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Curs 14: GLANDELE ENDOCRINE
Dr. Gabriela Turcu
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Sistemul endocrin = glande care elimina produsii de secretie direct in sange → vascularizatie foarte bogata → captarea hormonilor
hipofiza epifiza tiroida
Glande paratoiroideleendocrine timusul
suprarenalele pancreasul ovarele si testiculele
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Hipofiza = glanda pituitara → saua turceasca
Este formata din trei lobianterior tesut epitelial glandularintermediar posterior → tesut nervos (hipotalamusul)
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Lobul anterior → adenohipofiza Somatotropul (STH) = hormonul de crestere
in copilarie stimuleaza cresterea oaselor lungi si a masei muscularehiposecretia → nanism hipofizar (piticism): talie mica si dezvoltare psihica
normalahipersecretia → gigantism (cu dezvoltare psihica deficitara)hipersecretia la adult duce → acromegalie (cresterea exagerata a
extremitatilor si a organelor interne)
Tirotropina (TSH) → stimuleaza secretia glandei tiroide
Corticotropina (ACTH) → controleaza secretia glandei corticosuprarenale
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Gonadotropinele (FSH si LH) → regleaza activitatea gonadelorFSH → controleaza maturatia foliculara si secretia de estrogeniLH →provoaca ovulatia si controleaza secretia de progesteron la barbat, LH stimuleaza spermatogeneza
Prolactina dezvoltarea glandelor mamare mentine secretia lactata (hormonul va avea un nivel crescut in perioada
graviditatii)
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Lobul intermediar Hormonul melanocitostimulator (MSH) → stimuleaza melanogeneza
(formarea de pigment – melanina, ce coloreaza pielea)
Lobul posterior = neurohipofiza Hormonul antidiuretic (ADH) - pastreaza apa in organism prin
scaderea eliminarilor renale in exces → cresterea tensiunii arteriale (=vasopresina)scaderea secretiei → diabetul insipid: poliurie (5-10-20 litri/zi) si
polidipsie (sete intensa) Ocitocina
secretia glandelor mamare contractia musculaturii uterine (in timpul nasterii secretia este maxima)
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Epifiza = glanda pineala legata de epitalamus
Melatonina → inducerea , mentinerea si eficienta somnuluiin cantitate mai mare la intuneric si foarte putina atunci cind ochii
vad lumina
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in partea anterioara a gitului are doi lobi laterali, uniti printr-o portiune numita istm tiroxina si triiodotiroxina → cresc consumul de oxigen, cu efect
calorigen; stimuleaza catabolismul proteinelor, scad rezervele adipoase, produc iritabilitate , neliniste
Hipersecretia → scaderea in greutate, nervozitate , hiperfagie, intoleranta la caldura, piele calda si umeda = boala Basedow-Graves (gusa exoftalmica – gusa marita si lobii oculari proeminenti).
Hiposecretia → in copilarie = cretinism gusogen (dezvoltare fizica si psihica deficitara, piele uscata si ingrosata , deformatiii osoase)
→ la adult = mixedem (crestere in greutate, piele uscata , senzatie permanenta de frig, reactii intarziate)
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Tiroida
Cretinism gusogen
Basedow - Graves
Mixedem
Glande paratiroide
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pe fata posterioara a lobilor tioidieni (doua superior si doua inferior)
Parathormonul → creste calcemia si scade fosfatemia, fiind in strinsa legatura cu vitamina DHiposecretia → tetanie (cu spasme ale musculaturii striate si
netede)Hiperfunctia → demineralizari osoase dureroase, cu deformari si
fracturi , cresterea calcemiei prin eliberarea calciului din oase si depuneri fosfocalcice in tesuturile moi, formarea de calculi urinari
Calcitonina → hormonul antagonist (scade calcemia)
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situat inapoia sternului dezvoltat la maxim in copilarie, dupa pubertate involueaza, dar nu
dispare complet. maduva osoasa → timocite → timus → maturare → limfocite T →
ganglionii limfatici si splina → imunitatea organismului
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celulele endocrine din insulele Langerhans Insulina → creste consumul de glucoza de catre tesuturi:
stimularea glicogenogenezei si lipogenezei → hipoglicemieHiposecretia → diabet zaharat (hiperglicemie , poliurie, polidipsie,
polifagie cu scadere in greutate)Hipersecretia → hipoglicemie: alterarea functiei sistemului nervos
(foarte sensibil la lipsa glucozei), pina la starea de coma Glucagonul → stimuleaza glicogenoliza si gluconeogeneza →
hiperglicemie
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situate la polul superior al rinichilorCorticosuprarenala = tesut glandular
Aldosteronul → actioneaza la nivelul tubilor uriniferi → mareste reabsorbtia apei si natriului
Cortizolul → creste filtrarea glomerulara, stimuleaza eliminarea apei, creste glicemia, creste numarul elementelor figurate ale sangelui
Medulosuprarernala Adrenalina si Noradrenalina → efecte similare cu ale stimularii
simpaticului: creste forta si frecventa contractiilor inimii, relaxeaza bronhiile si tractul digestiv, contracta sfincterele digestive; creste glicemia, produce anxietate, frica, stare de alerta
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