CURS 06 - Clasicism Baroc Tarziu NeoClasicism Romantic Sf Arh Clasice
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Transcript of CURS 06 - Clasicism Baroc Tarziu NeoClasicism Romantic Sf Arh Clasice
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Oraul baroc
"Cetatea ideal
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Sbastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de Vauban and later
Marquis de Vauban (May 15, 1633March 30, 1707),
commonly referred to as Vauban, was a Marshal of
France and the foremost military engineer of his age,
famed for his skill in both designing fortifications and inbreaking through them. He also advised Louis XIV on
how to consolidate France's borders, to make them
more defensible. Vauban made a radical suggestion of
giving up some land that was indefensible to allow for a
stronger, less porous border with France's neighbours.
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The palais du Louvre in Paris, on the Right Bank of the
Seine is a former royal palace, situated between the
Tuileries Gardens and the church of Saint-Germain
l'Auxerrois. Its origins date back to the medieval period
and its present structure has evolved in stages since
the sixteenth century.
The Louvrewhich gets its name from a Frankish word
leovar or leower, signifying a fortified place, according
to the French historian Henri Sauval (1623-1676)was
the actual seat of power in France until Louis XIV
moved to Versailles in 1682, bringing the government
perforce with him; the Louvre remained the formal seatof government to the end of the Ancien Rgime.
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Medieval period
The Palais du Louvre was
originally constructed as a
fortress, and was built in
1190 by King PhilippeAuguste, along with the
City's first enclosure wall,
to defend the banks of the
Seine river against
invaders from the north.[1]
The fortress had at itscenter a cylindrical tower:
the Donjon, or the Keep.
Archaeological discoveries
of the original fortress are
part of the Medieval Louvre
exhibit in the Sully wing of
the museum.
The Louvre was renovated
frequently through the
Middle Ages.
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In 1358 Charles V began to
enlarge the Louvre and in 1546,
Francis I employed architect
Pierre Lescot and sculptor Jean
Goujon to remove the keep andmodernize into a Renaissance
style palace. Lescot added a
ceiling to King Henry II's bedroom
(Pavillon du Roi) that departed
from the traditional beamed style,
and installed the Salle desCaryatides, which featured
sculpted caryatids based on
Greek and Roman works. Art
historian Anthony Blunt refers to
Lescot's work "as a form of
French classicism, having its ownprinciples and its own harmony.
Francis acquired what would
become the nucleus of the
Louvre's holdings; his acquisitions
included Leonardo da Vinci's
Mona Lisa.
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During his reign (1589-1610), Henry IV added the
Grande Galerie. More than a quarter of a mile
long and one hundred feet wide, this huge
addition was built along the bank of the Seine; at
the time of its completion it was the longest
building of its kind in the world. Henry IV, a
promoter of the arts, invited hundreds of artistsand craftsmen to live and work on the building's
lower floors. This tradition continued for another
200 years until Napoleon III ended it. Catherine
de Medici then took over the restoration of the
palace, starting with the creation of the Palais des
Tuileries. This was started in 1564, one year after
the purchase of the land. Philibert Delorme beganthe project, and was replaced after his death in
1570 by Jean Bullant.
In the early 17th century, Louis XIII razed the
north wing of the medieval Louvre and replaced it
with a continuation of the Lescot wing. His
architect, Jacques Lemercier, designed and
constructed what is today known as the Pavillionde lHorloge. The Richelieu Wing was also built by
Louis XIII, the building first being opened to the
public as a museum on November 8, 1793 during
the French Revolution.[1] Louis XIII (1610-1643)
completed the wing now called the Denon Wing,
which had been started by Catherine de Medici in
1560. Today it has been renovated, as a part ofthe Grand Louvre Renovation Programme.
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In 1594, King Henry IV began his "Grand Design" to remove remnants of the medieval fortress, to increase the Cour Carre's area,
and to create a link between the Palais des Tuileries and the Louvre. The link was completed via the Grande Galerie by architects
Jacques Androuet de Cerceau and Louis Mtezeau.[8] By 1639, classical architect Lemercier had finished the structure known as the
Pavillon de l'Horloge, after a clock was added in 1857.[8] In 1659, Louis XIV instigated a phase of construction under architects Le
Vau and Andr Le Ntre, and painter Charles Le Brun.[8][9] Le Vau oversaw the decoration of the Pavillon du Roi, the Grand Cabinet
du Roi, a new gallery to parallel the Petite Gallerie, and a chapel. Le Ntre redesigned the Tuileries garden in the French style, which
had been created in 1564 by Catherine de' Medici in the Italian style; and Le Brun decorated of the Galerie d'Apollon. A committee of
architects proposed on Perrault's Colonnade; the edifice was begun in 1668 but not f inished until the 19th century.[8][10]
Commissioned by Louis XIV, architect Claude Perrault's eastern wing (1665-1680), crowned by an uncompromising Italian balustrade
along its distinctly non-French flat roof, was a ground-breaking departure in French architecture. His severe design was chosen over
a design provided by the great Italian architect Bernini, who had journeyed to Paris specifically to work on the Louvre. Perrault had
translated the Roman architect Vitruvius into French. Now Perrault's rhythmical paired columns form a shadowed colonnade with a
central pedimented triumphal arch entrance raised on a high, rather defensive basement, in a restrained classicizing baroque manner
that has provided models for grand edifices in Europe and America for centuries. The Metropolitan Museum in New York, for oneexample, reflects Perrault's Louvre design. In 1678 the royal residence moved to Versaille and the Palais du Louvre became an art
gallery.
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The palace originally was the home of Cardinal
Richelieu. He hired the architect Jacques
Lemercier to design it. It was completed in 1624.
During the lifetime of the cardinal, the palace was
known as the Palais Cardinal. Upon his death in
1642, Richelieu bequeathed his lavish residenceto the French Crown. After Louis XIII died, it
became the home of the Queen-Mother, Anne of
Austria, her advisor, Cardinal Mazarin, and her
young sons, King Louis XIV and Philippe, duc
d'Anjou. During the Fronde, the royal family fled
there for safety
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The Chteau de Vaux-le-Vicomte is a classical French chateau located in
Maincy, near Melun, 55 km southeast of Paris in the Seine-et-Marne
dpartement of France. It was built from 1658 to 1661 for Nicolas Fouquet,
Marquis de Belle-Isle (Belle-Ile-en-Mer), Viscount of Melun and Vaux, the
superintendent of finances of Louis XIV.Vaux-le-Vicomte was in many ways the most influential work built in Europe
in the mid-17th century, the finest house in France built after the Chteau de
Maisons. Here, the architect Louis Le Vau, the landscape architect Andr le
Ntre, and the painter-decorator Charles Le Brunworked together on a
large-scale project for the first time. Their collaboration marked the
beginning of a new order: the magnificent manner that is associated with the
"Louis XIV style" involving a system of collective work, which could be
applied to the structure, its interiors and works of art and the creation of an
entire landscape. Vaux-le-Vicomte is one of Europe's finest constructions of
its kind.
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Triumfal se deschid porile clasicismului n cultur, Nota modei
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Triumfal se deschid porile clasicismului n cultur,
arhitectur i peisagistic.Nota ode
o d curtea
de la
Versailles.
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The French Revolution (c. 17891799) was a period of political and social upheaval in the history ofFrance, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges
for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on Enlightenment principles of
nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights.
These changes were accompanied by violent turmoil, including the trial and execution of the king,
vast bloodshed and repression during the Reign of Terror, and warfare involving every other major European
power. Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars, two separate
restorations of the monarchy, and two additional revolutions as modern France took shape.
In the following century, France would be governed variously as a republic, dictatorship,constitutional monarchy, and two different empires.
Jules Hardouin-Mansart (Paris April 16 1646 Marly-le-Roi
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Jules Hardouin Mansart (Paris, April 16, 1646 Marly le Roi,
France, May 11, 1708) was a French architect whose work is
generally considered to be the apex of French Baroque
architecture, representing the power and grandeur of Louis XIV.
Mansart, as he is generally known, was one of the most
important European architects of the seventeenth century.
Born Jules Hardouin, he studied under his renowned great-uncleFranois Mansart, one of the originators of the classical tradition
in French architecture; Hardouin inherited Mansart's collection of
plans and drawings and adopted his well-regarded name. He
also learned from Libral Bruant, architect of the royal veteran's
hospital in Paris known as Les Invalides. Hardouin-Mansart
served as Louis XIV's chief architect, first enlarging the royal
chteau of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, then at Versailles from 1675.He became the surintendant des Btiments du Roi
(Superintendent of royal works). He designed all the extensions
and rebuildings at Versailles for the King, including the north and
south wings, the Royal Chapel (with Robert de Cotte, 1710), and
the celebrated Hall of Mirrors decorated by Charles Le Brun his
collaborator. Outside the chateau proper he built the Grand
Trianon and the Orangerie, as well as subsidiary royal dwellings
not far away, such as Marly (begun 1679).
Among his other best-known worksall in Parisare the Pont-
Royal; the Church of Saint-Roch; the great domed royal chapel
Eglise du Dome dedicated to Saint Louis at Les Invalides
(designed in 1680); the Place des Victoires (168486) followed
by the Place Vendme (1690). Most of these works still set their
stamp on the character of Paris and can be seen by a modern-day tourist.
Barocul tarziu
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Mansart used the mansard roof, named for his great-uncle, at the chteau of Dampiere-en-Yvelines,
built for the duc de Chevreuse, Colbert's son-in-law, a patron at the center of Louis XIV's court.
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Les Invalides, Paris: Jules
Hardouin-Mansart, 1676.
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Malta
Valletta, the capital
city of Malta, was laid
out in 1566 to fortify
the Knights of
Rhodes, who hadtaken over the island
when they were
driven from Rhodes
by Islamic armies.
The city, designed by
Francesco Laparelli
on a grid plan, and
built up over the next
century, remains aparticularly coherent
example of Baroque
urbanism. Its massive
fortifications, which
were considered state
of the art, until the
modern age, are also
largely intact. Valletta
became a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site in
1980.
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Netherlands
There is little Baroque
about Dutch
architecture of the
17th century. The
architecture of thefirst republic in
Northern Europe was
meant to reflect
democratic values by
quoting extensively
from classical
antiquity. Like
contemporary
developments inEngland, Dutch
Palladianism is
marked by sobriety
and restraint. Two
leading architects,
Jacob van Campen
and Pieter Post, used
such eclectic
elements as giant-order pilasters, gable
roofs, central
pediments, and
vigorous steeples in a
coherent combination
that anticipated
Wren's Classicism.
Belgia
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Belgia
Baroque Architecture in the Southern Netherlands
developed rather differently than in the Protestant North.
After the Twelve Years' Truce the Southern Netherlands
remained in Catholic hands, ruled by the Spanish
Habsburg Kings. Important architectural projects were set
up in the spirit of the Counter Reformation. Flemish
architects such as Wenceslas Cobergher were trained in
Italy and their works were inspired by architects such as
Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola and Giacomo della Porta.
Cobergher's most major project was the Basilica of Our
Lady of Scherpenheuvel which he designed as the center
of a new town in a the form of a heptagon. The influence
of the painter Pieter Paul Rubens on architecture was very
important. With his book "I Palazzi di Genova" he
introduced novel Italian models for the conception ofprofane buildings and decoration in the Southern
Netherlands. The Courtyard and Portico of his own house
in Antwerp (Rubenshuis) are good examples of his
architectural activity. He also took part in the decoration of
the Antwerp Jesuit Church (now Carolus-Borromeuskerk)
where he introduced a lavish Baroque decoration,
integrating sculpture and painting in the architectural
program.
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Barocul englez
English Baroque is a casual term sometimes used to
refer to the developments in English architecture that
were parallel to the evolution of Baroque architecture in
continental Europe between the Great Fire of London
(1666) and the Treaty of Justin (1713).
Baroque aesthetics, whose influence was so potent in
mid-17th century France, made little impact in England
during the Protectorate and the first Restoration years.
For a decade between the death of Inigo Jones in 1652
and Christopher Wren's visit to Paris in 1665 there was
no English architect of the accepted premier class.
Unsurprisingly, general interest in European
architectural developments was slight.
It was Wren who presided over the genesis of the
English Baroque manner, which differed from the
continental models by clarity of design and subtle taste
for classicism. Following the Great Fire of London,
Wren rebuilt fifty three churches, where Baroque
aesthetics are apparent primarily in dynamic structure
and multiple changing views. His most ambitious work
was St Paul's Cathedral (1675-1711), which bearscomparison with the most effulgent domed churches of
Italy and France. In this majestically proportioned
edifice, the Palladian tradition of Inigo Jones is fused
with contemporary continental sensibilities in masterly
equilibrium. Less influential were straightforward
attempts to engraft the Berniniesque vision onto British
church architecture (e.g., by Thomas Archer in St.
John's, Smith Square, 1728).
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Catedrala Sf PaulLondra - inainte de Marele Incendiu
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Propunerea lui Christopher Wrenin cruce greaca - 1668
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Alta propunere a lui Christopher Wren
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Varianta finala a lui Christopher WrenconstruitaStil Baroc
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Catedrala Sf Paul
Arhitect: Sir Christopher Wren
Stil Baroc
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Greenwich Hospital
Arhitect: Sir Christopher Wren
Stil Baroc
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St John's, Smith Square
Architect: Thomas Archer
Style English Baroque
Constructed 1728
Location
Address Smith Square,
Westminster, London
Country United Kingdom
Christianity Portal
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St John's, Smith Square
Architect: Thomas ArcherStyle English Baroque
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Arh John Vanbrugh - south facade of Castle Howard.
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Blenheim Palace - Arh John Vanbrugh
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Blenheim Palace - Arh John Vanbrugh
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Blenheim Palace - Arh John Vanbrugh
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Blenheim Palace - Arh John Vanbrugh
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Seaton Delaval Hall: Sir John Vanbrugh, 1718.
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Tessin's Drottningholm Palace illustrates the proximity
between French and Swedish architectural practice.
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Palatul Regal Stockolm1692 - Nicodemus Tessin the Younger
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Amalienborg Palace - Copenhaga - Nicolai Eigtved
J h B h d Fi h E l h
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Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach
(20 July 1656 - 5 April 1723)
was probably the most influential
Austrian architect of the Baroque period
Early life in Italy
Born near Graz, Johann Fischer was trained in the workshop
of his father, a provincial artisan, before departing for Rome
at the precocious age of 16. He spent the following sixteen
years in Italy. In Rome he joined the workshop of his fellow
Austrian Johann Paul Schor and of the great Bernini, who
gave him ample opportunities to study both ancient andmodern sculpture and architecture. He then moved to Naples,
where he was reported to have amassed a considerable
fortune serving the Spanish viceroy.
Back in Austria in 1687, Fischer von Erlach was installed as a
fashionable and sought-after architect. Commissions were
plentiful, as royalty and highest echelons of aristocracy
sought to repair damage inflicted on their country residences
by the Ottoman Turks in the course of their 1683 campaign.
Fischer's understanding of an urbane Baroque idiom
appeared superior to that prevalent in Central Europe, and in
1687 he secured the key position of court architect, which he
would retain in the service of three emperors.
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Schnbrunn Palace is the imperial residence designed by
Fischer von Erlach for his patron, Joseph I.
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Schnbrunn Palace is the imperial residence designed by
Fischer von Erlach for his patron, Joseph I.
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Karlskirche - Fischer von Erlach
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Cartea lui Fischer von
Erlach
Plan of Civil and
Historical Architecture
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Cartea lui Fischer von ErlachPlan of Civil and Historical Architecture
Cartea lui Fischer von Erlach
Plan of Civil and Historical Architecture
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Cartea lui Fischer von Erlach
Plan of Civil and Historical Architecture
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Cartea lui Fischer von Erlach
Plan of Civil and Historical Architecture
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Cartea lui Fischer von Erlach
Plan of Civil and Historical Architecture
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ClamGallasFischer von Erlach - Praga
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ClamGallasFischer von Erlach - Praga
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Kinsky Palace - Viena
Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt
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Palatul Savoy - Belvedere
Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt
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Palatul Savoy - Belvedere
Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt
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Johann Balthasar Neumann (helpinfo) (January 27,
1687 August 19 1753) was a German military
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1687 - August 19, 1753) was a German military
engineer and architect who developed a refined brand
of Baroque architecture, fusing Austrian, Bohemian,
Italian, and French elements to design some of the
most impressive buildings of the period, including the
Wrzburg Residence and the Basilica of theVierzehnheiligen.
The Wrzburg Residence is considered one of the most
beautiful and well proportioned palace in Europe and
the Basilica of the Vierzehnheiligen is considered by
some as the crowning work of the period.
His final work is the Church of the Visitation of Mary, a
masterpiece of the Baroque style located near Eltmann
am Main.
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Balthasar Neumann -
The Wrzburg Residence is considered one
of the most beautiful and well proportioned
palace in Europe
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Balthasar Neumann -
Wrzburg Residence
Interior in stil Rococo
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Balthasar Neumann -
Wrzburg Residence
Interior in stil Rococo
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Balthasar Neumann -
Wrzburg Residence
Interior in stil Rococo
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Balthasar Neumann -
Vierzehnheiligen
Exterior Baroc
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Balthasar Neumann -
Vierzehnheiligen
Interior in stil Rococo
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Balthasar Neumann -
Vierzehnheiligen
Interior in stil Rococo
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Balthasar Neumann -
Vierzehnheiligen
Interior in stil Rococo
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Balthasar Neumann -
Vierzehnheiligen
Interior in stil Rococo
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DresdenZwingerWallpavilion 1772
Inapoi la ParisSec XIX
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Georges-Eugne Haussmann (March 27, 1809January 11,
1891), who called himself Baron Haussmann, was a French civic
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), ,
planner whose name is associated with the rebuilding of Paris
Georges-Eugne Haussmann was hired by Napoleon III on 22 June 1852 to
"modernize" Paris. He hoped in hiring Haussmann that Paris could be moulded
into a city with safer streets, better housing, more sanitary, hospitable, shopper-
friendly communities, better traffic flow, and, last but not least, streets too broad
for rebels to build barricades across them and where coherent battalions and
artillery could circulate easily if need be. He created broad avenues linked to the
main train-stations so army troops from the provinces could be operative in a
short amount of time (for example, the boulevard de Strasbourg near Gare de
l'Est and Gare du Nord). This work achieved during the Second Empire is one of
the causes of the quick repression of the 1871 Paris Commune: since the 1848
revolution, Adolphe Thiers had become obsessed with crushing out the next
foreseeable Parisian rebellion. Thus, he planned to leave the city and retreat, inorder to better take it back with more military forces[4].
Haussmann's design of streets and avenues, combined with the new importance
given to trains, made this plan more than successful, and Adolphe Thiers easily
crushed the Communards. Haussmann accomplished much of this by tearing up
many of the old, twisting streets and rundown apartment houses, and replacing
them with the wide, tree-lined boulevards and expansive gardens for which Paris
is famous today. Other elements of Haussman's plan included uniform building
heights, grand boulevards, and anchoring elements including the Arc deTriomphe and the Grand Opera House.
Haussmann's plan for Paris inspired some of the most important architectural
movements including the City Beautiful Movement in the United States. In fact,
renowned American architect Daniel Burnham borrowed liberally from
Haussmann's plan and even incorporated the diagonal street designs in his 1909
Plan of Chicago. Cities like London and Moscow also have Haussmann
influences in their city plans.
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Neoclassical architecture
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was an architectural style produced
by the neoclassical movement that
began in the mid-18th century, both
as a reaction against the Rococostyle of anti-tectonic naturalistic
ornament, and an outgrowth of
some classicizing features of Late
Baroque. In its purest form it is a
style principally derived from the
architecture of Classical Greece
The Cathedral of Vilnius (1783), by Laurynas Guceviius
Catedrala Sf Maria Magdalena - Paris
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Neoclassical architecture
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Catedrala Sf Maria Magdalena - Paris
Neoclassical architecture
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Arcul de Triumf - Paris
Neoclassical architecture
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Arcul de Triumf - Bucuresti
Neoclassical architecture
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British Museum - Londra
Neoclassical architecture
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PantheonulParisarh. Jacques-Germain Soufflot
Neoclassical architecture
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PantheonulParisarh. Jacques-Germain Soufflot
Neoclassical architecture
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PantheonulParisarh. Jacques-Germain Soufflot
Neoclassical architecture
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Casa AlbaWashington
Neoclassical architecture
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Jefferson MemorialWashington
Preluarea elementelorStilurilor istorice:
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Neogotic
All Saints - Londra
Preluarea elementelorStilurilor istorice:
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Neogotic
Catedrala din KolnInceputa in 1248 si terminata in sec XIX
Preluarea elementelorStilurilor istorice:
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Neogotic
Sir Christopher Wren's Tom Tower, at Christ Church, Oxford
Preluarea elementelorStilurilor istorice:
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Neogotic / Romantic
King Ludwig's Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria
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Neogotic / Romantic
King Ludwig's Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria
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Neogotic / Romantic
Castelul Peles - Sinaia
Preluarea elementelorStilurilor istorice:
E l i
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Eclectic
(preia din toate stilurile)
The Sacr-Coeur basilica in Montmartre, Paris
Preluarea elementelorStilurilor istorice:
E l ti
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Eclectic
(preia din toate stilurile)
The Sacr-Coeur basilica in Montmartre, Paris
Preluarea elementelorStilurilor istorice:
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Eclectic
(preia din toate stilurile)
Opera Garnier - Paris
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Tour EiffelParisGustave Eiffel
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Tour EiffelParisGustave Eiffel
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Tour EiffelParisGustave Eiffel
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Tour EiffelParisGustave Eiffel
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Tour EiffelParisGustave Eiffel
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Antoni Gaudi1852-1926
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Sagrada Familia
Antoni Gaudi1852-1926
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Sagrada Familia
Antoni Gaudi1852-1926
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Sagrada Familia
Antoni Gaudi1852-1926
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Sagrada Familia
Antoni Gaudi1852-1926
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Casa Batlo
Antoni Gaudi1852-1926
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Casa Batlo
Antoni Gaudi1852-1926
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Casa Batlo
Antoni Gaudi1852-1926
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Casa Batlo
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Art Nouveau
The architectural and artistic answer to the literary Modernist movement that
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The architectural and artistic answer to the literary Modernist movement that
began in the late 19th century was the Art Nouveau movement in Europe. The
Art Nouveau movement reached its peak in the early 20th century
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Ilustracin de
Alphonse Mucha
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Victor Horta
Victor Horta
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Casa Tassel
Victor Horta
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Casa Tassel
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