Current Trends in the Power Quality Market February 28, 2006.
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Transcript of Current Trends in the Power Quality Market February 28, 2006.
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Current Trends in the Power Quality Market
February 28, 2006
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EPRI Power Quality Study in U.S.EPRI Power Quality Study in U.S.
93% of all Voltage sags and outages are less than 10
seconds in duration
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Continuous Power System(CPS)
Critical Load
Diesel GensetFor continuous powerafter 10 seconds
Battery stringfor immediate power
UtilityPower
UPS Electronics
ATS
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Applications: Data Center
• Brokerage Firms, Credit Card Processing, Airline/Ticket Reservation Firms, Order Processing, “Internet Presence”
• Average Cost per Outage: $200k - $6.5M
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Applications: Healthcare/Hospital
• MRI, CT, Cath Lab, Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Lab
• Average Cost Per Outage: ???
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Applications: Process Control
• Semiconductor Manufacturing, Refineries, Petrochemical, Bakeries, Plastic Extrusion…
• J.I.T. Shipments
• Average Cost Per Outage: $40,000 - $2.5M
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Costly Downtime!
Industry Avg cost of downtime
($/hr)Brokerage $6,450,000Credit Card $2,600,000Pay Per View $150,000Home Shopping $113,000Catalog Sales $90,000Airline Reservations $90,000Tele-Ticket $69,000Package Shipping $28,000ATM Fees $14,400
Source: 7x24 Exchange
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“Insurance” Considerations
• Cost of Outage vs. Cost of “Insurance”
• Consider 5 year to 10 year life cycle cost
• Do Not Forget Maintenance Costs
• Which Energy Storage Technology is Best Suited for the Application?
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Battery Technologies:
• 10 Year “VRLA”
– A.k.a. “Maintenance Free”, “Gel Cell”, AGM
– 3 to 7 year life on most UPS’s
– Fails in “open” or “shorted” position
– Low cost, most prevalent
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Conventional Grid Design
Improved High Rate Grid Design
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Battery Technologies:
• 20 Year Sealed VRLA
– 12 to 18 year life (depending on number of outages; environment)
– Fails in “shorted” position
– About 2x initial cost of 10Year VRLA
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Battery Technologies:
• 20 Year “Wet” Cell
– 17 to 20 year life
– Very reliable
– High maintenance, large footprint, eye wash station…
– About 3x initial cost of 10 Year VRLA
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Battery Maintenance
• IEEE Std 1188 - Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) Batteries for Stationary Applications
– Monthly: float voltage, charger output, temperature measurements
– Quarterly: cell/unit ohmic values; temperature value of each negative terminal; representative sample of intercell connection resistances
– Annually: cell-to-cell and terminal connection detail resistance of the entire battery; AC ripple current and/or voltage imposed on the battery
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Battery Monitoring
• More Prevalent• “Real Time” Status of
Batteries• Monitors: Impedance,
Temperature, and Float Charging Voltage
• Cost = $6k to $10k per system (installed)
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Other Energy Storage Technologies
• Flywheels
• Ultracapacitors
• Lithium Ion Batteries
• Thermal and Compressed Air Storage
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UPS Electronics Trends
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ACDC
6-Pulse Rectifier
AC
DCInverter
Static Bypass
Batteries
Input Filter
Typical Double Conversion UPS Oneline
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DIODEDIODE
THYRISTORTHYRISTOR
IGBTIGBTIGBT:INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR
The Evolution of the Rectifier/Converter Device
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The Evolution of the Converter (Rectifier) Circuit
6 PULSE CONV.6 PULSE CONV.
12 PULSE CONV.12 PULSE CONV.
PWM CONV.PWM CONV.PWM CONV.:PULSE WIDTH MODULATION CONVERTER
CONV.:CONVERTER
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6 PULSE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND INPUT CURRENT WAVEFORM
Ic
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図3 . 7(5) 12相サイリスタ整流回路と交流入力電流波形
Id
12 PULSE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND INPUT CURRENT WAVEFORM
Ic
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図3 .18 PWM制御三相ブリッジコンバータ
THREE PHASE PWM CONVERTER CIRCUIT
L
C
P
N Sine Wave Form (pf=1.0)
AC Input Current
AC Input Voltage
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18%
INPUT CURRENT HARMONIC CONTENT
6-PULSE THYRISTOR RECTIFIER
12-PULSE THYRISTOR RECTIFIER
PWM IGBT CONVERTER
5f 7f 11f 13f 17f 19f
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PWM CONVERTER (2)
• The input power factor is
UNITY (1.0) with PWM converter
0.8 – 0.85 with Thyristor rectifier
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Results of IGBT Converter
• Generator Sizing Dependant Upon UPS Input Requirements
• Linear Current Draw = Smaller Generator
• IEEE 519 – Low Current Harmonics at Utility Source
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INVERTER POWER DEVICE HISTORY
THYRISTORTHYRISTOR
G T OG T O
IGBTIGBT
BPTBPT
GTO:GATE TURN OFF THYRISTORBPT:BIPOLAR POWER TRANSISTOR
IGBT:INSULATED GATEBIPOLAR TRANSISTOR
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High Speed PWM Inverter
• Improved output control characteristics resulting from the use of a high speed PWM inverter
• 16kHz Switching Frequency
• Supports nonlinear loads with minimal voltage distortion
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IGBT CONV IGBT INV
“ALL IGBT UPS”
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Industry Trends
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Also…Improving Efficiencies
• UPS efficiencies are up 10% over the past 15 years
• Most large UPS systems are currently over 93% efficient
• In 3 - 5 Years, Most Large UPS Systems Will Be > 97% Efficient
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Other Trends…
• Higher Output Power Factor on UPS– Match trends in the Computer Power Supply
Market
• Internal Redundancy/Scalability for High 9’s Applications– Avoid Single Points of Failure– Maintain High Efficiency
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What does all this mean?
It’s dependant on your susceptibility.
Given the quality of supply do I
have to worry about problems with my equipment or systems?
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What you should be asking…
What is my susceptibility to power problems?
What is my economic exposure to such problems?
$$$$$$
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The big picture…
It’s the complete electrical environment, not just the quality
of supply.
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What you should be asking…
Does my power system have the capacity for my
present needs? How about future growth?
Be proactive!
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Thank you for your time!
Chuck Barry
Central Region Sales Manager
Toshiba UPS
8711 Burnet Road, Suite E-55
Austin, TX 78731
Tel. (512) 658-5267
Email: [email protected]