Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor
-
Upload
andreea-diana-ghita -
Category
Documents
-
view
28 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor
![Page 1: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Curs 1
Evolutia celulelor
Gabriela Oprisan
![Page 2: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Bacterii
Celule din sangele uman Celule vegetaleCelule din derm
![Page 4: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
2005-2006
Teoria celulara
• Toate organismele sunt alcatuite din celule • Toate celulele provin din celule preexistente
![Page 5: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Unitatea in diversitate a vietuitoarelor
• ADN = limbaj genetic universal • Celulele reprezinta unitatile structurale si
functionale de baza
![Page 6: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
2005-2006
Activitatile vitale• Majoritatea functiilor organismului pot
avea loc la nivel celular…– Reproducerea– Cresterea si dezvoltarea– Utilizarea energiei– Raspuns la stimulii din mediu– Homeostazie
![Page 7: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Microscop– optic– electronic– electronic cu transmisie
(TEM) – electronic cu scanare
(SEM)
Instrumente pentru studiul celulelor
![Page 8: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
2005-2006
SEM imagesgrasshopper
![Page 9: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Caracteristicile celulelor• Toate celulele:– Sunt inconjurate de o membrana plamatica– Contin citosolul • Substanta semifluida delimitata de membrana• citoplasma = citosolul + organite
– Contin cromozomii – informatia genetica (ADN)– Contin ribozomii – implicati in sinteza
proteinelor
![Page 10: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Tipuri de celule
Celula procariota• ADN se gaseste in
nucleoid, formatiune care nu este inconjurata de o membrana
Celula eucariota• Cromozomii sunt
localizati in nucleu, inconjurat de membrana nucleara
Celule procariote vs. celule eucariote In functie de localizarea cromozomilor
![Page 11: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Procariote versus Eucariote
• Procariote • Eucariote
![Page 12: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Celula procariota - Bacterii
![Page 13: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Celulele Eucariote• Celule mai complexe decit celulele
procariote– in citoplasma exista organite inconjurate de
membrane– Organitele au structuri si functii specializate
• Celulele eucariote pot avea dimensiuni mai mari decit celulele procariote
![Page 14: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
2005-2006
![Page 15: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
2005-2006
![Page 16: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
VIRUSURILE -> NU sunt organisme vii -> Paraziti
-> Contin ADN sau ARN-> Contin ADN sau ARN
-> Capsida proteica-> Capsida proteica
-> Invelis lipidic la unele virusuri-> Invelis lipidic la unele virusuri
-> Se replica numai cind se afla intr-o celula--> Se replica numai cind se afla intr-o celula-gazdagazda
-> Nu au structura celulara-> Nu au structura celulara
![Page 18: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
1. Pamintul s-a format acum ~4,5 miliarde ani 2. Dupa ~500 milioane ani s-a format scoarta terestra 3. Cele mai vechi fosile de microorganisme au aparut acum 3,5 miliarde ani incastrate in roci din vestul Australiei
![Page 19: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Obiecte microscopice identificate in structura unui meteorit gasit in Antarctica, provenit de pe planeta Marte. (Archaeobacteria like?)
![Page 20: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
ProtozoareProtozoare
EuglenaEuglena
AmoebaAmoeba
ParameciumParamecium
![Page 21: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
2005-2006
Limits to cell size• Lower limit– smallest bacteria, mycoplasmas
• 0.1 to 1.0 micron (µm = micrometer)
– most bacteria• 1-10 microns
• Upper limit – eukaryotic cells
• 10-100 microns
• micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter• diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
![Page 22: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
2005-2006
Limite in dimensiunile celulelor
• Din considerente metabolice marimea celulei este limitata
• Celulele supradimensionate nu au un metabolism suficient de rapid pentru a supravietui
CHO
CHO aa
aa
CH
CO2
NH3 O2
aa
aa
O2
CHOaa
CH
O2
aa
CHO
CH
aa
O2
CO2
NH3
NH3
CO2
CO2
NH3
CH O2
![Page 23: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
2005-2006
Solutia?• Sa devina organisme multi-celulare (prin
diviziunea celulara)
O2
CHO
CHO
aa
aa
CH
CO2
NH3aa
O2
CH
aa
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2 CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
NH3
NH3 NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3NH3
O2
aa
CH
aa
CHO
O2
![Page 24: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
2005-2006. Four closely related genera of green algae, showing a progression from unicellularto colonial and multicellular organization. (Courtesy of David Kirk.)
![Page 25: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/endosymbiosis_03
Endosimbioza Aparitia celulelor eucariote
![Page 26: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
2005-2006
Membrana celulara
• Organit care permite fluxul intre exteriorul celulei si interior– Membrana plasmatica –bariera selectiva• Permite trecerea O2, a nutrientilor si eliminarea
deseurilor de metabolism
![Page 27: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
2005-2006
Organitele si membranele interne
• Celula eucariota– Membrane interne• Compartimentalizarea celulei• Creeaza medii interne diferite cu functii diferite• Membranele diferitelor compartimente
– Structuri diferite – Functii diferite
![Page 28: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
2005-2006
![Page 29: Curs 1_Evolutia Celulelor](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042514/55cf9a9c550346d033a291ce/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
2005-2006