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Current Research in Hydraulic Turbines - II

International Symposium

Organized by: Turbine Testing Lab

Department of Mechanical Engineering Kathmandu University

3/19/2013

Contents Background ................................................................................................................................................... 1

Program Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 2

Program ..................................................................................................................................................... 2

Presenters’ Information ............................................................................................................................. 2

Activity Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 2

List of Participants ........................................................................................................................................ 5

List of Student Participating Audience ......................................................................................................... 7

Presentation Summary and Slides ................................................................................................................. 8

Photos ........................................................................................................................................................ 174

Background

The increasing population of the world is inevitable. Due to this we are becoming increasingly dependent to different forms of energy. The use of traditional sources of energy like fossil fuels and other non-renewable energy are getting expensive and scarce. The world however, has a good reserve of hydropower and this will continue to be available until the end of the world.

Nepal has a huge potential of hydropower due to the presence of large amount of water resources and diverse topographic conditions with sharp changes in elevation. The snow capped mountains and glaciers of the Himalayan range and the areas exposed to regular monsoon rainfall are the sources of these water resources. The water resources accounts for an average annual precipitation of 1530 mm and surface water availability of 225 billion cubic meters per annum through its 6000 rivers and rivulets. The hydropower potential of Nepal is estimated as 83,000 MW, out of which, 114 projects have been identified as economically feasible with a combined capacity of 45,610 MW. Despite of this huge potential, only about 652 MW is harnessed till date which is less than 2 % of the total capacity. This shows that if the available resource is utilized properly, there is a high scope of hydropower development in the future years.

However, there are some technical challenges in operation and maintenance of hydropower projects. The main problems in these regions are of sediments present in the river water. The rivers in this region carries large amount of sediments containing high percentage of hard abrasive minerals like quartz which cause rapid erosion of turbine components and affect the performance of turbines. This in turn decreases the efficiency, reliability and operating life of the hydropower projects. Similarly there are many challenges in different part of the world in the similar manner to increase its efficiency, reliability and life and different researches have been conducted domestically and internationally in hydropower sector to develop the sector in different terms.

This symposium was conducted to bring researcher from the universities in Nepal and abroad from Norway, Sweden and United Kingdom to discuss their researches. The symposium also provided the BE student an exposure to international arena and highlight their current researches. It also provided the platform to share the experiences of current trend in turbine technology.

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Program Overview

Turbine Testing Lab has organized an International Symposium on "Current Research in Hydraulic Turbines, CRHT-II" on the occasion of its first anniversary. This symposium was the continuation of the first Symposium organized on 23 March 2010.

The scope of Symposium was focused at PhD and Masters Students thesis works related to Hydro turbines. However, R&D activities related to hydro power in general have also been covered. The main objective of this symposium was to bring young researchers working in hydropower sector to a common platform to share their research experiences and also develop networking for future endeavors.

Program Date: 19 March 2013, Tuesday Venue: C.V. Raman Auditorium, KU, Dhulikhel, Time: 9:00 am onwards

Presenters’ Information

Country University Level Number

Norway Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway

PhD 1

Masters 12

Nepal Kathmandu University, Nepal

PhD 2

Masters 3

Bachelors 5

Sweden Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Masters 1

United Kingdom

University of LEEDS Researcher at PEEDA

1

Total 25

Activity Summary

A one day international Symposium on “Current Research in Hydraulic Turbines, CRHT-II” organized by Turbine Testing Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering on 19 March 2013, on the occasion of its first anniversary, was accomplished efficaciously with huge applaud from all the participants and presenters. The program started at 9:30 am with the welcome speech by Prof. Dr. BholaThapa, Dean, School of Engineering, Kathmandu University. Prof. Thapa talked about challenges faced during the planning and construction period of the lab and also assured to implement the outputs of research into business in coming years. He welcomed all the participants and presenters from different universities with deep gratitude.

The welcome speech was followed by program overview by Mr. Biraj Singh Thapa, Symposium coordinator, Assistant Professor and Faculty-In-Charge, TTL. He highlighted the facts and features of

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Turbine Testing Lab, Kathmandu University. He also talked about the ongoing research projects at Lab and the recent accomplishments made in his presentation.

The symposium was inaugurated by Dr. Ram Kantha Makaju Shrestha, Vice-Chancellor, Kathmandu University. In his inaugural speech, he shared his amusing experience in his field and inspired every participants and presenters present in the auditorium. He urged the young researchers to take the problems as challenges and convert them into opportunities. He also assured that as the team leader the university he will not leave a sing stone unturned to achieve the goals and objective of KU. He also extended his warm wishes and greetings and wished for the success of the symposium.

After the brief inauguration session, the first round of presentation session was instigated. The presentation session was attention-grabbing and remarkable with diverse group of presenters present in the symposium. A total of 25 presentations were made of which 13 presentations were made by the students from Norwegian Institute of Science and Technology, 10 presentations were made by students from Kathmandu University, 1 presentation was by Masters Student from Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden and 1 presentation was by researcher at PEEDA.

The first session of presentation was chaired by Dr. Hari Prasad Neopane, Associate Professor, Kathmandu University. He is an expert in Hydraulic Turbine Design and sediment erosion. Presenter Peter Joachim Gogstad started the session with his presentation on the topic “Pressure Pulsations in Francis Turbine”, PhD candidate, NTNU. Juben Bhaukajee, MS by masters’ student from Kathmandu University spoke about the economic and financial analysis of Nepalese hydro power sector in his topic ‘Review of hydropower development in Nepal’. First session consisted of ten presentations including a presentation from the Chris O’Rourke, Researcher in PEEDA and a master’s graduate form University of Leeds, United Kingdom. He presented on his project on the topic “Design &Development Research: 1KW Low –Head Pico Pico System” which is to be tested n the Turbine Testing Lab itself. Similarly a master’s student from Royal Institute of Technology, Mr. Sailesh Chitrakar presented on “Implementation of FSI in Engineering Application”. He discussed on the implementation of FSI in reference to the turbine runner in context to symposium.

At the end of the session I the Chairman summarized all the presentations. And a brief question and answer session was followed, in which the audience came up with very interesting questions and made the information sharing more effective.

Session II was chaired by Mr. Brijesh Adhikary, Acting HOD of Electrical Engineering Department, Kathmandu University who is also the project leader in a mini grid design project and project coordinator in Community Education Pilot Project. This session started with the presentation of PhD Candidate at KU, Mr. Laxman Poudel on the topic “Study on sediment characterization & its impact on hydraulic Turbine Material”. Second session also consisted of ENPE master’s graduate Bidhan Rajkarnikar’s presentation on “Study of Sediment Erosion in Francis Turbine Runner at Laboratory conditions”. The presentation based on his master’s thesis was on the effect of sediment erosion in turbine blades using rotating disk apparatus setup. Other presentation included the master’s students from NTNU on the Flow in Pelton Turbine, Dampling of U tube oscillations in hydro power plants and Evaluation of modulated cavitations in hydro turbines. The session also included BE students from Kathmandu with their presentation on Pump Turbine in Nepalese hydropower sector and the Design of Francis Turbine test rig.

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The third and last session was chaired by Dr. Bibek Baral, Associate Professor, Kathmandu University. His area of research is renewable energy particularly in Bio- Energy. And this session started with another PhD candidate at KU, Mr. Krishna Prasad Shrestha on the topic “Design of Francis Turbine Runner against Sediment Erosion”.

The last presenter of the day was Oystein Sveinsgjerd Hveem and he discussed about different governing systems used in the hydro power operation. At the end of the session III, Chairperson Dr. Bibek Baral summarized the session and coordinated the question answer session.

A short closing program was organized after the completion of session III. Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering delivered his closing remarks with his expectations that the objectives were achieved and message from this symposium will be taken back to home country by international participants. Dr. Hari P. Neopane summarized the major issues discussed during the symposium on behalf of session chairmen. He also thanked all the participants for delivering good presentations in limited time.

The one day International symposium ended with a sense of enthusiasm and inquisitiveness among all the presenters and participants. The symposium guaranteed the extension of knowledge and was formally closed by Registrar, Prof. Bhadraman Tuladhar, KU with hope to reduce energy crises in the future.

After the completion of the seminar, the students from NTNU and major participants were taken for a short tour of university departments and laboratories.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Biraj Singh Thapa Symposium Coordinator Asst. Professor and Faculty In-Charge Turbine Testing Lab

Current Research in Hydraulic Turbines, CRHT-II One day International Symposium organized by Turbine Testing Lab, Kathmandu University

Venue: C.V. Raman Auditorium, KU, Dhulikhel

Program Schedule Date: 19 March 2013

S.N. Time Program

1 9:00 9:25 Registration and Tea/Snacks

2 9:30 10:00

Inauguration Program 9:30 Welcome speech by Dean, SOE 9:40 Program overview and Recent activities at TTL by Biraj Singh Thapa 9:50 Inaugural Speech by Vice-Chancellor, KU

3 10:00 12:00

Session I Chair Person: Dr. Hari Prasad Neopane Venue: C.V. Raman Auditorium S.N. Presenter Title of Presentation Organization

1 Peter Joachim Gogstad Pressure pulsations in Francis turbines NTNU PhD Candidate

2 Juben Bhaukajee Hydropower development in Nepal: Issues, policies and institutional aspect

ENPE- Master’s Student

3 Sverre Stefanussen Foslie Design of centrifugal pump for produced water NTNU ME Student 4 Subash Panta Software Development for Segregation of Turbine Data KU BE student

5 Even Lillefoss Haugen Verification of simulation program for high head hydro power plant with air cussion

NTNU ME Student

6 Ram HariKhatri KC Design of Cross Flow Turbine Test Rig KU BE student

7 Ingeborg Lassen Bue& Julie Marie Hovland

Pressure pulsations and stress in a high head turbine – comparison between model and geometrically similar prototype

NTNU ME Student

8 Jone Rivrud Rygg Pelton turbine NTNU ME Student

9 Chris O’Rourke Low head Pico turbine Design and Development Researcher for PEEDA

10 Sailesh Chitrakar Implementation of FSI in engineering applications KTH ME Student

4 12:00 12:50 Lunch Break

5 1:00 2:15

Session II Chair Person: Mr. Brijesh Adhikary Venue: C.V. Raman Auditorium S.N. Presenter Title of Presentation Organization

1 Laxman Poudel Study on sediment characterization & its impact on hydraulic Turbine Material

KU PhD Candidate

2 Kjartan Furnes Flow in Pelton turbines NTNU ME Student

3 Milan Poudel Prospects Of Utilization Of Pump Turbine In Nepalese Hydropower Project

KU BE student

4 Mons Ole Dyvik Sellevold Damping of U-tube oscillations in hydro power plants NTNU ME Student

5 Bidhan Rajkarnikar Study of Sediment Erosion in Francis Turbine Runner at Laboratory Conditions

ENPE- Master’s Graduate

6 Kristin Tessem Kolsaker Evaluation of modulated cavitation in hydro turbines NTNU ME Student

7 Ravi Koirala Performance Test of Francis Turbine to estimate the effect of sediment erosion

KU BE student

8 Johanne Seierstad Design of a Francis turbine test rig NTNU ME Student

6 2:15 2:30 Tea Break

7 2:30 3:30

Session III Chair Person: Dr. BivekBaral Venue: C.V. Raman Auditorium 1 Krishna P. Shrestha Design of Francis turbine runner against sand erosion KU PhD Candidate 2 Sigrid Marie Skodje Real time modeling of flow systems NTNU ME Student

3 Gaurab Nakarmi Developing Testing Procedure and Data Analysis System of a Simplified Francis Turbine Test Rig

KU BE student

4 Tage Morken Augustson How a skewed velocity profile at turbine inlet influence the efficiency

NTNU ME Student

5 Amod Panthi Fatigue failure in Pelton runner KU MS Student

6 Oystein Sveinsgjerd Hveem

Governing systems NTNU ME Student

8 3:30 4:00

Closing Program Remarks from Session Chairs by Hari P. Neopane Remarks from HoD, Mechanical Engineering Department Closing Speech by Registrar

MC:MissRojina Bade; Miss SnehaSefalika

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List of Participants S.N.

Name Organization Designation Email Remarks

1 Laxman Poudel KU, Nepal PhD candidate

[email protected] Presenter

2 Krishna Prasad Shrestha

KU, Nepal PhD Candidate


3 Peter Joachim Gogstad

NTNU, Norway

PhD Candidate


4 Sverre Stefanussen Foslie

NTNU, Norway

ME Student [email protected] Presenter

5 Even Lillefoss Haugen

NTNU, Norway

ME Student Presenter

6 Ingeborg Lassen Bue& Julie Marie Hovland

NTNU, Norway

ME Students

[email protected] [email protected]

Presenter

7 Jone Rivrud Rygg NTNU, Norway


8 Kjartan Furnes NTNU, Norway


9 Mons Ole Dyvik Sellevold

NTNU, Norway


10 Kristin Tessem Kolsaker

NTNU, Norway

ME Student [email protected]

Presenter

11 Johanne Seierstad NTNU, Norway

ME Student [email protected]

Presenter

12 Sigrid Marie Skodje NTNU, Norway


13 Tage Morken Augustson

NTNU, Norway

ME Student Presenter

14 Oystein Sveinsgjerd Hveem

NTNU, Norway


15 Sailesh Chitrakar KTH, Sweden ME Student [email protected] Presenter

16 Bidhan Rajkarnikar KU, Nepal ENPE- Masters Graduate

[email protected]

Presenter

17 Juben Bhaukajee KU, Nepal ENPE-

Masters Student

[email protected]

Presenter

18 Amod Panthee KU, Nepal MS Student [email protected] Presenter

19 Subash Panta KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected] Presenter

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20 Ram Hari Khatri KC KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected] Presenter

21 Milan Poudel KU, Nepal

BE Student [email protected]

Presenter

22 Ravi Koirala KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected] Presenter

23 Gaurab Nakarmi KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected] Presenter 24 Chris O’Rourke PEEDA Researcher [email protected] Presenter

25 Dr. Ram Kantha Makaju Shrestha

KU, Nepal Vice Chancellor

[email protected] Participant

26 Dr. Bhadraman Tulahdar

KU, Nepal Registrar [email protected] Participant

27 Dr. Bhola Thapa KU, Nepal Dean, SOE [email protected] Participant

28 Dr. Bim P. Shrestha KU, Nepal

HOD, Mechanical Engineering Department

[email protected] Participant

29 Dr. Hari P. Neopane KU, Nepal Associate Professor

[email protected] Chair person

30 Dr. Bibek Baral KU, Nepal Associate Professor


31 Brijesh Adhikari KU, Nepal Associate Professor


32 Biraj Singh Thapa KU, Nepal Assistant Professor

[email protected] Co-ordinator

33 Sudeep dhikari KU, Nepal Full Time Researcher

[email protected] Volunteer

34 Atma Ram Kayastha KU, Nepal Full Time Researcher


35 Nikhel Gurung KU, Nepal Full Time Researcher


36 Surendra Sujakhu KU, Nepal Full Time Researcher


37 Mausam Shrestha KU, Nepal Full Time Researcher

[email protected]

Volunteer

38 Nikhil Raj Karki KU, Nepal Full Time Researcher


39 Bishnu P. Aryal KU, Nepal Full Time Researcher


40 Santosh Rijal PEEDA,

Nepal Researcher [email protected]

Participant

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List of Student Participating Audience S.N. Name Organization Designation Email Remarks

1 Abishek Karki KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected] Volunteer

2 Anil Kumar Bastola

KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected] Participant

3 Ashok Bista KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected] Participant

4 Bhoj Bahadur Chaudhary

KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected]

Participant

5 Bhuwan Paudel KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected] Volunteer

6 Dadi Ram Dhakal


7 Dipesh Khadka KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected] Participant 8 Kailesh Kunwar KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected] Participant 9 Manish Lamsal KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected] Participant 10 Nitish Shrestha KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected] Participant

11 Parmesh Chalise KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected]

Participant

12 Ramesh Chaudhary

KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected]

Participant

13 Rangeet Ballav Uprety


14 Ranjana Banjara KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected] Volunteer

15 Raunak Jung Pandey


16 Rojina Bade KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected] MC 17 Samir Tandukar KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected] Participant 18 Sanam Pudasaini KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected] Participant

19 Sanil Makaju Shrestha


20 Sneha Sefalika KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected] MC 21 Sujita Dhanju KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected] Volunteer 22 Suman Sapkota KU, Nepal BE Student [email protected] Participant

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Presentation Summary and

Slides

9

Presenter’s Form

One Day Symposium on

“Current Research in Hydraulic Turbines-II”

19March 2013, KU, Dhulikhel& Kathmandu, Nepal

Details of Presenter

Application Category KU‐Student [ ] NTNU‐Student [X] IOE Student [ ] Others [ ]

Name of Presenter Peter Joachim Gogstad Name of Supervisor(s) Ole Gunnar Dahlhaug

Department EPT Research start date 01.08.2012

Email [email protected] Research completing date 31.07.2016

Mobile no +47 97008063

Name of other members (if applicable)

Title of Presentation: Pressure pulsations in Francis Turbines

Title of Research (if different from Presentation):

Summary of Research and Presentation:

Leirfossene Power Station has identified severe pressure pulsations in both Francis turbines. Statkraft wishes

to reduce the pressure pulsations by modifying the turbines on site. Previous studies have shown it is

possible to alter pressure pulsations by extending the rotating shaft into the draft tube. This extension has

been called a “stulk”. The project will include investigation of different designs of the stulk and hopefully find

a general solution for reducing pressure pulsations.

Presenter’s Signature Date

Please submit this application no later than 15March 2013 to:

Turbine Testing Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University

GPO Box 6250, Dhulikhel, Nepal

E‐mail: [email protected] or [email protected]

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1

Pressure pulsations in Francis turbines

Peter Joachim Gogstad

2

About me

• Name: Peter Joachim Gogstad

• Studied Energy and Environmental program

• Specialization: fluid dynamics and hydro power

• Master thesis:

Hydraulic design of Francis turbine exposed to sediment erosion

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3

Master thesis

• Hydraulic design of Francis turbines exposed to sediment erosion

• Objective: create and investigate a new design with reduced velocity components

• Development of Khoj– Design program in Matlab for Francis

turbines

• CFD-simulations of different designs

4

Previous work

• Jo Jernsletten: Analysis of non-stationary flow in a Francis reversible pump turbine runner

• Ole Gunnar Dahlhaug: A study of swirl flow in draft tubes

• Thomas Vekve: Experimental investigation of draft tube flow

• Einar Kobro: Measurement of Pressure Pulsations in Francis Turbines

12

5

Project description

Background• Pressure pulsations

causing severe vibrations pressure pulsations in Leirfossene Power station

Objective• Identify and investigate the

pressure pulsations to make improvements to reduce the pressure pulsations.

Nedre Leirfossen kraftverk

6

Project plan

• Conduct an analytic study of pressure pulsations in Francis turbines

• Conduct a CFD-analysis of the flow conditions in the draft tube

• Conduct model tests of different stulks

• Conduct measurements at Leirfossen Power Station before and after installing stulk

• Analyse data and report results

13

7

Stulk

8

Measurements

• Thermodynamic efficiency measurements

• Pressure pulsations in draft tube

• Velocity measurements in draft tube with pitot

14

9

Status

• Preparing measurement of pressure pulsations and thermodynamic efficiency measurements in Leirfossene Power Station in April

• Preparing measurement of pressure pulsations and thermodynamic efficiency measurements in La Higuera, Chile, in May

15

Presenter’s Form

One Day International Symposium on

“Current Research in Hydraulic Turbines, CRHT-II”

19 March 2013, KU, Dhulikhel & Kathmandu, Nepal


Application Category KU‐Student [X ] NTNU‐Student [ ] IOE Student [ ] Others [ ]

Name of Presenter Juben Bhaukajee

Name of Supervisor(s) Dr. Hari Prasad Neopane

Department/Level MS by research, DOME

Research start date May 2012

Email [email protected]

Research completing date

May 2014

Mobile no 9841634909


Title of Presentation: Hydropower development in Nepal: Issues, policies and institutional aspect

Title of Research (if different from Presentation): Energy policy planning and economics: hydropower focus


Despite realization of the importance of hydropower sector for development of the country and dedicated efforts of the government and all stakeholders, the progress has been sluggish. The reason behind, is mainly the lack of vision and stable policy from the government. In view of this, it is understood that, along with technical advancement, it is equally important to create a proper platform through suitable and stable policy. The research deals with the policy, regulatory and institutional aspects regarding hydropower sector, and economic and financial viability of programs and projects being undertaken. The presentation discusses the major current issues related to hydropower sector, mainly regarding the policy and regulatory aspects.

Presenter’s Signature

Date 15-03-2013

Please submit this application no later than 15 March 2013 to:




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Review of Hydropower Development in Nepal

By:

Juben Bhaukajee

MS By research

Energy Policy, Planning and Economics

Supervisors:

Dr. Hari Neopane, Associate Professor

Mr. Suraj Baral, Lecturer

Department of Mechanical Engineering

School of Engineering

Kathmandu University

Outline of Presentation

• Introduction to research

• Background and literature

• Policies and institution

• Issues and discussion

• Progress and plans for research

17

Motivation for research

• Technological advancement requires economic viability and platform for implementation.

• Suitable policy and programs from government can provide necessary platform for technology.

• Slow progress in hydropower development mainly due to lack of vision and stable policy from government

• Different stakeholders have different self interests, and hence perspectives

• It is essential to analyze each of their perspectives from a neutral point of view

Introduction to research

• Energy policy analysis (hydropower)– Institutional analysis

– Stakeholder analysis

– Organizational mapping: to illustrate and analyze flows of resources, information and decision in an organization.

• Economic analysis and financial analysis

• Optimum energy planning (WASP software)

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Energy consumption in 2010/11

Source: Ministry of Finance, Economic Survey 2010/11

Firewood, 77.16%

Agri Residue, 3.62

%

Animal Residue, 5.68

%

Coal, 2.39% Petroleum, 8.18%

Electricity, 2.24% Renewable, 0.

73%

Nepal’s potential

19

Nepal’s potential

• Average annual precipitation: 220.8km3

• Average annual run off: 174.2 km3

• Theoretical capacity: 83,000 MW

• Techno‐ economically feasible: 43,000 MW

• Installed capacity (Hydro): ~660 MW

– NEA : 473 MW

– IPP: 187.5 MW

Existing scenario

Status NEA IPP

Under operation •473 MW•27 plants

•187.581 MW•26 plants

Under construction •560 MW•5 projects

•135MW•20 projects

Ready to go •270 MW•4 projects

•544 MW•~44 projects

In PPA process IPP 3,200 MW (>80 projects)

Large projects in Pipeline

4000MW(Including ArunIII, Upper Karnali, Lower Arun, Tamakoshi III, Upper Tamor, Upper arshyangdi etc.

Source: NEA 2012

20

Grid capacityVoltage level kV/status

Transmission line length (circuit km)

Existing Underconstruction

Planned and proposed

66 511.16 ‐ ‐

132 2129.7 793 1540

220 ‐ 446 1129.8

400 ‐ ‐ 1880.74

Maximum Voltage level kV/status

Substation capacity (MVA)

Existing Underconstruction

Planned and proposed

66 463.75 ‐ ‐

132 1315.2 529.5 917

220 ‐ ‐ 3876

400 ‐ ‐ 2025

Source: NEA 2012

Source: NEA- A year in review, 2011

21

Load forecast

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

2010‐11

2011‐12

2012‐13

2013‐14

2014‐15

2015‐16

2016‐17

2017‐18

2018‐19

2019‐20

2020‐21

2021‐22

2022‐23

2023‐24

2024‐25

2025‐26

2026‐27

2027‐28

Energy (GWh)

System peak load

Source: NEA, 2010/11

Policy guiding documents

• Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) Act – 1984

• Electricity act (1992)• Major hydropower development instrument for

private, public and private‐public partnership

• Hydropower development policy (1992)

• For interim electricity requirement of the country

• Invites private sector and foreign investment in power sector

22

Policy guiding documents• Hydropower development policy (2001)

– Intended for rapid hydropower initiatives for overall economy of the country

– Recognizes possibility of export of power and multipurpose projects

– Emphasizes rural electrification

– Projects to be developed through competitive bidding

– Build Own Operate and Transfer (BOOT) model is recognized for private investment.

• National Water Plan (2005)

– By 2027

• Domestic demand to be met 4000 MW

• Per capita consumption 400 kWh

• Export Extensive

– Interim plan

• By 2016 to add 2500 MW

Acts and policies

• Industrial Policy – 1992• Foreign Investment & One‐Window Policy‐1992 • Industrial Enterprises Act – 1992• Foreign Investment and Technology Tfr. Act,1992• Environment Conservation Act ‐ 1996

(Regulation‐1997)• National Environmental Impact Assessment

Guidelines – 1993• Electricity Theft Control Act ‐ 2002 • Private investment on Construction and operation of

Infrastructures Act – 2008• Investment Board Act‐ 2011

23

Some conflicts in enactments

• Electricity act 1992 and Investment board act

2010

• Electricity act 1992 and Private Investment on

Construction and operation of the

infrastructures act 2008

• Electricity act 1992 and Local self governance

act 1998

• Electricity act 1992 and Income tax act 1998

Bills under consideration

• Electricity act‐ 2008

• Nepal Electricity Regulatory commission

Act, 2008

– Hydropower development policy 2001 has policy

provisions which are yet to be enacted

– Provisions within proposed bills are to be reviewed

to make it more functional

24

Institutional set up

• Ministry of Energy– Overall regulatory authority for power sector– Operation of public and private power sector development

• Commissions:– Water and energy commission & its secretariat

• Formulation of policy and strategy • Analyze and review projects• Coordinate national and sectoral policies

– Tariff fixation commission• Review electricity tariff levels• Fixation of tariff structures for each consumer level


Department of Electricity Development (DOED)

Acts as a Regulatory and monitoring body Study and Development of Hydropower Projects Promotion and Development of Private investment in Power Sector

including Licensing Preparation of Standards for Transmission and Distribution of electricity

and Inspection & Monitoring for its compliance Advisory assistance to MOE Acts as secretariat of Tariff Fixation Commission.

established as “One Window” for• Issuance of survey & project licenses• Providing concessions & incentives• Assistance in importing goods• Assistance in obtaining land• Assistance in obtaining permits, approvals

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Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) • Public utility under the government, involved in Generation, transmission

and distribution of electricity

• Single buyer for IPPs – Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) is to be carried out.

Independent Power Producers (IPPs)

• After introduction of hydropower development policy 1992

• Installed about 198 MW capacity

• Independent Power Producers’ Association Nepal (IPPAN) is an umbrella organization of Independent Power Producers

Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC)

• Under Ministry of Environment, science and technology

• Responsible for facilitating rural electrification

• Facilitated for more than 650 micro‐ and pico‐ hydropower plants

Survey license application

Source: DOED

26

Generation license application

Source: DOED

Issues and challenges

• Time and cost overrun in projects

• Need for storage projects

• Financing large projects

• Restructuring of NEA‐ coordination between generation and transmission

• Social issues and political influence

• Export or industrialization

27

Research plan and progress

• First round of interview of stakeholder representatives on going

• Questionnaire survey, second round of interview and interaction upon major issues

• Financial and economic analysis of plans and projects

• Optimum energy planning using WASP software from collected data

Queries?

28

Thank you

25

29

Presenter’s Form



19March 2013, KU, Dhulikhel & Kathmandu, Nepal


Application Category KU‐Student [ ] NTNU‐Student [ x ] IO EStudent [ ] Others [ ]

Name of Presenter Sverre Stefanussen Foslie Name of Supervisor(s) Torbjørn K. Nielsen

Department Waterpower laboratory Research start date 14. January 2013

Email [email protected] Research completing date 10. June 2013

Mobile no 0047 92842070


Title of Presentation: Multistage centifugal pump

Title of Research (if different from Presentation): Design of centrifugal pump for produced water


The research of my thesis is about the application of multistage centrifugal pumps for use in produced water applications. The aim is to develop a Matlab tool for designing all hydraulic components of a multistage pump which can be further used in order to simulate the flow.

Presenter’s Signature Date 13. March 2013





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Multistage centrifugal pumpProject thesis by Sverre Stefanussen Foslie

Kathmandu University March 2013

Agenda

Thesis objective

Work so far

Challenges

To do

31

Thesis objective

Multistage pump in produced water applications

Shattering of oil droplets

Hydraulic design of impeller and diffuser

Make a Matlab-program to design multistage pumps

Work so far

Literature studies

Understanding physics in impeller and diffuser

Getting into hydraulic pump design

32

To do

Get a complete understanding of multistage challenges

Implement diffuser design into Matlab program

Developing Matlab program into multistage

Summary

• Multistage pumps for use in produced water applications are a challenge, and not much used today

• The research may provide useful information for manufacturers

• Using Matlab to produce a design, and testing it by CFD

33

Presenter’s Form






Name of Presenter Subash Panta Name of Supervisor(s)

Department/Level Mechanical Engineering/3rd year

Research start date August,2012

Email [email protected] Research completing date July,2013

Mobile no. 9841859675


Manish Lamsal, Suman Sapkota, Ujwol Parajuli

Title of Presentation: Software Development for data analysis to present status of turbine type distribution in Nepal

Title of Research (if different from Presentation): Technical Survey of turbine distribution in hydro powers of Nepal


The research is basically divided into two halves. The first part concerns the analysis of the data of hydro powers around the country and presentation of the status of turbine distribution in Nepal. The second part concerns the design of runner components of the micro hydro power (to identify Francis Turbine as a better substitute to the existing cross flow turbines).

The presentation is based on the first phase of the research work. Data analysis of the hydro powers was done using software designed in C++. The presentation shows gives an overview of the program, how it works; contributing to easy data analysis in the research.

Presenter’s Signature Subash Date 15 March,2013





34

Software Development for Segregation of Turbine Data

Presenter: Subash Panta

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Kathmandu University

ACTVITIES

OverallActivities

Data collection

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

Data segregation

Data analysisGraphical

Representation

35

How this program works???

• C++ based program

Software development contd….

PROGRAM

36

HOW DID THIS PROGRAM PROVE TO BE USEFUL??

THE END RESULTS

PIECHARTS

37

PIECHARTS…..

PIECHARTS…..

38

PIECHARTS…..UNIT SIZE OF THE TURBINES

< 0.5 MW34%

0.5 to 1 MW4%

1 to 5 MW28%

5 to 25 MW26%

25 to 507%

above 501%

TOTAL CAPACITY=13298 MWTOTAL UNITS =1106

THANK YOU!!!!

39

Presenter’s Form






Name of Presenter Even Lillefoss Haugen Name of Supervisor(s)

Department Research start date

Email Research completing date

Mobile no


Title of Presentation: Verification of simulation program for high head hydro power plant with air cussion




Date 13.03.2013





40

Simulation Program for Hydropowerplant with Francis

TurbinesMaster's thesis by Even Lillefosse Haugen


Initial Objective

Long version: Development of a transient dynamic simulation model for a fluid conduit system with interfacing components

Short version: Program that can predict pressure surges in pipes.

41

Primarily directed towards hydropower applications

Any regulatory event in a pipeline network will induce pressure waves that will propagate throughout the system

42

ComponentsWater conduits

Generator

Turbine

Regulator

Grid

Final ObjectiveCapability to simulate chains of events, e.ghow a grid disturbance triggers regulatory events that may harm system components.

Model built from scratch using MATLAB

Results will be verified/discarded using experimental data

43

Challenges Support: The entire simulation is built from scratch

Complexity: Getting the grid to match up is not easy

Computational time: Is becoming unpractical

Data: Lack of experimental data for verification

Remaining work Too much!

All components are not yet running, ecpecially the grid interface

Fine tuning the grid

Verification

44

Presenter’s Form





Application Category KU‐Student [ X ] NTNU‐Student [ ] IOE Student [ ] Others [ ]

Name of Presenter RAM HARI KHATRI KC Name of Supervisor(s) Biraj Singh Thapa

Department/Level Mechanical/ UNG Research start date September 2012

Email [email protected] Research completing date



Samir Tandukar, Sujita Dhanju, Ranjana Banjara

Title of Presentation: DESIGN OF CROSS FLOW TURBINE TEST RIG



Design of 15KW cross flow turbine test rig was done during our fifth semester which continues in the sixth semester also. Our main objective was designing the components of a complete cross flow turbine and studying about various test rigs to be installed in it.

This project helps us to know about the parts of cross flow turbine and further helps in the modification of test rig.

Till now we have done some major calculations about the parts of cross flow turbine and design of penstock, runner is done in solid works. Remaining tasks will be done in this semester.

Presenter’s Signature Date 15 March 15, 2013





45

DESIGN OF CROSS FLOW TURBINE TEST RIG

Project Supervisor PresenterMr. Biraj Singh Thapa Ram Hari Khatri KC(ME 3rd year)Kathmandu University Group Members

Turbine Testing Lab Ranjana BanjaraSamir TandukarSujita Dhanju

International Symposium On

Current Research In Hydraulic Turbine (CRHT-II)

INTRODUCTION

CROSS FLOW TURBINE•Also known as Banki or Ossbergerturbine•Impulse type of turbine with low head(2-250m) and high flow (upto3cu.m/s)•Water comes from rectangular cross section of penstock pipe•Water hits the turbine blade twice•Can generate electricity up to 300KW.

TEST RIGA setup or apparatus for assessing the performance of a crossflow turbine.Various measuring instruments are installed to measure the proper working of the turbine•Flow measurement-Flowmeters, Weirs, Volumetric tank•Head measurement- mercury manometer•Speed measurement-tachometer•Torque measurement-torquemeter

46

OBJECTIVES1. Design of 15KW cross flow turbine test rig at TTL.

i. Study of cross flow turbine test rig

ii. Design of various parts of the test rig and draw its 3D views.

iii. Selection of measuring instruments for the test rig.

DESIGN

Completition of various calculations for designing the cross flow turbinePower(p)=15KWHead(H)=30mDischarge(Q)=0.0728m3 /sVelocity(v)=23.77m/sDiameter of the runner(D) =207.64mmWidth of the runner(B)=168.18mmSpeed(N)=1002rpmSpecific speed(nq )=21.1Dimension of penstock(l*b) =168.18mm*18.2mmShaft diameter(ds)=30mm

Determining the following parameters• Head and discharge from the given power•Velocity that hits the turbine•Width and the diameter of the runner•Maximum efficiency speed•Specific speed•Dimension of the penstock•Shaft diameter that can resist various stresses•Designing the guide vane•Designing the belt drive•Making housing of the test rig•Selection of bearing

47

Figure 1: Detail of cross flow turbine

Figure 2:Nozzle

Figure 3:Runner

48

What’s next?

Design of the following components:

Guide vane Housing Selection of bearing

•Studying the procedure for the selection of the measuring instruments•Selection of the measuring instrument•Location of the installation of the instruments

THANK YOU

49

Presenter’s Form






Name of Presenter Jone Rivrud Rygg Name of Supervisor(s) Nielsen/Solemslie

Department Energy and Process Eng. Research start date 14.01.13


Mobile no +47 47646289


Title of Presentation: Pelton Turbine



Background The Pelton Turbine is widely used in hydropower plants all over the world, in particular for large heads. It is recognized for its wide usage area, due to different combinations of nozzle numbers and openings, and is installed in about 30 % of Norway´s hydropower plants. Many of these are more than 40 years old and are due for replacement in the coming years. CFD‐analysis and model testing can be of great importance when designing new turbines, and these are the main focuses of this thesis.

Objective

A CFD model in OpenFOAM will be developed, with the aim of validating the accuracy of the CFD packages Ansys CFX (commercial) and OpenFOAM (Open Source). This will be done comparing the conditions and results with measurements from a model test of one or more reference turbines.


Date 13.03.13





50

Pelton TurbineMaster's thesis by Jone Rivrud Rygg


Agenda

Thesis objective

Work so far

Challenges met

TODO

51

Thesis objective

Turbine design: Model testing combined with CFD

How accurately can CFD predict the flow?

My task: Develop model in OpenFOAM, verify and validate against experimental data

Work so far

Flow visualization in OpenFOAM

Created several meshes

Implemented important features: Mesh movement, high speed jet, two-phase flow

Some simulations finished

52

Methodology

VIDEO!

53

Challenges met

Meshing is crucial and difficult

High demand for computational power

Severe numerical diffusion in jet

Sliding interface cuts jet

SymmetryPlane bug?

How to measure torque?

TODO

Find a way to measure the torque

Limit numerical diffusion

Avoid jet cut

Mesh independence study to validate the model

54

Summary

• OpenFOAM offers great flexibility – at the price of much work from the user

• CFD results should never be trusted without verification and validation

55

Presenter’s Form






Name of Presenter Ingeborg Lassen Bue and Julie Marie Hovland

Name of Supervisor(s) Torbjørn Nielsen

Department Energy and process engineering

Research start date 14.01.2013

Email [email protected] [email protected]

Research completing date 10.06.2013

Mobile no +47 48 24 22 33

+47 41 56 56 24


Title of Presentation: Pressure pulsations in Francis turbine



1 Participate in the installing the model turbine in the test rig and setting up the data acquisition system.

2 Learn how to run the laboratory 3 Evaluate the model laws and establish relations between model measured pressure pulsation and

measurements in the prototype 4 Compare the measurements in the runner with the measurements in the prototype, considering the

contributions from various phenomena (rotor‐stator interaction, draft tube vortex, stochastic pulsations)

5 Based on model sigma variation, examine results for possible cavitation influence 6 For different performances, map the pressure pulsation as well as the stress on the runner blades. 7 Analyze the pressure pulsations and stresses for components caused by rotor‐stator interaction (RSI),

draft‐tube vortex, and stochastic detachments. 8 Check for correlation between the pressure pulsation in the draft tube cone and in the runner

channels.


56

Pressure pulsations in Francis turbine

Julie Marie Hovland

And

Ingeborg Lassen Bue

Objectives of our Master’s Thesis

• Steady‐state and dynamic pressure to compare model and prototype

• Relationship between pressure pulsations inside and downstream of runner

• Explain development of runner pressure pulsations in particular the RSI component

57

The NTNU hydro power lab

Closed loop mode

• 100 mWc• 20m3/s• Closed/open loop

Transducer placement on suction side

Transducer placement on pressure side

The model runner

• 28 guide vanes• 17 runner blades• 18 pressure transducers• 4 strain gages

58

Example of pressure pulsation plot

59

Calibration

Problems…

Chassis with 6 modules and 22 connected channels Water leakage through wires

60

Presenter’s Form





Application Category KU‐Student [ ] NTNU‐Student [ ] IOE Student [ ] Others [ X ]

Name of Presenter Chris O'Rourke

Name of Supervisor(s) n/a

Department/Level Researcher

Research start date September 2012


Research completing date September 2013

Mobile no 9779803678954


Santosh Reezal

Title of Presentation: Low-Head Pico Design & Development

Title of Research (if different from Presentation): Low-Head Pico Design & Development


Our Research aims to design and develop a 1kW pico hydro system in the low head range. We are currently testing the systems performance and optimizing its design at the TTL. The presentation will give a brief overview of our system design, research methods and findings to date. It will also give some context to the research, which is part of a wider project:

"Design optimization manufacturing and demonstration of cost-effective commercial Pico-propeller turbines (1 kW) in Nepal that is marketable for a range (1kW-5kW) of hydrological conditions" The project is run by The People, Energy & Environment Development Association, www.PEEDA.org. It is part of the Renewable Nepal programme, www.ku.edu.np/renewablenepal/

Presenter’s Signature Date 15-03-2013





61

DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH:

1KW LOW-HEAD PICO SYSTEM

Main Aims:

>Design, Manufacture, Test & Install.

>Asses commercial viability and scalability.

>Raise the standard of living of the rural poor.

People, Energy & Environment Development Association

Chris O’Rourke & Santosh Rijal

WHAT IS LOW-HEAD PICO HYDRO?

Draft tube : Suction head

Head : Low (3.5m)

Runner : ~1600rpm

Generator : 3 Phase 2.2kW

Flow : Low (60l/s)

Power : 0-5kW

DIRECT COUPLING

62

PHASE 1 : DESIGN & MANUFACTURE

1 ) Literature review & Hydraulic Scaling

2 ) Mechanical Design for Manufacture

3 ) Build, Observe & Improve

0.3 kW 1 kW

PHASE 2 : TESTING

1 ) Head Adjustment

2 ) Electromechanical Integration

Higher head=

Higher flow=

Higher power

+

3.5m

-

63

WHAT HAVE WE FOUND?

Costing

Developed Scalable Manufacturing Methods

Understood the Technology & Design process

>3kW & 5kW models

>Scaling production : CNC Laser cutting, casting.

Benefits of batch orders

>Accurate techniques

$200 Material + Labor

$132 Generators + Shipping

WHAT NEXT?

Designing new systems

Site installation – Sisni

Batch production

64

ANY QUESTIONS?

??

?

?

?

?

??

?

?

?

?

65

Presenter’s Form





Application Category KU‐Student [ ] NTNU‐Student [ ] IOE Student [ ] Others [X]

Name of Presenter Sailesh Chitrakar

Name of Supervisor(s) Biraj Singh Thapa, Assoc. Prof Michel Cervantes, Assoc. Prof Damian Vogt

Department/Level Erasmus Mundus Master’s Program (THRUST)

Research start date 15th February, 2013


Research completing date 15th July, 2013



Title of Presentation: Implementation of FSI in engineering applications

Title of Research (if different from Presentation): Optimization of Francis runners exposed to sediment erosion considering fully-coupled FSI


This Master’s thesis will focus on the reference (original) design of the turbine runner and comparison of this with other optimized blades which has been shown as the improved design in terms of sediment erosion. Most of the works done previously accounts for the flow field around the blade only, and not the effect of the flow field on the deformation of the blade or the effect of the deformation of the blade on the displacement of the mesh surrounding it. The results of Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) could be inevitable in analyzing the benefits of the optimized design over the reference design. The present Master's thesis is an effort to consolidate the previous works done on the enhanced mechanical design of Francis turbines for better handling of the sediment erosion by including the effect of FSI. The presentation will include the concept of FSI, its importance in various engineering applications including the Francis runners.


66

Implementation of FSI in engineering applications

Sailesh Chitrakar

Outline

• Research details / Objectives

• Concept of FSI

• Importance of considering FSI

• Implementation of FSI in ANSYS

• Possible challenges

67

Master’s thesis topic Optimization of the Francis runners exposed tosediment erosion considering fully-coupled FSI

Supervisors Prof. Michel Cervantes (Luleå University ofTechnology, Sweden)Biraj Singh Thapa (Kathmandu University)Assoc. Prof. Damian Vogt (Royal Institute ofTechnology, Sweden)

Duration February – July , 2013

Research Details

Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI)

Structure

Fluid

Information sharing between the two fields at the interface.

The information is transferred between dissimilar mesh through interpolation.

68

• In the cases when the deformation of the structure is not negligible, FSI could bevery crucial.

• Having said so, for rigid enormous structures, even a small deformation could be acause of a great catastrophe.

Tacoma Narrow Bridge collapse due to aero-elastic flutter on 1940

Example of aero-elastic flutter on an aircraft tail wing (video)

Importance of considering FSI

Importance of considering FSI

• In the case of turbo-machinery applications, the unsteady forces are due to:• Stator rotor interaction.• Formation of wakes on the trailing edges.• Cavitations/sediment erosion in the case of hydro-turbines.

• These forces accounts for the blade vibration, which in turn affects the flow fieldsurrounding it.

69

Implementing FSI in ANSYS

Objectives of the current research

• Analyze the results of the ongoing and the past studies focused towards theoptimized hydraulic design of Francis runner for a better sediment handling.

• Introduce the FSI based simulations of the Francis runner through one-way andtwo-way coupling techniques to establish the mechanical integrity of the design, forboth the conventional and the optimized designs.

• Make a comparative analysis of the results between CFD and FSI and identify thelevel of significance of FSI in the field of Francis turbines.

Shape 3 (reference design)

Optimized designs of the runner

70

Possible challenges

• Successful implementation of a fully-coupled FSI simulation of the runner.• Mesh generation, boundary conditions and solver control parameters.

• Deflection of the runner might cause the folding of the mesh in the flow fieldsurrounding it. Increasing the stiffness of the mesh or re-meshing techniques mighthave to be imposed.

• Validation of the results.

Thank you!

71

Presenter’s Form





Application Category KU‐Student [X] NTNU‐Student [ ] IOE Student [ ] Others [ ]

Name of Presenter Laxman Poudel

Name of Supervisor(s) Prof. Dr Bhola Thapa, Associate Professor Dr Bim P. Shrestha

Department/Level Department of Mechanical Engineering

Research start date 15th February, 2013



15th July, 2013

Mobile no


Title of Presentation: Study on sediment characterization & its impact on hydraulic Turbine Material



Sediment Characterization and its effect on turbine material is the principal investigation of this research. First and far most, sediment sizes were characterized according to different sieve sizes below 425 micron. Four different rivers were chosen and its sediments were characterized according to sieve sizes below 90, 90-212, 212-300 and 300-425 microns. These sizes of sediments effect were studied through experiment in high velocity test rig and rotating disc apparatus at Kathmandu University. Sediments were collected from different sections of the river according to location of hydropower projects, human interference zone, landslide areas and irrigating plant area. All sections sediments were individually experimented in high velocity test rig to know its effect in turbine material. These collected sediments were also further treated to characterize its shape and mineral content. Mineral content of the sediments were studied using acid wash technique. Shapes of sediments were analyzed using image processing technique tool. Matrox imaging and Matlab environment tools were utilized to extract and characterize sediment particles shapes. It was observed that bigger the sediment size greater is the effect. It was also depicted that twenty one different sediment shapes can be traced out and its abundance can be studied using image processing technique. It is found that greater the sediment quantity greater is the erosion impact. An angular

72

shape particle yields in high amount than the irregular one. Irregular shapes sediments are more abundant in upstream of the river and slowly changes to less spherical and round shape sediments while travelling to downstream part of the river. So it can be idealized that sand particles shapes changes while being transported due to interaction with each other and changes from its original shape to more round. It is found that circular with low sphericity sediment shapes are most abundant in rivers followed by circular with low sphericity, elongated, square and triangular. Triangular particles are present in very low amount compared to other shapes. In general Irregular shapes have more erosion potential than regular shapes. It was also observed that the particles with the irregular shape of smaller size induce higher erosion rates than that of the larger size with the same shape Mineral content is another parameter of sediment which was analyzed using acid wash technique. It was observed that quartz is the most dominating content available that has high eroding value followed by feldspar, mica and other minerals. The other mineral refers to carbonates, clay, chlorite and fragment of dolomite, calcite, shale, tourmaline, hornblende, garnet and many hard and soft minerals. These findings will help to select the proper site of a power plant in erosion prone basins and would also help to design suitable settling basins to trap sediment particles having higher erosion potentials. Furthermore this study will be helpful for water quality monitoring, determining the proper spot for hydro power generation and irrigation, wastewater treatment area and many more. A database obtained can be used to train by neural network which can clearly distinguish the particles in depth like if the particle is sand it can be further classified as mica, quartz, feldspar, amphibole, biotite etc which can put a great leap in sediment classification and impact study.






73

International symposium On “Current Research in hydraulic Turbines” CRHT-II

Doctoral Research Presentationon

Study on Sediment Characterization and its Impact on Hydraulic Turbine Material

ByLaxman Poudel

PhD candidateDepartment of Mechanical Engineering

School of EngineeringKathmandu University

Kathmandu UniversitySchool of EngineeringMechanical Engineering Department

Supervisors

19th March, 2013

Associate Prof. Dr. Bim Prasad ShresthaHead of DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSchool of Engineering Kathmandu University

Prof. Dr. Bhola ThapaDeanSchool of EngineeringKathmandu UniversityDhulikhel, Nepal

74

Research Question

• Characterization of sediment parameter– Size– Shape– Mineral Content

• Sediment impact in turbine material surface

Scope

75

• Sediment problem in Nepalese hydro power plant.– Topology-slope– ROR scheme

• Issue and Rational of study on sediment characteristics according to

1.Shape 2.Size 3.Mineral content– Technology utilization and verification

• Erosion due to sediment– Hydro mechanical Material

Introduction

Research Overview

Roshi , Modi, Indrawati and Sunkoshi Rivers as

reference

Understanding sediment problem and sediment collection

Sediment characteristics

Mineral content

Shapesize

Acid wash technique

Sieve analyzer

Optical Imaging

Fabricate and built Test rig to determine the effect on hydro Turbine material

features extraction of sediments according to shape , size and mineral (hardness) content

Effect of sediments on test specimen

Conclude effect of particles on hydro mechanical material

Test all specimen with characterized sediments

76

Literature Review

Site Selection

Experimentation study Sediment size Sediment shape Sediment Mineral content

Image processing

Test Result

Analysis

Methodology

Samples Collected

Koshi River BasinRoshiSunkoshiIndrawati

Modi

Site Selection

77

Sediments From Different segments

Used Bucket and Sediment sampler

Collected from Fluvial and Bed

Collected in a sack

Sample collection Method

Particles shape are explore and extracted using

i) Form - Reflected by the degree of particle elongation or flatness

ii) Roundness - Reflected by the degree of sharpness of corners and edges. estimated by measuring the radii of inscribed and circumscribed circles.

Shape Feature Extraction

78

iii) Sphericity - Reflected by the degree to which the external envelope of the particle approximates that of a true sphere. measured by measuring the area and perimeter

iv) Irregularity: Determined by measuring the relative size of bumps and hollows on the particle outline.

V)Large or surrogates of sand particles are measured by, a visual comparator and Digital Image Processing (DIP).


TEST

79

Test ProcedureErosion Testing:

SizeTest Procedure

Data are recorded manuallyCalculate dry Specimen weightClamp specimen in the test rig and run test

Specimen from the test rig is removed after all the sand particles passes through nozzle

The specimen is cleaned and dried.

Specimen is weightedWeight loss of specimen is recorded

Test Procedure

a)Rotating Disc with four holesb)Test specimen, rotating discc) Rotating disc

Erosion Testing:Size

Rotating Disc Apparatus

80

1. Upper ResevoirTank2. Stand for Upper Tank3. Filter 4. Camera Stand5. Light source guide6. Camera7. Lens8. Light source9. Transparent Flow cell10. Camera Adapter 11. Computer 12. Lower Reservoir

Machine Vision Lab


Analysis of each classified sediment shapes formed a clear database that characterizes shape of

sediment according to parameters described above.

Shape Con…

81

IMAGE PROCESSING

Materials and Methods

Photographed image by CCD

Background elimination single particle extraction by edge detection

Skeletonization and CG of a single particle


(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i) (j)

Descriptor and sand shapes

82

ANALYSIS OF SHAPE OF SAND

A MIL application with MatLab 6.5 platform inbuilt program was used to determine the Fourier descriptors for each sand particles.

length of each sand perimeter was assessed and this was broken into 128 equal lengths to produce 128 new coordinates.

Typical profile of a sand particle as reconstructed using Fourier descriptors.


a) Original digitized outline of particle. (b) +/- 64 Fourier descriptors (c) +/- 24 Fourier descriptors

(d) +/- 8 Fourier descriptors e) +/- 5 Fourier descriptors (f) +/- 3 Fourier descriptors

The effect of reconstruction of a particle from complex Fourier descriptors using successively fewer descriptor


83

SAND PARTICLES SHAPE COUNTING Matrox Imaging Library software was utilized to count sand

particles present in samples from each site of four different rivers

Complex Fourier Descriptor analysis is done to extract the shape of particles

This gives the particles shape of each site sample quantitatively


Test Result

• Abundance of shape : Image Processing

• Impact of size : High Velocity Test Rig

• Impact of Mineral content: Acid Wash Technique

Test Results

84

Results and DiscussionRoshi Sediment Size Impact:

Roshi River Sediment Size Impact• It is evident that sediment sizes impact in 20 different locations are

fluctuated with great variation • Particles with greater size have greater impact

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Impa

ct (

mg)

Locations

Roshi River Sediment Size Impact

<90

90-212

212-300

300-425

Impact by size of different sieve sizes in different sections of Indrawati River

Results and DiscussionIndrawati Sediment Size Impact:

• Size of sediment range 300-425 micron have high impact comparatively

• It is found that the higher the size higher is the impact value.

• The impact value is in the range of double extending from one size group to another. So it can be assured that this is also one peculiar kind of trend followed in impact.

85

Impact by size of different sieve sizes in different sections of Sunkoshi River

Results and DiscussionSunkoshi Sediment Size Impact

• It is evident from Chartthat impact value ofdifferent sizes of sedimentat different spots havesimilar and significantvalues.

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

1 2 3 4 5

Impact

(

mg)

Spots

Sunkoshi Size Impact

<90

90-212

212-300

300-425

425-600

Results and DiscussionModi River Sediment Size Impact:

Impact on Four Test Material by 8 locations sediments of Modi river

• Same material represented by P2A P2B, P3A and P3B

• The range of impact in this chart is slightly different

• In this chart we can see fluctuation of values greatly in all locations sediment.

• But it can be concluded that the impact range in downstream of the river is more or less equal.

86

Mineral content distribution of Roshi RiverThe other minerals content minerals like Tourmaline, Garnet, Beryl and Hornblende .

Results and DiscussionMineral Content of Roshi:

• Mineral content distribution of Sunkoshi River• The other minerals content minerals like

Tourmaline, Garnet, Beryl and Hornblende .

Results and DiscussionMineral Content Sunkoshi:

≥

87

Mineral content distribution of Indrawati RiverQuartz as most dominating with approximately 70 percent followed by Mica, Feldspar, others A and others B.others A represents mixture of Tourmaline, Garnet, Beryl and Hornblende and others B represents Clay, few grains of Carbonates and few unidentified minerals.

Results and DiscussionMineral Content Indrawati:

Mineral content on sediment samples of Modi RiverQuartz content varied from 34 to 37 percent, Feldspar 6 to 8 percent, Mica 6 to 8 percent, other A 3 to 7 and B content 45 to 49 percent in all eight locations of the river section which is dominant

Quartz is found in high percentage followed by Feldspar and Mica.

Results and DiscussionMineral Content Modi:

88

Mineral content on sediment samples of Koshi Basin River• Quartz and Mica content is high in Indrawati and Sunkoshi• Quartz is found in high percentage followed by Feldspar and Mica, whileas

Feldspar quantity is low in Indrawati comparing all the results fromexperiment

Results and DiscussionMineral Content of Koshi Basin:

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Quartz Feldspar Mica Others (A) Others (B)

min

era

l co

nte

nt (

%)

Mineral

Mineral Content of Koshi Basin River

Roshi

Indrawati

Sunkoshi

Mineral Content

Quartz and feldspar are the dominating minerals in sediment sample

Mica contain muscovite and biotitic in minor amount.

The silt and sands are dominating with quartz minerals along with feldspar and few tourmalines, micas, calcite and few others

Carbonate present in the sediments is about 5 %.

Results and Discussion:Mineral Content

89

Results and DiscussionSediment Shape :

Shape of sediment categorized into five shapes and its comparisons and abundance were accounted

• Circular with high Sphercity• Circular with low Sphercity• Elongated• Square • Triangular

Results and DiscussionRoshi River Shape :

90

Five shapes• Circular with high Sphercity• Circular with low Sphercity• Elongated• Square • Triangular

• Circular with low sphercity amounts 28 % of total sediment

• Triangular shape sediment accounts least with 11%

• Circular shape sediments are more available at downstream of the rives

Results and DiscussionRoshi River Shape :

Circular with High

Sphericity25%

Circular with Low

Sphericity28%

Elongated20%

Square16%

Triangular11%

Roshi river average sediment shape aboundance

Categorizing shape of sediment more generally intofive shapes

1. Circular with high Sphercity2. Circular with low Sphercity3. Elongated4. Square5. Triangular

• Circular with low sphericity sediment abundancecovers 29%, whereas triangular is found 9% only.

• This shows similar abundance as that of withRoshi river sediment

Results and DiscussionIndrawati River Sediment Shape Abundance:

Circular with High

Sphericity25%

Circular with Low Sphericity

29%

Elongated22%

Square15%

Triangular9%

Indrawati River average sediment shape abundance

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Results and DiscussionSunkoshi River Sediment Shape Abundance:

Circular with High Sphericity

25%

Circular with Low Sphericity

29%Elongated

24%

Square17%

Triangular5%

Sunkoshi River average sediment shape abundance

This pie chart shows similar abundance of sediment shapes with Roshi and Indrawatiriver sediment

Each parameter has direct impact on turbo machineries

Particle can be described based on mineral content, shape and size.

Conclusion

Particle and its impact test rig can be developed by using software in conjunction with hydro test rig.

92

21 different shapes are identified using Digital Image Processing

Circular with low spherecity is highly abundant with least with Irregular shape

Conclusion

Quartz is the most abundant mineral content with more than 50 percent.

Higher sieve size sediment have high impact values on turbine surface than the smaller one

Conclusion

Irregular shapes sediments are more abundant inupstream of the river and slowly changes to lessspherical and round shape sediments whiletravelling to downstream part of the river

93

• Development of systematic test rig of Sand particles features characterization can be utilized for – Hydro power plant generation– Turbo machineries impact by particles – Water quality monitoring– Irrigation– Drinking water– Wastewater treatment area

• Combined Erosion Model of sediment can be further work to access from this work

Recommendation

Thank you For Your Kind Attention

94

Presenter’s Form






Name of Presenter Kjartan Furnes Name of Supervisor(s) Nielsen/Solemslie



Mobile no +47 92065408


Title of Presentation: Numerical simulation of flows on Pelton buckets by SPH



Background The flow in a Pelton turbine is affected by a number of complex flow phenomenons. These include high speeds, sharp gradients, free surface flow, droplets and two‐phase flow. It has in the past decade has been a significant development of numerical fluid simulations in Pelton turbines. Lack of good and detailed measurements these simulations are essentially validated based on qualitative criteria, rather than a comparison of detailed measurements. To improve the accuracy of the calculations developed a simplified 2D profile that enables highly accurate measurements in the liquid layer.

Objective

Verifying Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations in DualSPHysics using an analytical problem and investigate the ability to simulate flow in Pelton buckets. The starting point is a former Master.

Presenter’s Signature Date 13.03.13





95

1

Flow in Pelton Turbine

Numerical simulation of flows on Pelton buckets by SPH

Master's thesis by Kjartan Furnes


2

Thesis objective

Make a simple verification of the simulation program DualSPHysics

Assess whether DualSPHysics and SPH can be a good tool for simulating flows in Pelton turbines

96

3

SPH• Smoothed particle hydrodynamics method

• A mesh-free Lagrangian method

• Smoothed particle hydrodynamics is being increasingly used to model fluid motion

4

DualSPHysics• Open-source SPH model

• Developed by researchers at the Johns Hopkins Uni., the Uni. of Vigo, the Uni. of Manchester and the Uni. of Rome

• Implemented in C++ and CUDA language

97

5

Test Case 1: Jet Impinging Plate

6

Test Case 2: Simple Geometry

• Simplification

• Experimental data from previous graduate student

98

7

Video:

8

99

Presenter’s Form






Name of Presenter Milan Poudel Name of Supervisor(s) Mr. Biraj Singh Thapa

Department/Level Mechanical / UNG Research start date 5 oct 2012

Email Research completing date continued

Mobile no 009779849497842


Sanil Makaju Shrestha, Ashok Bista, Kailash Kunwar, Nitish Shrestha

Title of Presentation: Prospects Of Utilization Of Pump Turbine In Nepalese Hydropower Project



This research is done to find out the suitable site for pump turbine unit Nepal among possible sites. And this helps to understand the working principles of pump turbines. This project will be helpful to manage the load demand variation as it is becoming major problem in country like Nepal.






100

INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM

ON

CURRENT RESEARCH IN HYDRAULIC TURBINES(CRTH-II)

Prospects of utilization of pump turbine in Nepalese hydropower projects

Project SupervisorBiraj Singh ThapaKathmandu UniversityTurbine Testing Lab

PresenterMilan PaudelGroup MembersAshok BistaNitish ShresthaSanil Makaju ShresthaKailash Kunwar

INTRODUCTION

• Energy production from hydropower is not always the same

• Seasonal rivers

• Variation in load demand

• Need of backup unit or energy storage unit

• Wind and solar power have their own set of complications

• Use of reversible pump turbine

101

OBJECTIVES

To find out the suitable site for pump turbine unit Nepal among possible sites.

Study about RPT and Design for the selected site.

REVERSIBLE PUMP TURBINE

Reversible Pump turbine is a single unit that can be to generate the electricity and to pump the water as well.

It can be used as turbines that uses the excess amount of water from the river with high head to generate electricity.

It can act as a pump to supply water to the main unit from the river at lower head to make all the units run during dry season.

102

APPLICATION OF PUMP TURBINE IN NEPAL

PROJECT WORK

Collection of data about already constructed hydropower and identified hydropower sites.

From these information, some possible sites for using the RPT can be selected on the basis of :

1) Existence two rivers that flow very close to each other having different head.

2) Possibilities of constructing reservoirs.

103

PROJECT WORK

We have been working on mat-lab programming to obtain the streamline curves to make blade profile of RPT.

We will design a blade profile of RPT using the curves we obtained from the mat-lab.

Fabrication of designed pump turbine blade

CONCLUSION

New and feasible technology for Nepal.

Challenges and difficulties.

At the complication of the project we hope we will be able to find some possible sites for using reversible pump turbine and to design a turbine model for a particular selected site.

105

Presenter’s Form






Name of Presenter Mons Ole Dyvik Sellevold Name of Supervisor(s) Torbjørn Nielsen / Pål‐Tore Storli



Mobile no +47 412 65 424


Title of Presentation: U‐tube oscillations in hydro power plants



Hydro power plants with long tunnels often have surge shafts installed to better regulation stability and lower the pressure e to waterhammer.

The damping of U‐tube oscillations between magazine and surge shaft is not very well known.

This Research will investigate the hydraulic properties of U‐tube oscillations, and try to develop better damping models.

Measurements in lab and in a real power plant to measure the damping and check with model.

Presenter’s Signature Date 13.03.2013





106

1

U-tube oscillations in hydro power plants

The damping of U-tube oscillations between the upper reservoire and surge shaft

Master's thesis by Mons Ole Dyvik Sellevold


2

�Hydro power plants with long tunnels often have surge shafts/chambers or an air cushion installed.

�Any change in volume flow, due to load changes, leads to mass oscillations between free surfaces in the system.

107

3

U-tube oscillations

4

Head loss

Todays practice (as if stationary):

Too low damping!

�∆H = f * Q^2

108

5

Velocity profile

In real: dynamic!

�Huge shear stresses�How to model this?

6

Tasks

�Plan and do a U-tube oscillation test at the Water

Power Laboratory

�Measure the velocity profile by use of PIV

�Model and simulate the damping in MatLab

�Measure U-tube oscillations in a real power plant

�Compare model and measurements

109

7

Thank you!

110

Presenter’s Form





Application Category KU‐Student [ X ] NTNU‐Student [ ] IOE Student [ ] Others [ ]

Name of Presenter Bidhan Rajkarnikar

Name of Supervisor(s) Dr. Hari P. Neopane Mr. Biraj Singh Thapa

Department/Level Mechanical/Masters

Research start date 1 August 2012



4 March 2013

Mobile no +977-9841565066


Title of Presentation: Study of Sediment Erosion in Francis Turbine Runner at Laboratory Conditions



This research is a part of a project under the Renewable Nepal program supported by NORAD which aims to design a Francis turbine suitable to handle sediment erosion and ultimately to start manufacturing of such turbines in Nepal. The theoretical design of the Francis turbine runner has already been completed and verified using CFD analysis. The current research is focused in the experimental analysis of the new design through laboratory tests. A test setup called Rotating Disc Apparatus has been designed for this purpose and installed in the Turbine Testing Lab at Kathmandu University. The designed test rig was successful in carrying out tests of sediment erosion in the runner blades of Francis turbine. The developed test setup was used for comparative study of two alternative designs of Francis runner blades; the reference design, which is designed with traditional design methodology and the optimized design, which has been designed in earlier studies. Results obtained were also compared with the erosion conditions in actual hydropower site for verification and was found to be similar to the real cases.


Date 15-03-2013

111

A PRESENTATION

ON

STUDY OF SEDIMENT EROSION IN

FRANCIS TURBINE RUNNER AT

LABORATORY CONDITIONS

BY:

BIDHAN RAJKARNIKAR

ENPE – MPPOES 2011

19TH MARCH, 2013

Supervisor:

Dr. Hari P. Neopane

Co--supervisor:

Mr. Biraj Singh Thapa

• Part of a project under the Renewable Nepal Programme supported by NORAD

• The project aims to design a new Francis turbine suitable to handle sediment erosion and ultimately to start manufacturing of the new turbines in Nepal

• Hydraulic design conditions have been identified for Francis turbine to minimize sediment erosion maintaining the highest possible efficiency

• The best design was analyzed with the help of CFD to evaluate the performance in virtual erosive environment

• Tests of physical model of the design is required to verify the results of CFD analysis

2

Background

112

RDA Assembly

3Isometric View of RDA Assembly

Housing Shaft

V-belt drive

Cover

Motor

Foundation frame

Modification of old RDA

4

Three quarter sectional view of old RDA

Three quarter section view of new RDA

Cooling chamber

Rotating disc chamber

Base plate

Inlet points for sand and water

Bearing

Points for temperature and pressure measurement

Test specimens

113

Blade attachment

5

Blade base

Blade

Countersunk screw

Seat for blade base

Disc

6

Reservoir for cooling water

Cooling water outlet

Motor RDA

RDA setup installed in TLL

114

7

Casting of Blades

Reference Design

Optimized Design

Observations of Wear Pattern

8

Reference design Optimized design

(CFD results referenced from Thapa BS, 2011)

115

Comparison with Real Case

9

Reference design Runner of JHC(Courtesy, BPC)

10

Observations of Wear Pattern

Before

After 350 min After 350 min

Reference design Optimized design

Before

116

Observations of Loss of Material

11

81.5

73.968.3

62.8

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

0 100 200 300 400

Weig

ht (

gm

)

Time of operation (min)

Combined Weight

A

B93.5

80.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 100 200 300 400

Cu

mu

lati

ve e

ros

ion

(m

g/g

m)

Time of operation (min)

Cumulative Erosion

A

B

Thank YouFor your kind attention!

12

117

Presenter’s Form





Application Category KU‐Student [ ] NTNU‐Student [X] IOEStudent [ ] Others [ ]

Name of Presenter Kristin TessemKolsaker Name of Supervisor(s) Torbjørn K. Nielsen

Department EPT Research start date 14. jan 2013

Email [email protected] Research completing date 10. jun 2013

Mobile no +47 952 38 162


Title of Presentation:



Background (project thesis)

Transients and oscillationscan be observed in up‐ and downstreamsurgeshaftswhenchangingtheoperationpointof a general turbine unit. Theseoscillations, althoughmuchslowerthanRSI (rotor stator interaction), canmodulatecavitationevents in theturbine.

Boththeavailable and requiredNPSH (net positive suction head) areaffected. To show this an analysisofvelocitytriangles and an analysisoffluctuations in themassflowdownstreamoftheturbineweremade in my projectthesis.

Object (Master thesis)

In my master thesis I will plan a cavitation‐rig at thelaboratory at NTNU. Modulatedcavitation is ofhighinterest for research purposes, and there is a lackofexperimentalanalysisonthefield. The Waterpowerlaboratory at NTNU has for some time nowhad plans to buildsuch a rig






118

Evaluation of modulated cavitation in hydroturbines

Kristin Tessem Kolsaker, March 2013

•Describe the spesifications for a cavitation test‐rig that is to be built at NTNU. (tests on airfoils)•Compare with other rigs (SAFL, AMC etc.)

119

•Make a complete drawing of the rig placed in the Waterpower Laboratory (fully customized)

2D / 3D

Autodesk Inventor (drawing program)

•Describe the necessary instrumentation–Pipes (steel, diameter)–Pump–Test section (plexi glass)–Screens, honeycombs etc

120

•Prepare total cost–file an application

–Thanks for your attention!

121

Presenter’s Form






Name of Presenter Ravi Koirala

Name of Supervisor(s) Prof. Bhola Thapa &Mr. Biraj Singh Thapa

Department/Level Department of Mechanical Engineering

Research start date September, 2012


Research completing date May, 2013

Mobile no 9841-381391


Sanjeep Subedi and Sneha Sefalika

Title of Presentation: PERFORMANCE TEST OF FRANCIS TURBINE IN LABORATORY

CONDITIONS TO ESTIMATE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENT EROSION



This project is the Undergraduate final year project in Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University which is being carried out at Turbine Testing Lab, Kathmandu University. We aim towards study of the particle behavior on the blade profile of Francis runner. In the absence of the standard for the erosion test of the hydraulic turbines, this is our attempt to standardize the turbines that are to be used in the future by the upcoming hydropower plants of Nepal. Here we attempt to physically simulate the flow with the sand particles to replicate the erosion behavior of the optimized profile. The physical result will be validated with the CFD result. In the presentation the project aim and activity will be presented. Since the project is first of its kind we are expecting suggestions from the researchers working with the relevant field.






122

PERFORMANCE TEST OF FRANCIS TURBINE IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS TO ESTIMATE

EFFECTS OF SEDIMENT EROSION

PRESENTERRavi Koirala

Undergraduate Final Year Department of Mechanical Engineering

March 19, 2013 CV Raman Auditorium, KU

International Symposium on

CURRENT RESEARCH IN HYDRAULIC TURBINE

Other team membersSneha SefalikaSanjeep Subedi

Undergraduate Final YearDepartment of Mechanical Engineering

Supervisors:Prof. Bhola Thapa

Asst. Prof. Biraj Singh ThapaTurbine Testing Lab

Department of Mechanical EngineeringKathmandu University

Tests performed yet has the facility for material check

An effort to perform the test on the profile

Required design and data of the turbine is taken fromTurbine Testing Lab, Kathmandu University.

Visualize the sediment erosion in lab setup rather than thefield

Final year project for Bachelor of Engineering inMechanical Engineering

With a vision of establishing Turbine Testing Lab as aCENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR SEDIMENT EROSION TEST

Project Background

123

Review of past research on quantification of sedimenterosion on hydraulic machines in general and Francis turbinein particular.

Design and fabricate a test rig to replicate sediment erosionbehavior in Francis runner blade through accelerated test.

Comparison of erosion effects between reference designand optimized design of Francis turbine by numerical tools,experimental verification and field observation.

Objectives

Project outline

Physical test for the erosion

Numerical simulation of

location of erosion

Comparative study regarding the erosion

locality

124

Our Requirement In a Test Rig

Adjustment of the blade profile for analysis of effect on the profile unlike the past practices which summarizes the effect on the material.

Facility of erosion comparison on the basis of various parameters.

Reusing facility of abrasive material and water.

Minimum effect of abrasive material on other accessories such as impeller of pump, duct, etc.

Blade profile will be tested

Three blades are sandwiched between section of Hub and Shroud

Middle blade is similar to real type flow

Tests will be performed at BEP i.e. Guide vane angle fixed to the BEP

Brief about the Rig

Fig Schematic test loop

125

Test Rig

Computational Model

126

Computational Model

VARIABLES DESIGN VARIABLES(X) CFX

(Y)

DIFFERENCE

(X‐Y)

Head H

Flow rate Q

Efficiency

Inlet velocities:

U1

Cm1

Cu1

C1

W1

Wu1

Outlet velocities at

diameter Dref

U2

Cm2

Cu2

C2

W2

Wu2

201.5 m

2.35 m3/s

96%

46.6008 m/s

9.7036 m/s

‐40.7214 m/s

41.8615 m/s

11.3458 m/s

5.8794 m/s

0.3901 m

20.4265 m/s

12.8960 m/s

0 m/s

12.8960 m/s

24.1468 m/s

20.4256 m/s

201.6390 m

2.3500 m3/s

97.0208%

46.4024 m/s

9.2041 m/s

‐43.0341 m/s

44.0076 m/s

9.8043 m/s

3.3683 m/s

0.3978 m

19.4472 m/s

10.3726 m/s

‐0.6289 m/s

10.8785 m/s

21.5702 m/s

18.8184 m/s

‐0.139 m

0 m3/s

‐1.0208%

0.1984 m/s

0.4995 m/s

2.3126 m/s

‐2.1461 m/s

1.5415 m/s

2.5111 m/s

‐0.0077m

0.9793 m/s

2.5234 m/s

0.6289 m/s

2.0175 m/s

2.5766 m/s

1.6072 m/s

Rig design is completed and is in the phase of development

Development of computational model is performed and is in the phase for computation of erosion.

Conclusion

127

THANK YOU

Suggestions are welcomed …

128

Presenter’s Form



19March 2013, KU, Dhulikhel & Kathmandu, Nepal



Name of Presenter Johanne Seierstad Name of Supervisor(s) Torbjorn Nielsen

Department Energy and process engineering



February, 2013

Mobile no (+47) 94365550


Title of Presentation: Design of a Francis turbine test rig



The Waterpower laboratory has participating in establishing a hydraulic test laboratory at Kathmandu University in Nepal. The Turbine Testing Lab at Kathmandu University in Nepal. The Turbine Testing Lab at Kathmandu University is designed to handle performance testing of model turbines. However, there is no such test rig in the laboratory yet to meet the IEC standards.

The test rig located in the Waterpower Laboratory at NTNU has the capability to carry out model tests of Francis turbines according to the specifications of IEC 60193 which is the standard used in such model tests. This test rig will be the model for the design of a similar test rig at Kathmandu University.

The main objective in this project has be to evaluate the current plans for the design of the simplified Francis turbine testing rig at TTL, against the requirements given by IEC 60193. By this, suggestions are made on how they can move closer to this standard, based on the available resources.

An important task has been to determine today`s situation at the TTL with regards to the instrumentation and calibration equipment,and propose alternative improved solutions.

As a part of the project, efficiency measurements and calibration of the equipment has been performed in the Waterpower Laboratory at NTNU. The efficiency test was done by running the test rig in an “open loop”, to make the test conditions as equal as possible between TTL and NTNU.


Date

129

Hovedoppgave ved

IMM

våren 2003

Design of a Francis turbine test rig

by

Johanne Seierstad

Background

Nepal has a huge potential when it comes to development ofhydropower. As an important part of this development, the TurbineTesting Lab (TTL) has been implemented at Kathmandu University(KU) in Nepal. The TTL is still under development to meetinternational requirements set for testing of hydraulic runners. Thereis an ongoing project for an installation of a simplified Francis test rigat the laboratory.

NTNU has a close collaboration with Kathmandu University, whichopens an important possibility for sharing knowledge of turbinetesting and experiences when it comes to hydraulic machinery ingeneral.

The Francis test rig located in the Waterpower Laboratory at NTNUis able to carry out model tests according to the specifications of IEC60193, which is the standard used in such model testing. This rig willbe a model for the design of a Francis turbine testing rig at KU.

Objective

The main objective in this project has be to evaluate the current plans for the design of the simplified Francis turbine testing rig at TTL, against the requirements given by IEC 60193. By this, suggestions are made on how they can move closer to this standard , based on the available resources.

An important task has been to determine today`s situation at the TTL with regards to the instrumentation and calibration equipment,

and propose alternative improved solutions.

As a part of the project, efficiency measurements and calibration of the equipment at NTNU has been performed. The efficiency test was done by running the test rig in an “open loop”, to make the test conditions as equal as possible between TTL and NTNU.

Project Thesis at

Waterpower Laboratory - NTNU

2012/2013

Supervisor: Torbjørn NielsenTurbine Testing Lab, Kathmandu

University, Nepal

130

Hovedoppgave ved

IMM

våren 2003


by

Johanne Seierstad

Project Thesis at


2012/2013

Supervisor: Torbjørn Nielsen

Efficiency tests for a Francis turbine

Measurements of

- Pressure,through He

- Torque, T

- Flow, Q

- Rotational speed

Primary/ Secondary methods

Variation of guide vane angle and

generator speed

131

Hovedoppgave ved

IMM

våren 2003


by

Johanne Seierstad

Project Thesis at


2012/2013


The Francis test rig at the Waterpower Laboratory at NTNU, Norway

Measurement of Instrument Type Method of calibration

Primary-/ secondary calibration method

Comments

Flow Electromagnetic flowmeter

Krohne 4000 Weighing tank method

Primary Weight tank calibrated in advance

Inlet and diff. pressure

Pressure transducer Fuji FHCW 36 Ackay

Dead weight tester/ Manometer

Primary Very sensitive manometer

Generator torque

Load cell Hottinger Dead weights/ Lever arm

Primary

Friction torque Load cell Hottinger Dead weights/ Lever arm

Primary Reaches about 4-5 percent of total torque in some operation points

Rotational speed

Optical sensor - No need of calibration

-

Temperature Sensor Siemens Pt100 No need of calibration

-

Oxygen quantity

Sensor Trioxmatic 700SW

No need of calibration

-

132

Hovedoppgave ved

IMM

våren 2003


by

Johanne Seierstad

Project Thesis at


2012/2013


The simplified Francis rig at Turbine Testing Lab, Kathmandu University, Nepal:

Measurement of Instrument Type Method of calibration

Primary-/ secondary calibration method

Comments

Flow Electromagnetic flowmeter

Krohne 4000 or an older model

Triangular or rectangular weirs

Secondary Volumetric tank available in the lab

Inlet and diff. pressure

Pressure transducer

ITT PA 21Y Suggestion: Druck DPI 610

Secondary Alternative calibration, cheaper equipment.

Generator torque Torque transducer M420-S3B Rotary transducer.

Dead weights/ Lever arm

Primary Measures the torque directly on the shaft

Friction torque Not measured - Dead weights/ Lever arm

Primary Should be installed in the future, or estimated.

Rotational speed Optical sensor - No need of calibration

- -

Temperature Sensor - No need of calibration

- Measured right in front of the turbine

Oxygen quantity Not measured - - - Not measured

133

Hovedoppgave ved

IMM

våren 2003


by

Johanne Seierstad

Project Thesis at


2012/2013


Suggestions and improvements of the simplified Francis rig at TTL:

Pressure measurement:

- Calibration by a Druck DPI 610 ( Decrease the costs)

- Increase number of pressure taps

- Measure the differential pressure directly

Generator torque measurement:

- Calibration without replacement of the generator shaft

-Friction torque measurement:

-To move closer to the IEC in the future, this contribution has to be measured.

Discharge measurement:

- Calibration by use of a volumetric tank instead of weirs.

Generator:

- Be able to vary the speed of the generator

134

Hovedoppgave ved

IMM

våren 2003


by

Johanne Seierstad

Project Thesis at


2012/2013


Thank you for your attention!

Further work:- Detailed planning of a Francis test rig at TTL which meets the IEC 60193

requirements

135

Presenter’s Form






Name of Presenter Krishna Prasad Shrestha

Name of Supervisor(s) Prof. Dr. Bhola Thapa, KU Prof. Ole Gunnaer Dahlhaug, NTNU

Department/Level MED

Research start date July, 2011


Research completing date July ,2014



Title of Presentation: Design of Francis Turbine Runner against Sand Erosion



Erosion in the hydro turbines is one of the major challenges for the hydro turbines running in the Himalayan region. Erosion is depended on velocity, concentration, operating condition, impingement angle and hardness of substrate as well as erodent itself. In the Francis turbine, erosion deteriorates on Guide vanes, faceplates, runner blades and seal rings, etc. Several methods have been practiced to reduce the sand erosion problems on hydro turbines. Three methods are most applicable for this purpose. They are coating, optimizing turbine blade profile and increasing the size of settling basin. Out of three methods, optimizing turbine blade is economical and can be applied in initial stage of Francis turbine design. The erosive wear in Francis turbine cannot be stopped completely by current technology, but it can be reduced economically acceptable level. This paper describes the alternative Francis turbine runner design against sand erosion. The method takes a reference of past sediment data and operational condition from Jhimruk Hydroelectric Plant. The preliminary design data are modeled in the MATLAB base in-house software, and selected design data were results optimized by applying CFD analysis on ANSYS software. Finite element analysis and fluid structure interaction simulation have been performed in part model. Design method described in this paper is expected to be useful to Francis turbine manufacturing industry for the design of Francis turbine runner against erosion problem.


136

www.ku.edu.npDepartment of Mechanical Engineering www.ku.edu.np/mech CRHT-II symposium: March19, 2013,KU

Krishna Prasad ShresthaEmail: [email protected]

1

Supervisors

Prof. Bhola ThapaKathmandu University, Nepal

Prof. Ole G. DhahlhangNTNU, Norway

Design of Francis Turbine Runner against sand Erosion

www.ku.edu.np

Outline

• Design

• Analysis

• Limitations

• Results

• Conclusions and Recommendation

2

137

www.ku.edu.np

Inspection of Francis Runner blade

3

Francis turbine Runner blade after one year of operation at JhimrukPower plant, Nepal

Runner assembly of TevlaPower Plant Power plant

Stay vane, Scroll casing, runner inspection at Tevla

Power Plant, Norway

Erosion on Francis turbine runner of Kalighandhaki Hydropower

Erosion on Francis turbine runner of Madhya Marshyandi Hydropower

1 2 3

4 5

www.ku.edu.np

Objectives• To design and develop new Francis turbine

that can accommodate sand erosion problem

– To analysis the impact of sand erosion on Francis turbine.

– To identify the possible solution for the minimizing effect of erosion on turbine.

– To innovate optimization on Francis Turbine design.

4

138

www.ku.edu.np

Design of Francis runner

5

• Khoj /La Higuera V5, MATLAB base GUI software

guide, blade and hub curve

erosion factor,

Velocity components,

characteristic parameters

turbine dimensions and corresponding domains for the CFD analysis

Hub

Shroud

3D Runner AssemblyBlade

www.ku.edu.np

Core design process

6

SN Parameters Value Unit1 Net design head(H) 201.5 m2 Net discharge per unit(Q) 2.35 m3/s3 Runner efficiency() 96 %

Basic design parameter for JHC

139

www.ku.edu.np

Core design process

7

Optimization Layout in ANSYS workbench

www.ku.edu.np

Comparative study: R1 and R2 Blade

8

140

www.ku.edu.np

Comparative study : R3 and R4 Blade

9

www.ku.edu.np

Comparative study: R5 and R6 Blade

10

141

www.ku.edu.np

Core design process

11

Efficiency, head, Shaft power and Velocity component

• Optimized trade-off charts 1

www.ku.edu.np

Core design process

12

• Optimized trade-off charts 2

Efficiency, Flow, Shaft Power and Velocity component

142

www.ku.edu.np

Core design process

13

• FEM analysis

Pressure distribution on top cover

Pressure distribution on bottom cover

www.ku.edu.np

Core design process

14

• FEM analysis• FSI Analysis

Guide vane Mesh: Nodes: 262915Elements: 173835

Stress distribution on runner Assembly

143

www.ku.edu.np

Core design process

16

Deformation on runner

(Vone Mess ) Stress distribution on blade assembly

(Vone Mess) Stress distribution on single blade

Jhimruk Francis runner ready for the dispatch after repaired at NHE

2

3 4

1

www.ku.edu.np

Limitations

• Optimization was performed only one set of blade profile.

• FSI analysis was performed only on Francis turbine runner assembly.

• During the FSI analysis, Unidirectional Coupling was chosen, considering there was no large deformation on runner due to flow field.

16

144

www.ku.edu.np

Results• Trade-off chart determines the trade-off

points which is used to show the relation between variables

• FEM analysis was performed on guide vane, upper and lower cover

• R2 Blade was selected for FSI analysis

• FSI analysis prevailed that total deformation of runner assembly for 15/8 and 10/6 blade were 0.00016931m and 0.00030865 m respectively

17

www.ku.edu.np

Conclusion• New design processes found to be more sophisticated

than the traditional way of design for the Francis turbine.

• Use of FEM, CFD and FSI tool reduce the design process and simulation time meticulously.

• Simulated result predicted that the new design method can accommodate sand erosion problem in more sophisticated way.

• Simulation should be done in whole turbine unit and for better prediction two-way simulation is more reliable.

19

145

www.ku.edu.np

Recommendation

• simulation should be done in whole turbine unit and for better prediction two-way simulation is more reliable.

• Laboratory test

19

www.ku.edu.np

20Any queries???

Thank you very much for your time and attention!!!

Erosion on Francis Turbine Runner

1

2 3

4

5

6

7

8

9

146

Presenter’s Form






Name of Presenter Sigrid Marie Skodje Name of Supervisor(s) Torbjørn Nielsen



Mobile no +4795155929


Title of Presentation: Real time modeling of flow systems



Master thesis

The master thesis will contain an introduction to the use of an FPGA‐ field programmable gate array‐ and real time modeling of flow systems. I will try to make a LabVIEW program that can model, measure and control a dynamic system, and use this program in an experiment to validate the function of the program.






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Real time modeling of flow systems

Master thesis by Sigrid Marie Skodje


Objective

• Program a real time LabVIEWprogram for modeling, measurements and control.

• Design a rig

• Do measurements on the rig to verify the program.

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Process

Error

Simulation

CompareMeasurements

The process

Reconfigurable input/output ‐RIO

CompactRIO Single board‐RIO

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The experimental rig

LabVIEW

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Calibration

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Presenter’s Form






Name of Presenter Gaurab Nakarmi

Name of Supervisor(s) Biraj Singh Thapa, Sudip Adhikari

Department/Level Mechanical Engineering/UNG




August, 2013



Rojina Bade, Sashant Shrestha

Title of Presentation: Developing Testing Procedure and Data Analysis System of a Simplified Francis Turbine Test Rig




Date 15-03-2013





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DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND DATA PROCESSING

SYSTEM FOR SIMPLIFIED FRANCIS TEST RIG

Presenter:

Gaurab Nakarmi

Team Members:

Sashant Shrestha

Rojina Bade

Supervisors:

Biraj Singh ThapaSudip Adhikari

OUTLINE OF RESEARCH WORK

• Determine required equipment for a Simplified Francis Test Rig

• Calibration of the equipment

• Development of a data processing system

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Simplified Francis Test Rig Template

Rig to be installed by the end of April

Equipment to be used for measurement

• Flow meter

• Pressure Transducer

• Torque Transducer

• Data Taker

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AVAILABLE EQUIPMENT

• Torque Transducer M420

– Torque range 0‐2,000Nm

– Signal Output 0‐10v, +/‐10VDC OR 4‐20mA

• Pressure Transducer ITT

– 25 bar/ 4 to 20 mA

• Ultrasonic Flowmeter MS 2500

EQUIPMENT TO BE PROCURED

• Electromagnetic Flow meter

• Temperature Sensor LMT

• Ultrasonic Level Meter ULM70

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Torque Transducer Calibration Setup

FLOW MEASUREMENT

• Electromagnetic Flow meter to be procured

• Weir to be used for calibration

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DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM

LabVIEW Front Panel Interface

DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM

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WORK REMAINING

• Calibration Procedure for flow meter and differential pressure transducer

• Data Processing system for the rig

THANK YOU

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Presenter’s Form





Application Category

KU‐Student [ ] NTNU‐Student [X] IOE Student [ ] Others [ ]

Name of Presenter Tage Morken Augustson Name of Supervisor(s) Torbjørn Nielsen

Department Energy and Process Research start date 16.01.2013


12.06.2013

Mobile no +47 48212094


Title of Presentation: The influence of bend geometry on hydraulic efficiency



Background

During the author's specialization project (Augustson, 2012), the effect of bends on velocity profiles, and the importance of velocity profiles at the inlet of turbines, were briefly discussed. It is of great interest, especially concerning low head turbines, to look closer into how conduit designers affect the inlet conditions of the turbine, and hence the turbine efficiency.

Problem description

1. Analyze the accuracy of OpenFOAM for simulating pressure losses in bends

2. Analyze to which extent bends cause skewed velocity profiles

3. Analyze how skewed velocity profiles may cause low efficiency

4. Simulate the flow through a turbine where the inlet conditions are defined by the conduit geometry


Date





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1

The influence of bends on hydraulic efficiency

Master's thesis by Tage Morken AugustsonPresentation at Kathmandu University

March 2013

2

A skewed velocity field caused by a bend

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3

The influence of bends on hydraulic efficiency

- Discussion on the potential influence of skewed velocity fields on hydraulic efficiency

- Investigation into the relationship between bend geometry and skewed velocity profiles

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Analyzing velocity fields through curved pipes

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5

Axial velocities in Plane AA after bends of R/r=8 and R/r=2

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Axial velocities in Plane AA after bends of R/r=8 and R/r=2

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Presenter’s Form






Name of Presenter Amod Panthee Name of Supervisor(s) Dr. Bhola Thapa,

Dr. Hari Pd. Neopane

Department/Level Mechanical Engineering Research start date May 2012

Email [email protected] Research completing date May 2014

Mobile no +977‐9841551828


NA

Title of Presentation: Failure Analaysis of Pelton Turbine: A Case Study of Khimti Hydropower

Title of Research (if different from Presentation): “ “


The operation of hydraulic turbines, which converts the huge amount of hydraulic forces into mechanical energy, has always been a challenge. The turbines are also exposed to various start‐stop cycles throughout the operation. These hydraulic forces and start‐stop cycles induces cyclic stress in the runner. The operating condition is worse in situations when rivers are loaded with higher concentration of sediment particles which erodes the turbine material. The excessive wear of turbine material causes drop in efficiency and also increases the risks in operation and frequent maintenance requirement.

Khimti Hydropower in Nepal has potential of 60 MW produced from 5 units of Pelton turbine. The concentration of sediment particles in Khimti river was recorded as high as 8536 PPM and the quartz content was 70% by volume. Due to the higher concentration of quartz particles and higher erosion rate, the runner requires frequent inspection and maintenance.

Several researches have been carried out to avoid the failure of turbine with new design methods to withstand the stresses induced during operation. Despite of this, the hydraulic turbines fail due to combinations of manufacturing defects, loading conditions and improper maintenance. Research papers on 13Cr4Ni stainless steels indicate that cause of failure of 12 MW Pelton runner of Khimti Hydropower could be due to in‐appropriate maintenance.

In this presentation the effects of sediment erosion in hydraulic turbines will be related to frequent maintenance requirement which will be correlated with the causes of root cracks observed in runner. The proposed methodology of study on comparison of fatigue life of turbines affected by sediment erosion and process optimization for heat treatment will also be discussed.

Presenter’s Signature Amod Date March 15, 2013

163

Amod PantheeMS by Research StudentDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKathmandu University

Failure Analysis of Pelton RunnerA CASE STUDY OF KHIMTI HYDROPOWER

March 19, 2013

Presentation on MS by Research Project

One Day International SymposiumCURRENT RESEARCH IN HYDRAULIC TURBINES (CRHT) – II

Project Description

SupervisorDr. Bhola ThapaProfessor, Dept. of Mech. Engg.Kathmandu University

Co‐SupervisorDr. Hari Prasad NeopaneAssoc. Professor, Dept. of Mech. Engg.Kathmandu University

AdvisorsMr. Biraj Singh Thapa, Asst. Prof., Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, KUMr. Ishwor Man Deshar, Plant Manager, Khimti Hydropower, Dolakha, NepalMr. Bjorn Winther Solemslie, PhD Candidate, NTNU, Norway

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Background

SOLUTION

Purchase New Turbines

Repair and Run

Erosion in Hydraulic Turbines

Efficiency Drop

Increases Risk in Operation

Technical Improvement

Minimum thickness measured in bucket was 1.6 mm

Runner after repair and operationRepair of RunnerNDT before RepairErosion in Bucket

Porosity and Cracks seen in bucket surface and root

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Khimti Hydropower: Operating Details and Runner DimensionNet Head 660 m

Discharge at Design Head 2.15 m3/s

Total Capacity 60 MW

Number of Units 5

Number of Nozzle 2

Runner Material 13/4 Cr/Ni SS

Pitch Circle Diamter (PCD) 1400 mm

Number of Buckets 22

Bucket Width 384 mm

Weight of runner 1900 Kg

Overview of Runner RepairMeasurement of Bucket Thickness

and Balancing of Runner

Non Destructive Test

Pre‐heat

Weld Deposit

Rough Grinding

Dye Penetrant Test

Profile Rectification

DPTMPT

Post Weld Heat Treatment

Heating Electrodes in oven

Continuous Record of Temperature

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Temperature Measurement

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Effects of Sediment Erosion in Fatigue Life

Original Bucket Geometry

CFD Analysis

Fatigue Analysis

Reduced Bucket Thickness

CFD Analysis

Fatigue Analysis

Comparison of Fatigue Life between original bucket dimensions and reduced bucket thickness

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Heat Treatment Optimization

Mechanical

MicrostructuralThermal

Material Properties

Material modeling using MATLAB

Thermal Analysis Using ANSYS

Thermo‐mechanical coupling in ANSYS

Micro‐structural property

Experimental verification

Experimental Verification

• Metallurgy Study

• Fatigue Test

• Hardness Test

• Toughness Test

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THANK YOU

???

[email protected]

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Presenter’s Form





Application Category KU‐Student [ ] NTNU‐Student [X ] IOE Student [ ] Others [ ]

Name of Presenter Oystein S. Hveem Name of Supervisor(s) Torbjorn Nielsen

Department Energy and process Research start date August 2012

Email [email protected] Research completing date December 2012

Mobile no +4799406075


Title of Presentation: Control system for small turbines in developing countries



Three different solutions for regulation of hydropower in developing countries has been studied. A pure mechanical hydraulic control system using the fly ball principle is an outdated solution only used in old power plants. It is hard to obtain high quality spare parts since the big manufacturers have stopped production of this kind of control system. The maintenance is not complicated, but it has to be done frequently and well with periodically oil change and control. An electrohydraulic regulator is using electronic components for measuring and controlling the frequency. This has resulted in a more compact solution compared to the pure mechanical solution. A well-made robust electrohydraulic system is easy to maintain with focus on check of loose or disconnected wires. The disadvantage is that the software needs to be upgraded more frequently and that it could be difficult to repair. The third solution analyzed is the electronic load controller (ELC). This is a solution that has been used in several hydropower projects in developing countries. The controller works like an electrical brake, keeping the torque constant on the generator. The excess power is directed into one or several dump loads. In the report, two different designs have been analyzed: Jan Portegijs' Humming bird and Anders Austegard's simplified version for use in Afghanistan. ELC is a good solution for small run-of-river power plants in stand alone power systems. If a reservoir is connected, an electrohydraulic regulator is a better solution, utilizing more of the potential energy in the water. For a stand alone system connection with other energy sources may be desirable. Connection with three different energy sources, PV-energy, wind-energy and fossil fuel are described in this report. Location and economy is depending what energy source that may be applicable.






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Project thesis by Øystein Hveem

Control system for small turbines in developing countries

Objective:

“Study of different governing systems to regulate small stand alone systems in developing countries”

Three different governing systems:

1. Pure mechanical/ hydraulic governor

2. Electrohydraulic governor

3. Electronic load controller ( ELC)

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1. Pure mechanical/ hydraulic governor:

● Flyball principle

● PID- regulator

● Need of frequently maintenance

● Nowadays, an outdated solution

2. Electrohydraulic governor

● Cheap electronic components

● PID- regulator

● More compact solution

● Nowadays, the most used solution

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3. Electronic load controller ( ELC)

● Electronic brake, by use of several dump loads

● Good solution for small stand alone systems

● Compact system

● Cheap

Further work:

● Work with an Electronic load controller (ELC) from Remote HydroLight, Afghanistan.

● Testing of the ELC in the laboratory at NTNU, and connect it to a crossflow turbine.

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Thank you for your attention!

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Photos

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Photo 1 Inaugural Speech by Vice-Chancellor Dr. Ram Kantha Makaju Shrestha

Photo 2: Welcome speech by Prof. Dr. Bhola Thapa, Dean, SOE

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Photo 3: Presentation on Program overview and recent activities at TTL by Mr. Biraj Singh Thapa, Program Coordinator (CRHT-II) & Faculty in Charge, Turbine Testing Lab

Photo 4: Presentation by PhD. Candidates Mr. Peter Joachim Gogstad from NTNU & Mr. Laxman Poudel and Mr. Krishna Prasad Shrestha from KU

Photo 5: Presentation from Ms. Ingeborg Lassen Bue & Ms. Julie Marie Hovland Masters student from NTNU and Mr. Bidhan Rajkarnikar, ENPE masters graduate from KU

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Photo 6: Presentation by Chris O' Rourke, Researcher in PEEDA and graduate of University of Leeds, UK & Mr. Sailesh Chitrakar, KTH Sweden

Photo 7: Certificates and cap distribution to presenters by Chair Person Associate Professor Mr. Brijhesh Adhikari, Dr. Hari P. Neopane and Dr. Bibek Baral

Photo 8: Participating audience: International Symposium on Current Researches in Hydraulic Turbines II

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Photo 9: Closing Remarks from Associate Professor Dr. Bim P. Shrestha, HOD, Department of Mechanical Engineering

Photo 10: Certificates distribution and Closing Speech by Registrar Dr. Bhadraman Tuladhar

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Photo 11: Presenters, Participants and Organizers in front of Turbine Testing Lab, KU

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