Current Health & Industry Issues Facing the Turkey Industry: 2018

Dr. Steven R. Clark

Poultry Veterinarian

Devenish Nutrition, LLC

Fairmont, Minnesota

Victoria Ahlmeyer

Scientific and Regulatory Affairs Coordinator

National Turkey Federation (NTF)

Washington, DC

Current Health and Industry Issues Facing the Turkey Industry

• Surveyed turkey industry professionals and

veterinarians involved in US turkey production to

inquire about the health status of turkeys produced in • August 2017 - 2018

• Ranking: N = 24 (almost 100% reply)

• Clark, SR et. al.. Current Health and Industry Issues

Facing the US Turkey Industry. Proceedings 122nd

Annual Meeting of the USAHA, Kansas City, MO;

Committee on Poultry …, Transmissible Diseases of

Poultry subcommittee. Pending Publication. Oct 23,

2018.• Clark, et.al. Turkey Industry Annual Report available since 2000 <www.usaha.org>

Top-10 Current Health and Industry Issues Facing the Turkey Industry

2018 2017

Lack of approved, efficacious drugs 4.9 Lack of approved, efficacious drugs 4.8

Colibacillosis 4.1 Colibacillosis 3.8

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)

4.0Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)

3.7

Coccidiosis 3.7 Clostridial Dermatitis (Cellulitis) 3.5

Clostridial Dermatitis (Cellulitis) 3.6 Coccidiosis 3.3

Bordetella avium 3.6 Leg Problems 3.2

Salmonella 3.4 Bordetella avium 3.2

Poult Enteritis of unknown etiologies

3.2 Blackhead (Histomoniasis) 3.1

Leg Problems 3.1 Salmonella 2.9

Cholera 3.0 Poult Enteritis of unknown etiolog 2.8

#1

#2

#3

#4

#5

#6

#7

#8

#9

#10

Ranked Issues (1= no issue to 5 = severe problem)

Lack of Approved Efficacious Drugs

• Enrofloxacin banned in 2005

oColibacillosis (ranked #3, unchanged since 2009).

oFowl cholera (ranked #11 from #12).

• 2012 CVM issued prohibition on the extra-label uses of

cephalosporin drugs

• July 2011 the sale of roxarsone was suspended;

September 30, 2013 approval withdrawn.

• June 30, 2015 penicillin (in-feed) approval withdrawn

• December 31, 2015 nitarsone approval withdrawn

Twenty-one (21) in-feed FDA approved medications (molecules) for turkeys

VFD Medications Non VFD MedicationsAureomycin® (Chlortetracycline) Albac® (Bacitracin Zinc)^G

ChlorMax® (Chlortetracycline) Amprol® (Amprolium)Neo-Oxy® (Neomycin + Oxytetracycline) Avatec ® (Lasalocid)Neo-Terramycin® (Neomycin + Oxytetracycline)

BMD® (Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate)G

Pennchlor® (Chlortetracycline) Clinacox® (Diclazuril)^Pennox® (Oxytetracycline) Coban® (Monensin) RofenAid® (Sulfadimethoxine + Ormetoprim)^ Coyden® (Clopidol)^C

Terramycin® (Oxytetracycline) Flavomycin® (Bambermycin)G

Pennitracin® (Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate)G

Safe-Guard® (Fenbendazole)Stenorol® (Halofuginone)^TopmaxTM (Ractopamine)^

Not currently marketed/available.

Eighteen (18) in-water FDA approved medications (molecules) for turkeys

Prescription Medications* Non Script MedicationsAureomycin® Soluble (Chlortetracycline) Amprol (Amprolium)

Di-Methox® (Sulfadimethoxine) BMD® SolubleG

Gallimycin® PFC (Erythromycin)Neo-Sol® (Neomycin)NeoMed® (Neomycin)Oxytet® Soluble (Oxytetracycline) PenAqua Sol-G® (Penicillin G Potassium)Pennchlor 64® (Chlortetracycline)Pennox 343® (Oxytetracycline)PoultrySulfa® (Sulfamerazine, Sulfamethazine, Sulfaquinoxaline)R-Pen® (Penicillin G Potassium)TetraMed® 324 HCA (Tetracycline)Tetroxy® HCA Soluble (Oxytetracycline)Tet-Sol™ 324 Soluble (Tetracycline)Tylan® Soluble (Tylosin Tartrate)Tylovet® Soluble (Tylosin Tartrate)

Not currently marketed/available.

Respiratory Conditions

Issue

Score Avg

(1-5)

Score Mode (1-5)

Rank (1-36)

Lack of approved, efficacious drugs 4.9 5 1Colibacillosis 4.1 5 2Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) 4.0 4 3Bordetella avium 3.6 4 6

Avian Influenza 2.1 1 21Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) 2.0 1 22Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) 2.0 1 24Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) 1.6 1 29H3N2 (H1N1) Swine Influenza 1.4 1 32Avian Metapneumovirus 1.1 1 34Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM) 1.0 1 36Avian Influenza 2.1 1 21

Enteric Conditions

Issue

Score Avg

(1-5)

Score Mode (1-5)

Rank (1-36)

Coccidiosis 3.7 4 4Poult Enteritis of unknown etiologies 3.2 3 8Blackhead (Histomoniasis) 3.0 1 11Protozoal Enteritis (Flagellated) 2.7 1 13Round Worms (Ascaridia dissimilis) 2.4 3 16Necrotic enteritis 2.0 1 23PEMS (Poult Enteritis Mortality Syndrome)

1.9 126

Turkey Coronavirus 1.6 1 30

Coccidiosis Control: USA 2018

• Ionophores represent the majority, 44% of heads for an

average use of 7.7 months during the 12-month survey period.

• Chemical anticoccidials account for 30% head and 4.6 months.

• Coccidia vaccination was limited to 10% head (2.8 months)

• The low incidence might be in part due to the limited availability of the only

USDA approved commercial turkey coccidiosis live vaccine.

• Nutritional dietary supplementation with phytonutrients

(alternatives) is becoming more popular, reported at 28% head

(4.6 months)

• Either via in-feed application or drinking water administration.

• Programs may utilize phytonutrients in addition to the current anticoccidial

program, to potentiate the possible benefits. Used alone, some

phytonutrients have purported activity against coccidia.

Copyright 2017 by Steven R. Clark. All rights reserved

Clark, SR et. al.. Current Health and Industry Issues Facing the US Turkey Industry. Proceedings 121st Annual Meeting of the USAHA, San Diego, CA; Committee on Poultry and Other Avian Species. Pending Publication. Oct 17, 2017.

Coccidiosis Control

Copyright 2018 by Steven R. Clark. All rights reserved

ProductHow many

months (average)

How many head (count divided by

total survey count)?

Ionophore 7.7 44%

Chemical 4.6 30%Alternative (Phytonutrients) 4.6 28%

Vaccine 2.8 10%

Turkey health survey (August 2017 – August 2018) of professionals in US turkey production coccidia control programs (n=277.1 million head).

Clark, SR et. al.. Current Health and Industry Issues Facing the US Turkey Industry. Proceedings 122nd Annual Meeting of the USAHA, Kansas City, MO; Committee on Poultry and Other Avian Species, Transmissible Diseases of Poultry subcommittee. Pending Publication. Oct 23, 2018.

Blackhead (Histomoniasis)

• Rank #11 (127 reported cases)

#8 (109) 2016-2017

#9 (101) 2015-2016

#13 (55) 2014-2015

#11, (61) 2013-2015

• No treatment or preventive drug

approved

• Losses to blackhead have been

severe and sporadic cases

• Dimetridazole: Banned (1987)

• Ipronidazole: Banned (1989)

• Furazolidone: Banned (1991)

• Nitarsone: Withdrawn (2015)

Clark, S. and E. Kimminau. Critical Review: Future Control of Blackhead Disease (Histomoniasis) in Poultry. Avian Diseases 61(3): 281-288. Sept 2017.

Turkey Blackhead (Histomoniasis) survey (August 2016 - 2017) of professionals in US turkey production

Blackhead 2018 2017

If you reported blackhead cases, have you associated break(s) with preceding enteritis, looseness or flushing? (n=Yes) - 5

Shavings: Do you deliver shavings directly INSIDE the barn with the truck trailer? (Respondent replied 'Yes' = Inside (Both)) 10 (3) -

Shavings: How many cases of blackhead and replied 'Yes' deliver shavings inside? (n=cases) 16 -Shavings: How many cases of blackhead and replied 'Both' deliver shavings inside? (n=cases) 42 -Shavings: How many cases of blackhead and replied 'No' deliver shavings inside? (n=cases) 69 -

How many respondents reported blackhead cases? (n=24, 2018) 15 17

How many cases of blackhead reported? (n=cases) 127 109How many cases of blackhead destroyed (euthanized)? 6 5

% Of Brooding (Commercial; Farm) is All-in/All-Out (Single-age; Brooder Hub) Production?Respondents: n = 23

53.1

34.9

72.1

59.3

44.7

23.5

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

2018 2010

Industry

Southeast/ East US

Midwest/ West US

% of Finishing (Commercial; Farm) Production is Tunnel Ventilated?Respondents: n = 23

29.3

12.4

35.2

16.2

26.8

10.7

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2017 2009

Industry

Southeast/ East US

Midwest/ West US

Cases (##): Turkey Industry USA

Cases (##) of 2018 2017 2016

Blackhead (Histomoniasis) 127 109 101

Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) 35 33 20

Turkey Coronavirus (TCV) 185 12 6Turkey Reovirus Digital Flexor Tendon Rupture 234 182 31

Cases (##): Turkey Industry USA

127

35

185

234

50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Blackhead(Histomoniasis)

Mycoplasmasynoviae (MS)

TurkeyCoronavirus

(TCV)

Turkey ReovirusDigital Flexor

TendonRupture

Mycoplasmagallispecticum

(MG)

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2007

Government Affairs: Turkey Industry 2018

• Highly Pathogenic Avian

Influenza (HPAI)

• National Poultry Improvement

Plan (NPIP) Biosecurity

Principles

• Diseases: Turkey Arthritis

Reovirus (TARV) and

Blackhead

• Secure Turkey Supply (STS)

• Virulent Newcastle Disease

(vND)

• NTF Turkey Health Task

Force

• Presidential Advisory

Council and National Action

Plan

• Presidential Advisory

Council on Combating

Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

(PACCARB)

• WHO Global Action Plan

(GAP)

NTF Turkey Health Task Force

•Development of

additional tools to

manage Blackhead

disease;

•Progress on new

chemical coccidiostat

and/or turkey

coccidiosis vaccine;

•Better understanding

of a possible vaccine

for Ornithobacterium

rhinotracheale;

•Coordinate the

development of a

Turkey Arthritis

Reovirus (TARV)

ELISA test.

Turkey Production & Farm Value

Turkey Liveweight Production and Farm Value, 2011-2017

Production (Millions)Average Liveweight

(Lbs)Price Per Pound

(Cents)Gross Farm Income

(Million Dollars)

Year Number Pounds Liveweight

2011 248.500 7,319.25 29.45 67.9 4,991.732

2012 253.500 7,561.905 29.77 71.9 5,411.171

2013 240.000 7,277.536 30.32 66.5 4,839.562

2014 237.500 7,217.006 30.387 73.2 5,304.501

2015 233.100 7,038.136 30.19 81.1 5,707.928

2016 243.255 7,486.978 30.7 82.5 6,184.247

2017 242.500 7,494.651 30.92 64.6 4,841.545

Data for 2011 - 2017 from Poultry – Production and Value Summary, USDA NASS

National Turkey Federation Sourcebook. Oct 2017

Top Turkey Producing Companies

CompanyRank

Liveweight Pounds (Million Pounds)

2016 2017 2016 2017

Butterball, LLC 1 1 1,380.00 1,355.00

Jennie-O Turkey Store 2 2 1,275.00 1,215.00

Cargill Turkey & Cooked Meats 3 3 1,000.00 1,000.00

Farbest Foods 4 4 559.00 600.00

Kraft Heinz Co. 8 5 267.00 365.00

Tyson Foods 5 6 334.00 349.00

Perdue Foods 6 7 283.00 284.00

Virginia Poultry Growers Cooperative Inc. 7 8 270.00 275.00

Cooper Farms 13 9 245.00 271.00

Hain Pure Protein Corp. 11 10 221.00 241.00

West Liberty Foods, LLC 10 11 222.83 235.56

Foster Farms 12 12 216.70 218.70

Michigan Turkey Producers 9 13 225.00 210.00

Dakota Provisions 14 14 190.00 200.00

Turkey Valley Farms 15 15 160.00 178.00

Norbest. LLC 17 16 109.00 144.00

Prestage Farms 16 17 147.00 140.00

Zacky & Sons Poultry (dba Zacky Farms) 18 18 82.96 82.96

Northern Pride 19 19 45.00 45.00

White Water Processing Co. 20 20 30.00 30.00

Koch's Turkey Farm 22 21 19.42 19.42

Jaindl Turkey Sales Inc. 23 22 11.00 11.00

7,292.91 7,469.64

National Turkey Federation Sourcebook. Oct 2017

Acknowledgements

• Dr. Steven R. Clark

Poultry Veterinarian

Devenish Nutrition, LLC, Fairmont, Minnesota

• Victoria Ahlmeyer

Scientific and Regulatory Affairs Coordinator

National Turkey Federation, Washington, DC

• Industry survey participants