! Thank you very
much
You are welcome
Nuria: What time is it?Nuria: Qu hora es?
Alicia: Its half past five.Alicia: Son las cinco y media.
Nuria: Are you sure?Nuria: Ests segura?
Alicia: Yes, Im.Alicia: S, lo estoy.
Nuria: Oh! My watch doesnt work!Thank you very much.
Nuria: Vaya! No me funciona el reloj!Muchas gracias.
Alicia: You are welcome.Alicia: De nada.
Alicia: Hi, Nuria!Alicia: Hola, Nuria!
Nuria: Hi, Alicia! How are you?Nuria: Hola, Alicia! Cmo ests?
Alicia: Im not fine Im very tired.Alicia: No estoy bien Estoy muy cansada.
Nuria: Why?Nuria: Por qu?
Alicia: I usually get up at seven oclock, buttoday I got up at half past five.
Alicia: Me suelo levantar a siete en punto, pero hoyme he levantado a las cinco y media.
Nuria: Really?Nuria: De veras?
Alicia: Lately I dont sleep very wellAlicia: ltimamente no duermo muy bien
Nuria: Take some sleeping pills.Nuria: Toma somnferos.
Alicia: Maybe Oh, it is too late! I have to gohome! Bye, see you soon!
Alicia: Tal vez Vaya, es muy tarde! Me tengoque ir a casa! Adis, hasta luego!
Nuria: Bye!Nuria: Adis!
2.-HOW ARE YOU?(CMO ESTS?)
1.-THE TIME(LA HORA)
Hi, Nuria! Hi, Alicia! How are you?
Lately I dont sleepvery well...
... Im not fine...Im very tired
I usually get up atseven oclock, but todayI got up at half past five
Why?
Really?
Maybe... Oh, its toolate! I have to go home!
Bye, see you soon!
Bye!
Take somesleeping pills
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3- 30 -
C I V I L I A N V O C A B U L A R Y
1.-FAMILY AND RELATIONSHIP(LA FAMILIA Y PARENTESCOS)
English Spanishhusband marido, esposowife mujer, esposafather padremother madreparents padres [padre y madre]son hijodaughter hijachildren hijos [hijos e hijas]brother hermanosister hermanaaunt tauncle tocousin primo/ agrandmother abuelagrandfather abuelograndparents abuelos [abuelo y abuela]granddaughter nietagrandson nietograndchildren nietos/ asnephew sobrinoniece sobrinabrother-in-law cuadosister-in-law cuadadaugther-in-law nuerason-in-law yernomother-in-law suegrafather-in-law suegro
husband and wife
mothers and children
grandfather and grandson
English Spanish
My grandmother is my mothers mother. Mi abuela es la madre de mi madre.
My cousin got married last year. Mi primo se cas el ao pasado.
My brother is very kind. Mi hermano es muy agradable.
I do not get along with my mother-in-law. No me llevo bien con mi suegra.
Examples:
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3- 31 -
2.-MEALS I(LAS COMIDAS I)
R E A D I N G C O M P R E H E N S I O N
1.-MY FAMILY(MI FAMILIA)
2.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.(CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)
1) What are my parents' names?2) How old is my brother?3) Who are my aunt's sons and daughters?
I am Sarah. My mothers name is Anne. Myfather's name is Paul. I have one brother. Hisname is Richard and he is seven years old. Mymother's parents are my grandparents. Mygrandmother likes singing and my grandfatherlikes painting. I am my grandparentsgranddaughter. My parent's brothers and sistersare my uncles and aunts. I have four uncles andfive aunts and I am their niece. Their sons anddaughters are my cousins. One day I hope I getmarried to a nice man (my husband) and havelots of children.
lemond(limn)
vegetable(verdura)
milk(leche)
eggs(huevos)
dessert(postre)
fish(pescado)
meat(carne)
orange(naranja)
potato(patata)
fruit(fruta)breakfast
(desayuno)to have breakfast
(desayunar)
lunch(almuerzo)
to have lunch(almorzar)
tea time(hora del t)
to have a cup of tea(tomar una taza de t)
dinner(cena)
to have dinner(cenar)
GRANDFATHERGRANDMOTHER
MOTHER
BROTHER
FATHER
SARAH
UNCLEAUNT
COUSIN
English SpanishI usually have eggs for breakfast. Normalmente tomo huevos para desayunar.
In Great Britain people have lunch at midday. En Gran Bretaa la gente almuerza a medioda.
I invited some friends for dinner. Invit a algunos amigos a cenar.
Examples:
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3- 32 -
M I L I T A R Y T E R M S
M I L I T A R Y C O N V E R S A T I O N
1.-UNITS AND COMMAND SCHELONS(UNIDADES Y ESCALONES DE MANDO)
English Spanish
fire team escuadra
task force agrupacin tctica
battalion task groupgrupo tctico
battalion group
company task forcesubgrupo tcticocompany/ squadron
team
branch rama; arma
brigade headquarters cuartel general de brigada
chain of command cadena de mando
commander jefe
company commander jefe de compaa
deputy officer oficial segundo en el mando
leader lder
squad section platoon
company battalion regiment
brigade division corps
army
Private: Whats that unit?Soldado: Cul es esa unidad?
Corporal: Its the second Rifle Company ofthe 3rd battalion.
Cabo: Es la segunda Compaa deFusiles del tercer Batalln.
Private: Whos the commander?Soldado: Quin es el jefe?
Corporal: Captain Mayoral.Cabo: El Capitn Mayoral.
Private: Thats right, and the deputy?Soldado: Bien, y el oficial segundo en el
mando?
Corporal: Lieutenant Glvez. Hes justarrived. Hes commanding the2nd Rifle Platoon.
Cabo: El Teniente Glvez. Se acaba deincorporar. Va a mandar la segundaSeccin de Fusiles.
Private: He looks very young.Soldado: Parece muy joven.
Whats that unit?
Its the secondRifle Company ofthe 3rd battalion
Whos thecommander?
Captain Mayoral
Lieutenant Glvez.Hes just arrived.
Hes commandingthe 2nd Rifle Platoon
Thats right, and thedeputy?
He looks very young
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3- 33 -
E X E R C I S E S
FAMILY TREE(RBOL GENEALGICO)
Alfred Joan William Hannah
Joshua Bob Caroline Peter Mary
Susanne John PaulAlex Emily
1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS ACCORDINGTO THE FAMILY TREE.
a) (JOHN) Alex and Emily are my...a) Alex and Emily are my cousins.
b) (PETER) Mary is myb) ____________________________.
c) (MARY) Peter is myc) ____________________________.
d) (JOHN) Paul is myd) ____________________________.
e) (HANNAH) Peter is mye) ____________________________.
f) (WILLIAM) John is myf) ____________________________.
g) (JOAN) Mary is myg) ____________________________.
h) (ALFRED) Emily is myh) ____________________________.
i) (PAUL) Joan and Hannah are myi) ____________________________.
j) (CAROLINE) Paul is myj) ____________________________.
k) (PETER) Emily is myk) ____________________________.
2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS ACCORDINGTO THE FAMILY TREE.
a) Caroline is Joshua and Peter'sa) Caroline is Joshua and Peter's sister.
b) Joan and Alfred are Joshua'sb) ____________________________.
c) Mary is Alex and Emily'sc) ____________________________.
d) Alex and Emily are John'sd) ____________________________.
e) Susanne is Caroline'se) ____________________________.
f) Susanne is Mary'sf) ____________________________.
g) Peter is Alex and Emily'sg) ____________________________.
h) Joan is Paul'sh) ____________________________.
i) Bob is Peter'si) ____________________________.
j) Alex is Peter'sj) ____________________________.
k) Hannah is Peter'sk) ____________________________.
-
English terms Spanish terms
1) It is seven oclock in the morning a) I have lunch
2) It is midnight b) I have dinner
3) It is a quarter past two in the afternoon c) I wake up
4) It is ten to ten in the evening d) I go to bed
5) It is nine oclock in the morning e) I go to work
3
- 34 -
3) MATCH TIMES 1) TO 5) SENTENCES A) TO E).
4) LOOK AT THE WATCHES AND WRITE THE TIME. 5) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTINGTHIS, THESE, THAT OR THOSE.
a) (Aquellos) Those boys are my friends.
b) I live with (estos) _____ boys.
c) (Esa) _____ woman is her mother.
d) I love (ese) _____ car.
e) (Esos) _____ cats are wild.
f) My father says (estas) _____ words.
g) They go to (aquella) _____ city.
h) You smell (aquellas) _____ flowers.
6) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH ASUITABLE WORD OF THE BOX.
a) I wake up at seven oclock. For breakfast Ihave toast, one glass of _____ and an orangejuice. At half _____ seven I go to work by_____.
b) Vegetarian people do not eat _____. They eat_____ and _____.
c) Spanish omelette is made of _____ and _____.
d) _____ and _____ are rich in vitamin C.
e) I go to bed at _____ and I watch _____.
eggs vegetable car milk past
oranges midnight wake up fruit lemons
o'clock meat potatoes television
a) 12:00a) It is twelve oclock/
It is midday/ It is noon
b) 13:45b) ______________________
c) 02:15c) ______________________
d) 19:40d) ______________________
e) 09:35e) ______________________
f) 17:10f) ______________________
g) 20:05g) ______________________
h) 00:00h) ______________________
-
English terms Spanish Terms1) Army a) Cuarter General de Brigada
2) Task Force b) Regimiento
3) NATO c) Agrupacin Tctica
4) Brigade Headquarters d) Ejrcito
5) Squad e) Seccin
6) Regiment f) Escuadra
7) Branch g) OTAN
8) Platoon h) Arma, Rama (Inf., Art., Cab., etc.)
3
- 35 -
7) MATCH WORDS 1) TO 8) WITH WORDS A) TO H).
8) MAKE SENTENCES WITH THE FOLLOWING WORDS.
a) mother's /My / my/ aunt/ sister /isa) My mother's sister is my aunt.
b) wake up /I /past /seven /at /halfb) ______________________________.
c) soup /dinner /take / for/I /takec) ______________________________.
d) mine /books /are /Thesed) ______________________________.
e) expensive /car /Julian's/ very /ise) ______________________________.
f) with /whisky /drink /I /sodaf) ______________________________.
-
4UNIT 4UNIT 4
-37-
1.-THE ADJECTIVE(EL ADJETIVO)
El adjetivo calificativo en ingls es invariable(es decir, tiene la misma forma para el singularmasculino y femenino y para el plural masculinoy femenino) y precede al sustantivo:
Examples:
2.-DEGREES OF COMPARISON(GRADOS DE COMPARACIN)
2.1.-SUPERIORITY COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES(GRADO COMPARATIVO DE SUPERIORIDAD Y SUPERLATIVO RELATIVO)
El grado comparativo de superioridad (ms +adjetivo) y el grado superlativo relativo (el/ la/ los/las ms + adjetivo) de los adjetivos en ingls seforma:
a) Aadiendo al adjetivo positivo la terminacin"er" para el comparativo de superioridad, y laterminacin "est" para el superlativo relativo. Estoocurre con los adjetivos monoslabos, con losbsilabos y con los trislabos terminados en "ow","er", "y", "e", "l":
Examples:
Para aadir las terminaciones propias delcomparativo y superlativo se siguen las reglasusuales de ortografa que se han vistoanteriormente, por ejemplo, las palabrasterminadas en "y" precedida de consonantecambian la "y" por "i" antes de tomar laterminacin correspondiente.
b) Los adjetivos calificativos monoslabos(aquellos compuestos por unas sola slaba)acabados en consonante precedida de vocalcorta*, duplican dicha consonante final.
Examples:
*Se entiende por vocal corta la existencia deuna nica vocal (hot, thin), por el contrario,ntese que cheap tambin es un adjetivocalificativo monoslabo, sin embargo, estcompuesto por dos vocales.
Recuerde que, por ejemplo, cold o richtampoco duplican dicha consonante final ya quela consonante final est precedida de otraconsonante.
c) El resto de adjetivos de dos o msslabas forman el comparativo aadiendo"more" y el superlativo aadiendo "the most":
Examples:
SpanishPositive Comparative Superlative
terrible ms terrible el ms terrible
sensato ms sensato el ms sensato
cndido ms cndido el ms cndido
EnglishPositive Comparative Superlative
terrible more terrible the most terrible
sensible more sensible the most sensible
candid more candid the most candid
English Spanish
hot / hotter clido / ms clido
thin / thinner delgado / ms delgado
SpanishPositive Comparative Superlative
feliz ms feliz el ms felizsabio ms sabio el ms sabiofcil ms fcil el ms fcilfro ms fro el ms froamarillo ms amarillo el ms amarillo
EnglishPositive Comparative Superlative
happy happier happiestwise wiser wisesteasy easier easiestcold colder coldestyellow yellower yellowest
English Spanishthe good boy el nio buenoa slim girl una nia delgadathe bad cats los gatos malossome white flags algunas banderas blancas
G R A M M A R
-
4-38-
2.2.-INFERIORITY COMPARATIVES(GRADO DE INFERIORIDAD DEL ADJETIVO)
Para formar el grado de inferioridad deladjetivo ("menos + adjetivo, el /la /los /lasmenos + adjetivo") siempre se utiliza la forma"less" en el comparativo, y "the least" en elsuperlativo, antepuesto al adjetivo (ya sea unadjetivo de una o ms slabas):
Examples:
2.3.-EQUALITY COMPARATIVES(GRADO DE IGUALDAD DEL ADJETIVO)
La comparacin de igualdad en ingls se formacon "as + adjetivo en grado positivo +as" (tan +adjetivo + como) para las oraciones afirmativas.Para las oraciones negativas se emplea "so +adjetivo en grado positivo + as.
Examples:
* Ntese que en la segunda parte dela estructura comparativa la construccinshe is se puede sustituir por elpronombre personal her.
** Ntese que en la segunda parte dela estructura comparativa la construccinyou are se puede sustituir por elpronombre personal you.
Spanish
Joan es tan guapa como Mary, pero no es tanbuena como ella.
No soy tan perezoso como t.
English
Joan is as beautiful as Mary, but she is not so goodas she is/ as her. *
I am not so lazy as you are/ as you. **
SpanishPositive Comparative Superlative
terrible menos terrible el menos terrible
feliz menos feliz el menos feliz
EnglishPositive Comparative Superlative
terrible less terrible the least terrible
happy less happy the least happy
3.-IRREGULARFORMS OF THECOMPARATIVEANDSUPERLATIVE(FORMAS IRREGULARES DEL ADJETIVO COMPARATIVO Y SUPERLATIVO)
Varios adjetivos en ingls tienen la forma delcomparativo y superlativo irregulares, y/oderivadas de otras races.
4.-HOW TO MAKE COMPARISONS(FORMACIN DE COMPARACIONES)
Para realizar comparaciones entre dossustantivos en ingls se utiliza la siguienteestructura:
Examples:
Spanish
(T) eres ms fuerte que yo.
Mi hermana es ms alta que tu madre.
(T) lo quieres (a l) ms que yo, y menos que ella.
English
You are stronger than me.
My sister is taller than your mother.
You love him more than me, and less than her.
How to make comparisons
SUST + VERBO +adjetivo en
gradocomparativo
+ THAN + SUST
SpanishPositive Comparative Superlative
bueno mejor el ptimo
malo peor el psimo
pequeo menos el mnimo
viejo ms viejomayorel ms viejo
el mayor
EnglishPositive Comparative Superlative
good better the best
bad worse the worst
little less the least
old older/ elder the oldest/ eldest
-
4-39-
5.-THE ADVERB I(EL ADVERBIO I)
5.1.-WHERE TO PUT THE VERB(COLOCACIN DEL ADVERBIO)
A la hora de colocar los adverbios en inglshay que tener en cuenta una serie deconsideraciones:
a) si el verbo no tiene complemento, el adver-bio sigue inmediatamente al verbo;
b) si tiene complemento y ste es corto,puede intercalarse entre el verbo y el adverbio;
Examples:
Examples:
c) los adverbios de tiempo indefinido yalgunos de modo preceden generalmente alverbo;
Examples:
English Spanish
I always read the newspaper. Siempre leo el peridico.
He briefly told the news. (l) dijo las noticiasbrevemente.
English Spanish
I shall read your letter now. Leer su carta ahora.
Put your hat on, please. Pngase el sombrero, por favor.
English Spanish
He reads well. (l) lee bien.
She walks quickly. (Ella) anda deprisa.
d) sin embargo, los adverbios siguen al verbo"to be" y a los verbos anmalos;
Examples:
5.2.-ADVERBS CLASSIFICATION(CLASIFICACIN DE LOS ADVERBIOS)
Los adverbios en ingls segn su significadose dividen en:
Examples:
English Spanish
My sister is so nice! Mi hermana es tan simptica!
Your house is very far fromhere.
Tu casa est muy lejos deaqu.
SpanishPlace Time Manner Quantity
aqu pronto as slo
all tarde deprisa bastante
en antes ciertamente casi
fuera despus as mucho
cerca hasta
lejos pronto
EnglishPlace Time Manner Quantity
here early so only
there late quickly rather
in before certainly almost
out after thus much
near still
far soon
English Spanish
He is never in time. Nunca llega a tiempo.
I could hardly read it. Apenas pude leerlo.
-
4-40-
Nuria: Is that Teresa?Nuria: Es usted Teresa?
Alicia: Who's calling?Alicia: Quin llama?
Nuria: This is Nuria.Nuria: Soy Nuria.
Alicia: She isnt here at the moment.Do you want to leave a message?
Alicia: No se encuentra aqu en estos momentos.Quiere dejar un mensaje?
Nuria: Yes, please. Could you tell herthat I called?
Nuria: S, por favor. Podra decirle que lahe llamado?
Alicia: Does she have your phone number?Alicia: Tiene su nmero de telfono?
Yes, I think she does. Imgoing to give you my
number just in case. Do youhave a pen and a piece of
paper with you?My phone number is:
0-9-8-2-3-4-7-9-6
Thank youvery much
Nuria: Yes, I think she does. Im going togive you my number just in case.Do you have a pen and a piece ofpaper with you?
Nuria: S, creo que lo tiene. De todas manerasle voy a dar mi nmero de telfono.Tiene bolgrafo y papel?
Alicia: Yes, I do.Alicia: S.
Nuria: My phone number is: 0-9-8-2-3-4-7-9-6.Nuria: Mi nmero de telfono es: 098 23 47 96.
Alicia: OK, shell call you back later.Alicia: Vale, ya la llamar ella ms tarde.
Nuria: Thank you very much.Nuria: Muchas gracias.
Alicia: You are welcome.Alicia: De nada.
Is that Teresa?
This is Nuria
Yes, please. Couldyou tell her that I
called?
1.-ON THE PHONE(AL TELFONO)
D A I L Y S P E A K I N G
Whos calling?
She isnt here atmoment. Do youwant to leave a
message?
Does she have yourphone number?
Yes, I do
OK, shell call youback later
You are welcome
-
4-41-
1.-DAYS OF THE WEEK(DAS DE LA SEMANA)
2.-SEASONS OF THE YEAR(ESTACIONES DEL AO)
3.-MONTHS OF THE YEAR(MESES DEL AO)
English Spanish
January enero
February febrero
March marzo
April abril
May mayo
June junio
July julio
August agosto
September septiembre
October octubre
November noviembre
December diciembre
spring summer
autumn/ fall winter
English Spanish
Monday lunes
Tuesday martes
Wednesday mircoles
Thursday jueves
Friday viernes
Saturday sbado
Sunday domingo
C I V I L I A N V O C A B U L A R Y
En ingls, a diferencia de lo que ocurre enespaol, los das de la semana y los meses delao reciben el tratamiento que se da a losnombres propios, es decir, la inicial de cada unode ellos siempre aparece en mayscula:
Examples:
4.-DATES(FECHAS)
What is the date today?Whats the date today?
5.-CARDINAL NUMBERS III (101-2.000.000)(NMEROS CARDINALES III [101-2.000.000])
101 one hundred and one102 one hundred and two103 one hundred and three110 one hundred and ten125 one hundred and twenty-five130 one hundred and thirty
Today is theTodays the
(AmE)
January
the
first
of
2000
Febrary second 2001
March third 2002
April fourth 2003
... ... ...
Today is theTodays the
(BrE)
first
of
January
of
2000
second Febrary 2001
third March 2002
fourth April 2003
... ... ...
Spanish
El tercer da de la semana es mircoles.
El ltimo mes del ao es diciembre.
English
The third day of the week is Wednesday.
The last month of the year is December.
-
4-42-
145 one hundred and forty-five150 one hundred and fifty165 one hundred and sixty-five170 one hundred and seventy185 one hundred and eighty-five190 one hundred and ninety200 two hundred
1 000 one thousand1 100 one thousand and a hundred1 101 one thousand one hundred and one10 000 ten thousand100 000 one hundred thousand1 000 000 one million2 000 000 two million
Ntese que en ingls entre la decena y launidad (forty-five, cuarenta y cinco) no seemplea la conjuncin "and" (y) como ocurre enespaol. Tambin hay que tener en cuenta quedespus de million, "thousand" y "hundred"los nmeros inferiores a cien deben irprecedidos por la conjuncin "and" (1 304, "onethousand three hundred and four").
"Million", "thousand" y "hundred" soninvariables, es decir, aparecen siempre en singularaunque su traduccin en espaol pueda ser plural.Sin embargo, s que tienen forma de plural cuandose utilizan como sustantivos:
R E A D I N G C O M P R E H E N S I O N1.-HOLIDAYS(VACACIONES)
In Great Britain, Ireland and the United Statesof America there are quite a few importantholidays. Families get together to celebrate theseimportant holidays. The 25th of December isChristmas and the 31st of the same month NewYear's Eve. On St. Valentine's Day (14th ofFebruary) some men give roses and presents totheir girlfriends or wifes
In Ireland people celebrate St. Patrick's Day onthe 17th of March, for Irish people it is the biggestparty.
People don't work in bank holidays, Easter andMother's and Father's Day. The date of theseholidays changes every year. The most importantdates in Easter are: Festival of Passover, GoodFriday, Easter Day and Easter Monday.
In the United States of America peoplecelebrate the Independence Day on the 4th ofJuly and Thanksgiving Day in November.
2.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.(CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)
English Spanish
Are there many books here? Hay muchos libros aqu?
Yes, there are several hundreds. S, hay varios centenares.
Examples:
1) What do people celebrate on the 25th of
December?
2) What is the biggest party for Irish people?
3) What are the most important dates at Easter?
-
4-43-
M I L I T A R Y T E R M S
1.-WEAPONS, SPECIALITIES AND ASSIGNMENTS(ARMAS, ESPECIALIDADES Y DESTINOS)
English Spanish
light infantry infantera ligera
field artillery artillera de campaa
antiaircraft artillery artillera antiarea
cavalry caballera
engineers ingenieros
sappers zapadores
signals/ communications transmisiones
recognisance reconocimiento
logistics logstica
transportation transporte
electronic warfare guerra electrnica
army aviation FAMET (helicpteros del E.T.)
technical branch especialidad tcnica
maintenance team equipo de mantenimiento
supply unit unidad de abastecimiento
special operations operaciones especiales
parachutist paracaidista
Spanish Legion Legin Espaola
airborne operation operacin aerotransportada
combat diver buceador de combate
APC(Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier)
BMR(transporte de personal)
mechanised infantry infantera mecanizada
motorised unit unidad motorizada
armoured acorazado
military police polica militar
bugle corneta [objeto]
bugler corneta [persona]
vehicle vehculo
light infantry
field artillery
cavalry
engineers
communications
army aviation
APC
parachutists
vehicle
special operations
Spanish Legion
-
4-44-
M I L I T A R Y C O N V E R S A T I O N
Full Corporal: Whats your branch, Ramrez?Cabo Primero Cul es tu especialidad, Ramrez?
Corporal: Light Infantry, Sir. Im posted inthe 3rd Rifle Company.
Cabo: Infantera Ligera, mi Primero. Estoydestinado en la 3 Compaa de Fusiles.
Full Corporal: I need a driver for this recoverytruck.
Cabo Primero: Necesito un conductor para estecamin gra.
Corporal: Im sorry, Sir, I dont have thedriving license.
Cabo: Lo siento, mi Primero, no tengo elcarnet de conducir.
Full Corporal: Dont worry, Ill look for a driver inthe Headquarters Company.
Cabo Primero: No te preocupes, buscar a un conductoren la Compaa del Cuartel General.
Corporal: Certainly, I should apply for thedriving course.
Cabo: La verdad es que debera solicitar elcurso de conduccin.
Light Infantry, Sir.Im posted in the
3rd Rifle Company
E X E R C I S E S
1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USINGSUPERIORITY COMPARATIVES.
a) (tall) Peter is taller than John.
b) (happy) Sally is _____ than her sister.
c) (difficult) This exam is _____ than the previous one.
d) (good) My teacher is _____ than yours.
e) (easy) This exercise is _____ than last one.
f) (cheap) In this shop this book is _____.
g) (bad) This year my grades are _____ than theyear before.
h) (old) I am four years _____ than you.
2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING THESUPERLATIVE FORM OF THE ADJECTIVES.
a) (good) Only you is the best song in the historyof music.
b) (old) My ______ brother is already married.
c) (intelligent) William is the ______ person in his class.
d) (strong) Peter is the ______ person in thisbase.
e) (pretty) Sally is the ______ girl in this town.
f) (brilliant) Shakespeare is the ______ writer ofEnglish literature.
g) (rich) Bill Gates is the ______ on earth.
h) (thin) Anna is the ______ girl in her class.
i) hot) August is the ______ month of the year.
Whats yourbranch, Ramrez?
I need a driver forthis recovery truck
Im sorry, Sir, I donthave the driving license
Dont worry, Ill look for adriver in the
Headquarters Company
Certainly, I shouldapply for the driving
course
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4-45-
3) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USINGINFERIORITY COMPARATIVES.
a) (clever) Julian is less clever than you.
b) (happy) I am sure Judith is ______ than Mary.
c) (angry) This morning I am ______ than yesterday.
d) (beautiful) Pekin is ______ than Tokyo.
e) (blue) The sky in England is ______ than in Spain.
f) (cold) April is ______ than January.
g) (clear) Things seem to be ______ with this book.
h) (clean) Jodie is ________than Mary.
4) FILL THE BOXES WITH THE SUITABLE FORM OF THEFOLLOWING ADJECTIVES.
5) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH AN ADVERB.
a) (aqu) The prices here are very expensive.
b) (despus) We'll go to the party ______ the cinema.
c) (temprano) We have to get up ______ in themorning to go to work.
d) (casi) It is ______ two o'clock.
e) (lejos) Don't go too ______! We are havinglunch in half an hour.
f) (fuera) There were lots of people ______ of the building!
g) (tarde) Last night I went to bed very ______.
Positive Comparative Superlative
hot hotter hottest
good
least
older
beautiful
worst
green greenest
dirtier
small
6) FILL EACH OF THE BOXES OF COLUMN B BYINSERTING THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS. ANSWERTHE QUESTIONS ACCORDING TO THE INFORMATIONSHOWN IN COLUMN C.
a) When is Peter's wedding?a) Peters wedding is in September.
b) When is your birthday? b) ____________________________.
c) When is Julian's birthday?c) ____________________________.
d) When does Spring begin? d) ____________________________.
e) When is William's interview?e) ____________________________.
f) When does summer begin? f) ____________________________.
g) When are Sally's holidays?g) ____________________________.
A B C
1st month of the year January
5th month of the year William's interview
11th month of the year
3rd month of the year Spring begins
8th month of the year
4th month of the year Sally's holidays
2nd month of the year
6th month of the year Summer begins
9th month of the year Peter's wedding
12th month of the year
10th month of the year
7th month of the year Julian's birthday
-
4-46-
7) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING BOXES WITH THE CORRESPONDING NAME OFMONTH AND/OR SEASON.
8) MATCH WORDS 1) TO 10) WITH WORDS A) TO J).
English terms Spanish terms
1) technical branch a) equipo de mantenimiento
2) APC (Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier) b) Logstica
3) maintenance team c) operaciones especiales
4) cavalry d) unidad motorizada
5) special operations e) FAMET (helicpteros del ET)
6) parachutist f) especialidad tcnica
7) logistics g) acorazado
8) motorised unit h) caballera
9) armoured i) transporte de personal (BMR)
10) army aviation j) paracaidista
SPRINGMarch
September
November
SUMMERJune
December
-
5UNIT 5UNIT 5
-47-
G R A M M A R
1.-THE ADVERB II(EL ADVERBIO II)
1.1.--LY ENDING ADVERBS(ADVERBIOS TERMINADOS EN -LY)
La mayor parte de los adverbios de modo yde cantidad derivan de los adjetivoscalificativos y participios pasados. La mayorade estos adverbios terminan en -ly,equivalente a la terminacin espaola -mente.Para formar adverbios, se aade -y a losadjetivos que terminan en -ll; los adjetivos queterminan en -le cambian la e por una y, ascomo los que terminan en -ue pierden la eantes de tomar la terminacin -ly.
Sin embargo hay adjetivos que no tienen quesufrir modificacin alguna para funcionar comoadverbios:
Examples:
*Ntese que el adverbio hard, parareferirse a duramente no aade la terminacin-ly, ya que cambiara su significado por el deapenas.
2.-ADVERB DEGREES(GRADOS DEL ADVERBIO)
Los adverbios en ingls, al igual que losadjetivos calificativos, admiten los grados decomparacin. Los monoslabos y algunosbislabos forman el comparativo aadiendo laterminacin -er, y el superlativo, aadiendo laterminacin -est.
Los polislabos, categora donde se incluyencasi todos los adverbios terminados en -ly,forman el comparativo anteponiendo eladverbio de cantidad more al adverbiocomparado y colocando inmediatamentedespus de ste la conjuncin than. El gradosuperlativo se consigue anteponiendo themost al adverbio.
Examples:
English
I believe most honestly and strongly that...
Spanish
Creo de la manera ms honesta y firme que...
English
He works harder than Mary.
Spanish
Trabaja ms duro que Mary.
English
Yesterday I ate sooner than last week.
Spanish
Ayer com ms temprano que la semana pasada.
English Spanish
proud/ proudly orgulloso/ orgullosamente
full/ fully completo/ completamente
noble/ nobly noble/ noblemente
true/ truly verdad/ verdaderamente
friendly/ friendly amistoso/ amistosamente
daily/ daily diario/ diariamente
hard/ hard* duro/ duramente
-
5-48-
3.-IRREGULAR FORMS(FORMAS IRREGULARES)
Algunos adverbios forman el comparativo yel superlativo de manera irregular:
Examples:
Ntese que far puede ser tanto adjetivocalificativo como adverbio. En el primersupuesto (adjetivo), forma el comparativo enfarther y el superlativo en farthest. En elsegundo supuesto (adverbio), forma elcomparativo y superlativo como se muestra enlos ejemplos.
4.-ADVERBIAL PHRASES(LOCUCIONES ADVERBIALES)
Algunas de las locuciones adverbiales mscomunes en ingls son:
English Spanish
last night anoche, ayer noche
at nightin the night
por la nochede noche
a week ago hace una semana
two days ago hace dos das
in the day timeby day
de dadurante el da
at noon a mediodaal medioda
English Spanish
this
morning esta maana
afternoon esta tarde
evening esta noche
in the
morning por la maana
afternoon por la tarde
evening por la noche
tomorrow
morning maana por la maana
afternoon maana por la tarde
evening maana por la noche
yesterday
morning ayer por la maana
afternoon ayer por la tarde
evening ayer por la noche
ADVERB DEGREES (IRREGULAR)Spanish
Positive Comparative Superlative
bien mejor lo mejorptimamente
mal peor lo peorpsimamente
poco menos lo menoslo mnimo
mucho ms lo mslo mximo
lejos ms lejos lo ms lejos
ADVERB DEGREES (IRREGULAR)English
Positive Comparative Superlative
well better the best
badly worse the worst
little less the least
much more the most
far further the furthest
ADVERB DEGREESSpanish
Positive Comparative Superlative
prudentemente msprudentementelo msprudentemente
fcilmente ms fcilmente lo msfcilmente
tarde ms tarde lo ms tarde
cerca ms cerca lo ms cerca
ADVERB DEGREESEnglish
Positive Comparative Superlative
wisely more wisely the most wisely
easily more easily the most easily
late later the latest
near nearer the nearest
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5
D A I L Y S P E A K I N G
Travel agent: Good morning! Can I help you?Agente: Buenos das! Puedo ayudarle?Customer: Yes, please. Id like to know if
there are any seats on the firstplane tomorrow to London.
Cliente: S, por favor. Me gustara saber sihay alguna plaza en el primer avinde maana a Londres.
Travel agent: Let me check on the computer, thereare seats available. Would you likesmoking or non-smoking?
Agente: Djeme comprobarlo en el ordenador,hay plazas disponibles. Prefierefumador o no fumador?
Customer: I prefer non-smoking and, if itspossible, a window.
Cliente: Prefiero no fumador, y, si es posible,ventana.
Travel agent: Im afraid there are no windowsavailable.
Agente: Me temo que no hay ventanas disponibles.Customer: OK, an aisle will do.Cliente: Bueno, me conformar con el pasillo.
Travel agent: Can you give me your forenameand surname?
Agente: Me puede dar su nombre y apellido?Customer: Teresa Smith. At what time does
the plane leave?Cliente: Teresa Smith. A qu hora sale el
avin?Travel agent: At nine a.m., but you should be at the
airport at least one hour before take-off.Agente: Alas nueve de la maana, pero tiene que
estar en el aeropuerto al menos una horaantes del despegue.
Customer: Thank you very much.Cliente: Muchas gracias.Travel agent: You are welcome.Agente: De nada.
Customer: Is there still a long way to go?Cliente: Falta mucho para llegar?
Air hostess: No, just ten minutes. Are you feeling OK?Azafata: No, tan slo diez minutos. Se siente bien?
Customer: Im feeling a bit sick.Cliente: Me siento un poco mareado.
Air hostess: Do you want a sick bag?Azafata: Quiere una bolsa para el mareo?
Customer: No, thank you.Cliente: No, gracias.
Air hostess: The plane is landing now, you willfeel better in a few minutes.
Azafata: El avin esta aterrizando ahora, sesentir mejor en unos minutos.
2..-ON THE PLANE(EN EL AVIN)
1.-AT THE TRAVEL AGENCY(EN LA AGENCIA DE VIAJES)
Good morning!Can I help you?
Yes, please. Id like toknow if there are any
seats on the first planetomorrow to London
Let me check on the computer,there are seats available. Would
you like smoking or non smoking?
I prefer non-smoking and,if its possible, a window
Im afraid there are nowindows available
OK, an aisle will do
Can you give me yourforename and surname? Teresa Smith. At whattime does the plane
leave?
At nine a.m., but you shouldbe at the airport at least one
hour before take-off
Thank you very much
You are welcome
Is there still a longway to go? No, just ten minutes.Are you feeling OK?
Im feeling a bit sick Do you want asick bag?
No, thank you The plane is landing now,you will feel better in a
few minutes
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2.-WEATHER PHENOMENA AND NATURAL CATASTROPHES(FENMENOS METEOROLGICOS Y CATSTROFES NATURALES)
English Spanish
What is the weather like? qu tiempo hace?
rain lluvia
snow nieve
fog niebla
storm tormenta
wind viento
cloud nube
sun sol
tornado tornado
hurricane huracn
drought sequa
seaquake maremoto
earthquake terremoto
fire incendio
C I V I L I A N V O C A B U L A R Y
happy sad angry
English Spanishhappy contentosad tristetired cansadoexhausted exhaustohungry hambrientothirsty sedientoawake despiertoasleep dormidonervous nerviososurprised sorprendidointerested interesadoangry enfadadoscared asustadorelaxed relajadocalm calmadoterrified aterrorizado
1.-MOODS(ESTADOS DE NIMO)
nervous scared surprised
snowy
cloudy
English Spanish
He makes me feel happy when Im sad. (l) me hace feliz cuando estoy triste.
Im usually nervous before an exam. Normalmente me pongo nervioso antes de un examen.
She gets scared when she sees a big dog. (Ella) se asusta cuando ve un perro grande.
Examples:
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5R E A D I N G C O M P R E H E N S I O N1.-EL NIO AND LA NIA(EL NIO Y LA NIA)
El Nio takes place in 1997-98. Peruvianfishermen call this phenomenon El Nio -theSpanish name for Christ child- because theseeffects on the Pacific Ocean occur aroundChristmas.
It is considered* extremely severe when itcauses drought in one country and rampantfloodings, in another.
Other phenomena** observed with El Niosappearance include forest fires in Indonesia. Thesefires create a cloud of smoke that chokes 20 millionpeople and affect Southeast Asian cities. InAustralia it causes droughts and bush fires.
In the late 1998, an episode of La Nia -acooling of those same tropical Pacific waters-changes the weather conditions. Opposite toEl Nio, droughts occur in areas drenched byEl Nio***.
Climate historians speculate that manysignificant events are linked**** to El Nio.
* Se considera.** Phenomena es la forma de plural de phenomenon.*** En zonas inundadas por El Nio.**** Estn relacionados.
2.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.(CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)
English Spanish
rain lloversnow nevarfreeze helarshine brillarits rainy/ its raining est lluvioso/ lloviendoit rains llueveits snowy/ its snowing est nevado/ nevandoit snows nievaits foggy hay nieblaits stormy hay tormentaits windy hace vientoits cloudy est nubladoits frozen/ freezing est helado/ helandoits sunny hace solits cold hace froits hot hace calor
foggy
freezing
English SpanishWhen it rains I always bring my umbrella. Cuando llueve siempre llevo mi paraguas.Lots of people died in the earthquake. Mucha gente muri en el terremoto.
Examples:
1) Why do Peruvian fishermen call thisphenomenon El Nio?
2) What are the consequences of forest fires?
3) What is the name of the oppositephenomenon to El Nio?
4) What does La Nia consist of?
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M I L I T A R Y C O N V E R S A T I O N
1.-THE UNIFORM(EL UNIFORME)
M I L I T A R Y T E R M S
English Spanishgarrison cap gorra cuarteleraservice cap gorra (tb gorro) de bonitotab hombrerabadge parche, emblemafatigue uniform uniforme de faenaboots botascombat harness correaje de combatebelt cinturnbuckle hebilla del cinturndress uniform uniforme de paseohelmet cascoberet boinaholster pistolerachinstrap barbuquejoflak jacket chaleco antifragmentacinmat esterillacombat pack mochila de combatecompass brjulamagazine pouch cartuchera del correajecanteen cantimploraponcho ponchoname tag tirilla del nombreoverall monojumper jerseyfield jacket
chaquetnparka
Private: These boots are very big for me.Soldado: Estas botas son muy grandes para m.
Private: Tell the Full Corporal about it, hellchange them for you.
Soldado: Dselo al Cabo Primero, te las cambiar.
Private: Whats your size?Soldado: Qu nmero calzas?
Private: Normally, 8 .Soldado: Normalmente, el 42.
Private: I need a size 10. Im going to tell theFull Corporal about it.
Soldado: Necesito el nmero 44. Voy a decrselo alCabo Primero.
Private: Thats OK, he may solve yourproblem.
Soldado: Muy bien, el Cabo Primero te puedesolucionar el problema.
These boots arevery big for me
Tell the Full Corporalabout it, hell change
them for you
Whats yoursize?
Normally,8 1/2
I need a size 10. Imgoing to tell the Full
Corporal about it
Thats OK,He may solveyour problem
beret
canteen
tabs
garrison cap
combat pack
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5
E X E R C I S E S
1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTINGTHE SUITABLE ADVERB IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEADJECTIVES IN BRACKETS.
a) (unfortunate) Unfortunately this year we donthave holidays.
b) (former) Do you know him ______?c) (frequent) Lebanon is more ______
associated with civil war.d) (perfect) I understand the book ______ well.e) (cheap) The trip is done ______.f) (easy) These exercises are ______ done.g) (serious) I am ______ telling you that you
must stay here.h) (real) He is ______ a good doctor.
2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING THECOMPARATIVE FORM OF THE ADVERBS IN BRACKETS.
a) (far) I went as far as the house, not further.
b) (late) Six years ______ he got married.
c) (long) Today the palace is no ______ a royalinstitution.
d) (near) Madrid is ______ Barcelona than London.
e) (wise) Nowadays things are done ______ thanyears before.
f) (well) Today she is well but tomorrow shewill be ______.
g) (little) No ______ than 50 people came to the party.
3) FILL THE BOX BY INSERTING THE SUITABLE FORMSOF THE FOLLOWING ADVERBS.
Positive Comparative Superlative
a) late later latest
b) far
c) recently
d) near
e) well
f) easily
g) little
h) badly
i) early
j) soon
4) MATCH WORDS 1) TO 9) WITH WORDS A) TO I).
English terms Spanish terms
1) in the morning(s) / afternoon/ evening a) ayer noche / anoche
2) this morning / afternoon / evening b) ayer por la maana / tarde / noche
3) yesterday morning / afternoon / evening c) a /al medioda
4) tomorrow morning / afternoon / evening d) de da / durante el da
5) last night e) esta maana / tarde / noche
6) in the night / at night f) por la(s) maana(s) / tarde / noche
7) a week ago / last week g) por la noche
8) in the day time / by day h) maana por la maana / tarde / noche
9) at noon i) hace una semana
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5-54-
5) FILL THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING THETRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH OF THE ADVERBS INBRACKETS.
a) (ayer noche) I could not sleep last night.
b) (esta maana) _______ I got up at 8 oclock.
c) (medioda) In Gr