Current Failures: 1130/20121st: 3rd: 5th:

100023457 (44) (57) 100022683 (62) (81) 100023724 (38) (83)

100023003 (54) (87) 100023368 (57) (74) 100023306 (59) (80)

100023579 (41) (62) 100023439 (62) (76) 100023606 (59) (83)

100028564 (39) (58) 100037899 (48) (76/I)

100023842 (49) (76) 100022851 (66) (84)

100023643 (52) (74) 100036042 (64) (78)

7th:

2nd: 4th: 100033796 (63) (79)

100023258 (58) (70) 100038241 (45) (63) 100034582 (58) (78)

100037316 (51) (87) 100023553 (34) (72) 100023847 (64) (70)

100022959 (48) (85) 100011730 (3) (66)

100038234 (21) (83)

Yellow # = 1st & 2nd 6-weeks Average

Italicized = At risk of failing the semester

Bellwork – Bellwork 12/03/20121. What is a “water vascular system?”

2. In which phylum can this system be found?

3. When considering vision, how is it different from echinoderms, to arthropods, to mollusk?

Bellwork – Bellwork 12/03/2012Name the sections & functions of a crustacean:

Bellwork – Bellwork 11/20/2012• Don’t start changing water until you are told to do so.

• I will begin to dock you & your group points if vials are not cleaned out or if the lids of the water jugs are left off. Also, the water jugs need to be placed back in the shelves where you got them, not simply piled in the corner.

• Keep in mind that I am paying attention to who does/does not help out their group

• When you refill your tanks, make sure to fill the tank up to the waterline unless you have been told to do otherwise.

Bellwork – Bellwork 11/27/20121) When considering mollusks, what does HAM stand for?

2) What are the three main parts of HAM? What is the function of each?

Bellwork –11/28/20121) Do not start working on your lab or water changes just yet!

2) Using anterior, posterior, dorsal and ventral, label the following:a) Telson (crustacean)

b) Antenna (crustacean)

c) Mandible (crustacean)

d) Walking legs (crustacean)

e) Swimmerets (crustacean)

f) Nerve cord (mollusk)

g) Nerve cord (crustacean)

3) Where is a nacreous layer found? Why is it important to a mollusk such as a conch?

Bellwork –11/28/20121) If you are finished or close to finished with your

lab, you should be the one from your group working on the tank.

2) Make sure to complete any additional instructions that are written on your tank.

3) You lab must be completed by the end of class, remember no groups larger than 4

Crustacean Lab:14) When considering arthropods, crustaceans especially, and echinoderms: These two phyla split in their evolutionary paths based on what physiological difference?

Replace question #9 with:

•What is the main function for each appendage of a crustacean:

a) Mandibles

b) Antenna

c) Walking Legs

d) Swimmerets

e) Telson

Bellwork: 11/29/20121) Define decapod:

2) Give an example of a crustacean that is not a decapod (sessile).

Crustacean Lab: Unique Features1. Brine shrimp

2. Decorator Crab

3. Banded coral shrimp

4. Sally Lightfoot Crab

5. Hermit Crab

6. Peppermint Shrimp

7. Bamboo shrimp

8. Skunk Cleaner Shrimp

9. Camel Shrimp

10. Arrow Crab

11. Pistol Shrimp, clip 2

Crustacean Lab: Questions1. Which section(s) of the body would be most vulnerable to a

predatory attack? Why do you think this?

2. What is unique about the shape eyes of crustaceans in comparison to the other organisms that we have studied?

3. Describe 3 differences between organisms labeled as shrimp and those labeled as crabs.

4. What one advantage and disadvantage of the crustacean eye being on long stalks?

5. The tiny brine shrimp you investigated fill a very similar niche as krill. What type of role does these organisms play within ocean ecosystems?

6. Name three crustacean body parts that are used for the detection & consumption of food.

7. When are crustaceans most vulnerable?

Crustacean Lab: Questions8. Why must they go through this vulnerable process?

9. What is the main function for each appendage of a crustacean:

a) Mandibles

b) Antenna

c) Walking Legs

d) Swimmerets

e) Telson

10. Define decapod.

11. Name an example of a crustacean that is not a decapod (which one is sessile)?

12. What type of circulatory system can be found in crustaceans? Describe how this system works.

Crustacean Lab: Questions13. Many of the walking legs and claws of crustaceans are covered in

small hairs. What are these hairs called & what are they used for?

14. When considering arthropods, crustaceans especially, and echinoderms: These two phyla split in their evolutionary paths based on what physiological difference?

15. What is the hypothetical ancestral mollusk?

16. Why is this organism considered “hypothetical?” What body feature(s) of mollusks makes this the case?

17. Where can the mantle be found within a mollusk?

18. What is the main function of the mantle?

19. Why is it that a sea star can pull open a mollusk such as an oyster or a clam, where as a serpent or brittle sea star cannot do anything requiring such strength?

Crustacean Lab: Questions20.What do each of the following translate into:

a) Arthropod

b) Gastropod

c) Cephalopod

d) Bivalve

Bellwork: 11/20/2012

Collect the following data:•

Salt Water Tanks Only:

• DO - Phosphate

• Turbidity - Salinity

• Nitrate - Calcium

• Nitrite - Water Hardness

• Ammonia

• pH

• temperature

Make sure to clean out any excess food from your filter and gravel/sand. Scrub off the inside of the glass & clean the outside

with Windex once you are finished.

Body Part Feeding Walking Swimming EscapingAntennae

Antennules

Maxillae & Mandibles

Walking Legs

Abdomen and Telson

Swimmerets

Questions:1) How does the exoskeleton of an arthropod compare with

that of the endoskeleton of an echinoderm? What is each made of?

2) Which appendages are attached to the cephalothorax? Which are attached to the abdomen?

3) Which segment of the body is most flexible?

4) How does the nerve cord of an arthropod compare with that of a human?

5) Arthropods are the first organisms that we have talked about that have a rounded eye. What do you think this will change about the visual information collected by this organ in comparison to eye spots from simpler organisms?

Questions:6) Do crustaceans have defined genders? How can you tell

one from another?

7) What are three biologically new features about crustaceans (ones that haven’t been present in previously discussed organisms).

8) Humans have a closed circulatory system. What type of circulatory system do crustaceans have? Describe how this system works.

9) Are crustaceans nektonic, planktonic, or benthic? What type of consumer are they (herbivore, carnivore, etc)?

10)Crustaceans are found within which phylum? What does the phylum name translate to? Give an example of a crustacean that lives on land.

Limb Functions

Anatomy

Phylum Mollusca

Introduction

• Includes animals such as squids, snails, oysters, clams and slugs.• Most are marine, but many are freshwater and some live on the land• Despite the diversity of form and function among the molluscs, all members of this group have the same basic body plan.• This is often indicated by presenting a hypothetical ancestral mollusc (HAM)• HAM is hypothetical primitive ancestor that has characteristics that appear among most members of the mollusca

A Closer look at HAM

The foot - a broad, flat muscular organ that is adapted for locomotion and attachmentThe visceral mass - contains the internal organsThe mantle - a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass; space between the mantle and the visceral mass is called the mantle cavity

• The inner nacreous layer is composed of calcium carbonate sheets laid down over a thin layer of protein

• The gills of HAM are often indicated as one or more pairs of bipectinate gills, - flattened filaments attached to a longitudinal axis on either side

Gills

The Radula• The mouth cavity of HAM possesses a specialized rasping organ called the radula; sits on a cartilaginous structure - odontophore• Particles of food brought into the mouth are bound in mucous secreted by the salivary glands

29

Body Plan of Mollusks

Molluscan Diversity

Class Gastropoda

• Three evolutionary innovations occurred among the gastropods: changes in the shell, increased development of the head, the embryonic process of torsion

1. Changes in the Shell• The shell became higher and conical with a reduced aperture• The shell also became coiled• Shells initially were planospiral - bilaterally symmetrical shell with the whorls lying in the same plane• Modern day shells are asymmetrical - each successive coil is a little outside and offset a little above the one below

Why was there a change in shell architecture?• Planospiral shell was not as compact as the asymmetrical shell • But, this change in symmetry of the shell created a shift in the weight to one side of the animal• To achieve a better weight distribution, the shell needed to shift upward and posterior • The shell axis then became oblique to the longitudinal axis of the foot (= bilateral asymmetry)• The weight and bulk of the main body whorl, pressed on the right side of the mantle cavity; thus, many of the organs on the right side became lost during evolution

2. The Increased Development of the Head

• The head bears 2 pairs of tentacles, with the eyespots at the base of one pair

eyespots

tentacles

3. The Embryonic Process known as TorsionDuring embryonic development, 1 side of the visceral mass grows at a much faster rate than the other.• Causes the visceral mass to rotate 180 degrees relative to the head-foot.• Advantages: head retracted first; gills receive water currents; the osphradium (olfactory organ associated with respiratory organs) is now directed anteriorly• Disadvantage: may cause fouling

36

Mollusks

• Mollusks (cont.)– Nervous system consists of several ganglia

connected by nerve cords– Coelom (absorbs shock) is reduced, and largely

limited to the region around the heart– Heart pumps hemolymph through vessels into

hemocoel

Adaptations to Avoid Fouling

• Improved separation of inhalent and exhalent water flow• In some of the more primitive gastropods (keyhole limpets), the shell contains a hole at the top through which the exhalent water stream exits• In the more advanced gastropods, water is brought into the mantle cavity on the left side, passes over a single gill, and exits the right side

Shell

• Most have a single, spiraled shell and can move the entire head and foot into this shell for protection.• Also, many gastropods have a hardened plate called the operculum on the back of the foot that plugs the shell aperture when the body is withdrawn

Bellwork: 12/04/2012Label: spire, aperture, whorls, sutures, body whorl, anterior, posterior

Nutrition• Many gastropods are herbivores and use their radula scrap algae from surfaces of rocks • Some gastropods are active predators and in these the radula is often highly modified, e.g., as a drill (oyster drills) or harpoon (venomous gastropods)

Cone snail

Respiration

• Aquatic gastropods possess gills for respiration• Terrestrial gastropods obtain oxygen via a well vascularized mantle

gills

Vascularized

mantle

Bivalves• Clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops

• Shell of two hinged parts, closed by powerful muscles

• No head, no radula

• Circulatory system open

• Sexes are separate

• Ciliated gills hang down within mantle cavity on either side of visceral massBeating of cilia causes water to enter cavityFilter Feeders – capture tiny food particles suspended in

water

44

Bivalve Diversity

Class Bivalvia

• Shells divided into 2 equal halves or valves• Mantle tissue is indented in the anterior-posterior margins, with 2 centers of calcification• Shells joined at the dorsal midline by a non calcified protein ligaments called the hinge• Muscles fused across the width (from left to right) at 1 anterior and posterior position and form adductor muscles; connect the 2 shell across their width; close the shell

Gills as filters

• Gills play an important role in feeding: of the total volume of water that is processed by gills only 5% is required for gaseous exchange; 95% of the volume is used to supply the animal with food

Adaptive Radiation of Bivalves

Soft Bottom Burrowers• Those that live deep in the sand or mud; burrowing is accomplished using the foot that is extended through a specific part of the shell - the pedal gap• These molluscs have long tubular extensions of the mantle called siphons, with both inhalent and exhalent opening

Attached Surface Dwellers• Those that live attached to hard surfaces• Some (i.e. oysters) lie on their side and have one of the shell fused or cemented to the substrate; foot is absent• The common mussels attach to the substrate by means of byssal threads, secreted by glands in the foot; foot is reduce in the organisms

Adaptive Radiation of Bivalves con’t

Unattached Surface Dwellers• Rest unattached on the substrate• Capable of limited locomotion by rapid clapping of their valves using a powerful adductor muscle; forces a jet of water out of the mantle cavity

Hard Bottom Burrowers• Several species of bivalves are capable of burrowing into hard surfaces such as rock, coral, wood• Use the anterior margins of their shell to chip away at the rock; some secrete chemical to breakdown rock

Adaptive Radiation of Bivalves

Cephalopods

• Large head attached to tentacles with suction cups or hooks

• Most lack shell (except nautilus)

• Most intelligent of all invertebrates

Cephalopods• Squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus

• Differs from other mollusks in their appearance and specializations for life as active carnivores

– Active swimmers (can catch fish)

– Very responsive to stimuli

– All but nautilus have an ink sac used to confuse predators

– Body can change color in response to stimuli through use of Chromatophores

– Have an extremely well-developed eye

Feeding

• Cephalopods are carnivores• Have a powerful parrot like beak that is used to tear prey apart.• They also have a powerful radula• In some of the octopuses the salivary glands are modified poison glands

Locomotion• Cephalopods are excellent swimmers: streamlined body;

tentacles and fins as stabilizers

• Swim by means of jet propulsion, using the highly modified muscular mantle and the siphon– By relaxing the mantle the mantle cavity is expanded and water can be

drawn in

– By contracting the mantle water can be forced out of the mantle cavity by means of the small siphonal opening

Shell• Primitively the cephalopods possessed a shell; the fossil record indicates both coiled and non-coiled shells• Extant members with coiled shells include Nautilus• Some cephalopods (cuttlefishes) have an internal shell - cuddle bone•The octopods have lost the shell entirely

Other General Features• For protection, they possess an ink sacs• Cephalopods have well-developed sense organs, including a camera type eye• Some have well-developed brains and show a remarkable capacity for learning.• Cephalopods are the only molluscan class with a closed circulatory system

Reproduction• Sexes are separate

• Sperm is transferred to females in packets - spermatophores

• Male uses a tentacle to reach into its mantle cavity and pick up some spermatophores

• It then inserts the tentacle into the mantle cavity of the female near or within the oviduct

Examples of Cephalopods

• A giant squid (3.15-metre-long) has netted off the UK coast; first time in 15 years. • The squid, believed to be female and three years old, did not survive being brought to the surface.

• Close-up view of an unknown species of bathypelagic squid encountered by ROV Tiburon at 3,380 meters depth off the coast of Oahu. • This animal was estimated to be four to five meters in length.• Different from other squids in that their eight arms and two tentacles are roughly equal in length and thickness.

The Mimic Octopus

An Indonesian octopus mimicking a flatfish (above) and

a lionfish (right)

The Mimic Octopus

Bellwork: 12/05/2012• Sign in for a quiz• Please pick up a notecard and fill in the following

information:– What have you enjoyed about this class so far/What am I doing

correctly as a teacher?

– What could have been done better? What could I be doing to be a better teacher? What could I do to improve the subject matter that you are being taught?

• If you do not care, or have no opinion, please leave the card blank.

• You do not need to put your name on the card, its not for a grade

Mollusk Observation Lab: Instructions

• Groups may be NO LARGER than 4

• You must work together as a group, there will be plenty of time to get everything finished

• Station #9 will be a separate grade

Mollusk Observation Lab:Station #1:

1.Sketch the radula on the slidea) What phylum has this tissue?

b) What is this tissue used for?

c) Where can this tissue be found within the organism?

d) What has this tissue been replaced by in more advanced organisms (mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, etc)?

Mollusk Observation Lab:Station #2:

a)Sketch each shell and label the following:a) Columella

b) Spire

c) Sutures

d) Body whorl

e) Anterior

f) Posterior

b)Why is each whorl the same shape?

c)What tissue fills the small space in the posterior region of the shell when the organism is alive?

Mollusk Observation Lab:Station #3:

1)Gently remove a sample from the jara) Sketch what you can see within the organism as well as the

connective tissue that holds the organism together.

2)Gently pull on the outer edges of the shell. a) Does the shell easily open?

b) Which muscles hold this organism together?

c) How do organisms such as sea stars, equally as small, manage to open these bivalves?

d) What features are lacking in bivalves that can be found in most other mollusks?

Mollusk Observation Lab:Station #4:

1)Observe both sides of the operculum under the dissection microscope.

a) Sketch both sides & label the texture of each

b) Which side is held within the organism? Why do you think this?

c) What is the purpose of the operculum?

d) Sketch a snail when it is out of its shell. Label where the operculum is found

2)Gently flip the snail over under the dissection microscope.

a) Observe and sketch the snail as it opens up.

b) Label: mouth, radula, foot, eyes, antenna

c) How does it flip itself over?

Mollusk Observation Lab:Station #5:

1)Sketch the dorsal and ventral views of this organism (do not flip over the organism to view the ventral side).

a) How is this snail different than other snails observed (if none have been observed yet, Google an image of “snail”)

b) Label: foot, eye, tentacle, and mantle

c) Specifically, what protective feature is this organism lacking that is found in most snails?

d) Why does it not need this tissue?

Mollusk Observation Lab:Station #6:1)Sketch the two cephalopods & label each as: nautilus, squid, cuttlefish, octopus

2)Label the following:a) Arm

b) Tentacle

c) Suction cup

d) Eye

e) Mantle

f) Beak

3)Answer the following:a) What type of circulatory system do these organisms have?

b) What are chromatophores? Name two reasons they are used by cephalopods

c) What is one major difference (physiological, not size) between the two samples at this station?

Mollusk Observation Lab:Station #7:1)Observe both of these snails while they are upright & sketch them as they move through their container.

a) Label: shell, eye, foot, radula, unique feature of each

b) Which of these organisms hides under the sand? Why do you think this?

c) Describe and hypothesize a reason for the pattern on the bumblebee snail

2)Flip the organisms onto their “back” at the same time. a) Describe how does each flip itself over.

b) Which flips itself over faster?

3)Observe each organism on its back under the dissection microscope. a) Label the foot and radula of each

Mollusk Observation Lab:Station #8:1)Observe both the small & large conch shells

a) How many whorls are on each

b) Sketch one of the shells and label: anterior, posterior, aperture, spire, sutures, body whorl

2)Observe the living conch.a) What feature(s) of the shell is associated with the eyes and tentacles of the

organism?

b) Using the large shell, how many times does this feature appear?

c) Where can the nacreous layer be found on these shells?

d) What is the purpose of the nacreous layer?

3)Flip over the conch & observe how it flips itself back over.a) From this observation: what feature is different in conch than in other

gastropods/snails?

Mollusk Observation Lab:Station #9:1)Sketch each shell

a) Label: anterior, posterior, aperture, spire

b) Name a unique feature of each

c) How many whorls does each have?

d) Once the organisms within each shell has died, what are many of these shells used for?

e) What is a coelom?

f) Why would an intertidal organism like snails benefit from a coelom?

g) What are the two functions of gills within a gastropod?

h) How is the shell/mantle different in: gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves, and HAM?

i) What is HAM, why is it considered hypothetical?

j) Describe the differences in the eyes/eyespots in: echinoderms, crustaceans, gastropods, and cephalopods.

k) Name and describe the 3 evolutionary innovations found in gastropods

Bellwork: 12/06/20121. Give 3 examples of an echinoderm:

2. Name a crustacean that spends its entire life on land:

3. Define decapod:

4. Name an crustacean that is NOT a decapod:

Current Failures:1st: 3rd: 5th:

100023457 (39) 100022683 (62) 100023306 (56)

100023579 (41) 100023368 (54) 100023606 (59)

100023842 (47) 100023439 (57)

100023643 (51) 100036042 (62) 7th:

100033796 (61)

2nd: 4th: 100038593 (67)

100023258 (53) 100038241 (46) 100023847 (66)

100037316 (48) 100023553 (42)

100038234 (23) 100011730 (53)

Bellwork: 12/07/2012e) What is a coelom?

f) Why would an intertidal organism like snails benefit from a coelom?

g) What are the two functions of gills within a gastropod?

h) How is the shell/mantle different in: gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves, and HAM?

i) What is HAM, why is it considered hypothetical?

j) Describe the differences in the eyes/eyespots in: echinoderms, crustaceans, gastropods, and cephalopods.

k) Name and describe the 3 evolutionary innovations found in gastropods

Bellwork: 12/07/2012e) What is a coelom?

f) Why would an intertidal organism like snails benefit from a coelom?

g) What are the two functions of gills within a gastropod?

h) How is the shell/mantle different in: gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves, and HAM?

i) What is HAM, why is it considered hypothetical?

j) Describe the differences in the eyes/eyespots in: echinoderms, crustaceans, gastropods, and cephalopods.

k) Name and describe the 3 evolutionary innovations found in gastropods

Bellwork: 12/07/2012

Collect the following data:•

Salt Water Tanks Only:

• DO - Phosphate

• Turbidity - Salinity

• Nitrate - Calcium

• Nitrite - Water Hardness

• Ammonia

• pH

• temperature

Make sure to clean out any excess food from your filter and gravel/sand. Scrub off the inside of the glass & clean the outside

with Windex once you are finished.