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Current, Voltage and Resistance ENTC 210: Circuit Analysis I Rohit Singhal Lecturer Texas A&M...
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Transcript of Current, Voltage and Resistance ENTC 210: Circuit Analysis I Rohit Singhal Lecturer Texas A&M...
![Page 1: Current, Voltage and Resistance ENTC 210: Circuit Analysis I Rohit Singhal Lecturer Texas A&M University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649ca35503460f94963a51/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Current, Voltage and Resistance
ENTC 210: Circuit Analysis I
Rohit SinghalLecturerTexas A&M University
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Administrative Tasks
Fix Exam Schedule Lab details
TA – Mr. Pankaj BhagawatSections Merge
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Atoms and their structure
electron
neutron
proton
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Atomic Structure
Mass of an Electron = 9.11 x 10-28 gm. Mass of a Proton = 1.672 x 10-24 gm. Proton is ~1836 times heavier than the
electron
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Atomic Structure
Unit of Charge = Coulombs Charge on electron = charge on a proton =
1.6 x 10-19 C 1 Coulomb = Charge on 6.242 x 1018
electrons
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Coulomb’s Law
Like charges repel, opposites attractF = k Q1 Q2 / r2
k = 9 x 109 (units?)
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Coulomb’s Law
Like charges repel, opposites attractF = k Q1 Q2 / r2
K = 9 x 109 N m2/C2
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Conduction
In metals, the electrons are “more free” than the insulators.
Whenever there is a charge present at one end, the electrons flow to (or away) from that charge.
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Current
Rate of flow of charge 1 Amp = 1 Coulomb / 1 Second.
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Question
If a laptop needs constantly needs 2 Amps current from a battery, how many electrons are drained from the battery in one hour?
1 Amp = 6.242 x 1018 electrons/second 2 Amp = 12.484 x 1018 electrons/second In one hour - > 3600 x 12.484 x 1018 electrons Answer is 4.49 x 1022 electrons
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Question
What’s the weight of all those electrons? 4.49 x 1022 x 9.11 x 10-28 gm 4.09 x 10-5 gm
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Equations
I = Q/t Q = I x t t = Q/I
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Potential
Every particle of mass m raised to a height h above the earth’s surface has a potential energy m.g.h
This potential energy can be raised by raising the particle a little higher
When the particle is set free, it travels to the point of least potential.
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Electric Potential
Similarly, a charge wants to travel to a lower “electric” potential.
A negative charge on the other hand, wants to travel to a higher potential.
Each point in a circuit has a potential.
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Voltage
Voltage is always measured between two points.
It is defined as the difference of potential between the two points.
Measured in volts
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Volts
1 volt is defined as the potential difference, which results in an energy exchange of 1 Joule due to the movement of 1 Coulomb across it.
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DC Voltage Supply
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Conductivity
Copper is the most popular conductor.
Metal Conductivity (%)
Silver 105
Copper 100
Gold 70.5
Aluminum 61
Tungsten 31.2
Nickel 22.1
Iron 14
Constantan 3.52
Nichrome 1.73
Calorite 1.44
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Resistance
Resistance is proportional to lengthlength
direction of current flow
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Resistance
Resistance is inversely proportional to the cross sectional area
direction of current flow
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Resistance
R = ρ L/A ρ is the resistivity of
the material (units?)
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Material ρ (10-8 Ohm-Metres)
Silver 1.645
Copper 1.723
Gold 2.443
Aluminum 2.825
Tungsten 5.485
Nickel 7.811
Iron 12.299
Tantalum 15.54
Nichrome 99.72
Tin Oxide 250
Carbon 3500
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American Wire Gage (AWG) sizes
AWG # Diameter (in) Ω /1000ft.0000 0.46 0.0490
000 0.409 0.0618
0 0.325 0.0983
1 0.289 0.1240
2 0.257 0.1563
4 0.204 0.2485
10 0.102 0.9989
14 0.0640 2.525
28 0.0126 64.90
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Color Coding
5 Bands of code (3 are mandatory) Bands 1 - 3 the value of the resistor Band 4 the range (tolerance) Band 5 the reliability
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Color Code (Band 1-3)
Color Value
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Gray 8
White 9
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Example
2 6 x 103 = 26 K Ohms
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Band 3 (special cases)
Gold = 0.1Red Blue Gold = 2.6 Ohm
Silver = 0.01Red Blue Silver = 0.26 Ohm
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More BandsBand 4 Tolerance
Gold 5%
Silver 10%
None 20%
Band 5 Reliability (after 1000 Hrs of use)
Brown 1%
Red 0.1%
Orange 0.01%
Yellow 0.001%
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Example
= 26 K Ohms ± 5%, 1 in 100,000 fails after 1000 hrs of use