8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

1/33

Psychological MotivesPhysiological motives and emotions deal primarily withcontinuing life

SexHomeostasis – food, water,Emotions

Fear – avoiding injuryDisgust – avoid sic ness

!nger " aggression # confront threat

$hat a%out other things that do not aid survival&$hy have ho%%ies, play games, ma e 'or %rea ( things,sociali)e with others, etc*$hy certain survival choices 'occupation( and not others –engineering vs* psychology&

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

2/33

Psychological Motives+rain re-uirements. not necessarily essential forsurvival

/ery important for health and happiness

0hings people re-uire to thrivePeople can survive without these things %ut not prosper

Doing these things %rings enjoyment1pleasure

2ust as fulfilling physiological needs 3food, sex, etc*4 does

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

3/33

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

4/33

Identifying candidates for psychological motives

Sheldon, Elliot, :im, " :asser ';887(Descri%e most satisfying event in last wee ,month, or semester 'three studies(

8 differentstatements '? point scale@ not at all to very much(

that my choices were %ased on my true interests andvalues. 'autonomy(

that 6 was successfully completing difficult tas s andprojects. 'competence(

a sense of contact with people who care for me, and whom6 care for. 'relatedness(

that 6 had many positive -ualities. 'self#esteem(

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

5/33

Identifying candidates for psychological motives

0hree statements each from 78 different dimensions'e*g*, autonomy(

that my choices were %ased on my true interests and values.

free to do things my own way.that my choices expressed my Atrue selfB.

Highest scores for C 'of the 78( -ualities a%oveSatisfaction associated with things that

raise our view1attitude toward self 'self#esteem(

involve significant others 'relatedness(demonstrate that we are competent 'competence(that were self#determined 'autonomy(

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

6/33

Identifying candidates for psychological motives

$hy might these %e important&0hese types of things can %e associated withnearly any %ehavior

Ho%%ies, games, activities, etc* can all %e viewedthrough these dimension

Psychological needs help reinforce and guide%ehavior toward success

See further challenges in domainHelp people find vocational niches in social system

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

7/33

CuriosityEarly exploration into psychological motivesScientific rigins

+ehaviorismDrives 'hunger, thirst, sex( energi)e %ehavior

!nimals encounter drive reducing stimulusearn " %ecome efficient at finding stimuli

Exploration is innate and not just produced %y drives6ntelligent animals will explore o%jects even when there isno reason 'drive(5ovelty – interest in o%jects gradually diminishes as theo%jects are explored

Preference for complex stimuli

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

8/33

Exploratory Behavior

6mportant for survivalFinding food, shelter, mates, avoiding danger,

etc*Positive Feed%ac

5ovel things are explored

Gnderstanding them is rewardingExplore other novel things

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

9/33

Exploratory Behavior oderators

5egative affect – fear, anxietySurvival ta es precedence over exploringSecure attachment in infants

6ndividual Differencespenness to Experience

Extroversion !nxietySensation See ing

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

10/33

Origins of Curiosity9uriosity

Evident in all intelligent animals5ot major source of satisfaction 'from a%ove study(

9uriosity 'Exploratory +ehavior( allowscompetence " autonomy:nowing environment, people, o%jects that you encounterto %etter do other things – find food, avoid danger, havesex, find shelter, etc*

!llows for more autonomy9hildren explore so they are less dependent on others !utonomy relative to group – couples will speciali)e indifferent tas s so together they are autonomous

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

11/33

Intrinsic Motivation9ore. Psychological otives !utonomy 'control(

9ompetence

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

12/33

Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation6ntrinsic

otivation from within self 0ypically refers to psychological motives

6nherent pleasure associated with %ehavior

Extrinsicotivation due to environmental incentives1conse-uences

+ehavior is not inherently enjoya%le+ehavior is done %ecause of anticipated conse-uences'e*g*, money, food, social rewards, etc*(

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

13/33

Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation+ehaviors

Same %ehavior might %e driven %y different motives indifferent people

Example competition – athletic, mental, social, etc*6ntrinsic motivation – enjoy the tas , enjoys competitionExtrinsic motivation – social ac nowledgement ofaccomplishment

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

14/33

Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation !ssessing whether %ehavior is due tointrinsic or extrinsic motives can %e difficult

+ehavioral measures 'choice, intensity,persistence( can %e used only when certain thatthere is not extrinsic motivationPhysiological measures do not have this precisionyetSelf#reports might disentangle extrinsic fromintrinsic if well designed and people reporthonestly

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

15/33

Instrumental ConditioningExternal cue provides sign that certain %ehaviorwill result in positive or negative conse-uence

9lassic example

9age with lever !nimal presses lever !nimal gets food

Extrinsic otivation – external events that altersli elihood of future %ehavior

6mpact on primary needs 'physiological, psychology,emotional( !ct as intermediate reinforcer 'money(

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

16/33

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

17/33

Instrumental Conditioning5egative

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

18/33

Instrumental ConditioningPunishers

Stimuli or events that ma e unappropriate. %ehavior lessli ely to occur in a given situation

earning what 5 0 to do5egative Punisher

Stimulus that decreases the li elihood of future %ehaviorwhen removed

!versive stimuli that are presented when %ehavior occursSpan ing

5egative punishers are intended to stop unwanted%ehaviors5egative reinforcers are intended to encourage wanted%ehaviors

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

19/33

Instrumental ConditioningPositive Punisher

Stimulus that decreases the li elihood of future %ehaviorwhen presented

Positive stimuli that are removed when %ehavior occurs0a ing away toy,Positive punishers are intended to stop unwanted %ehaviors

Some things can %e %oth positive and negative punisherstime#out. is ta ing way freedom 'positive punisher( and

might also %e aversive 'negative punisher(

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

20/33

Effects of PunishmentShort term intended effect of compliance

ong 0erm 9onse-uences

ay lead to other negative conse-uences 'e*g*,increased aggression, lower -uality relations,etc*(Studies are mostly correlational in nature

Punishment focuses on what not to do5eed to also teach1reinforce what to do

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

21/33

Instrumental Conditioning6nstrumental vs* 9lassical 9onditioning

9lassical – learning the association %etween twostimuli – one stimulus predicts another 6nstrumental – learning the association %etweena %ehavior and stimulus 'conse-uence(

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

22/33

Effects of Extrinsic Motivation6ntrinsic motivation

otivation driven %y inherent pleasure associated with%ehavior

Extrinsic motivationotivation driven %y external reward for doing %ehavior How does using extrinsic motivation influenceintrinsic

9ompetence " autonomy 'and curiosity( will ma echildren interested in reading, math, etc*$hat happens to this motivation if reinforcement orpunishment is applied&

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

23/33

Effects of Extrinsic Motivation6ntrinsic motivation prefera%le for many%ehaviors

e*g*, %ehaviors that are generally healthy. –

mental1physical exercise 'reading, education, physicalactivities, etc*(5o need for external reward '%ehavior is more consistent(6ntrinsically driven %ehavior tends to %e %etter.

Extrinsic – focus on reward not -uality of %ehavior 6ntrinsic – focus on %ehavior and learning 'improvement(,more creativity

6ntrinsically %ehavior is more enjoya%le and fulfilling

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

24/33

Effects of Extrinsic Motivationotivational rientations

9omplex %ehaviors 'wor , school( often involve%oth motivations9ertain tas s are driven %y extrinsic and others%y intrinsic

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

25/33

Effects of Extrinsic Motivation$hat happens when extrinsic motivation is applied to%ehavior that is driven %y intrinsic motivation&

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

26/33

Effects of Extrinsic Motivation$hat happens when extrinsic motivation is applied to%ehavior that is driven %y intrinsic motivation&

Iiving extrinsic reward can reduce intrinsic motivation6nitial results in children have %een replicated in adults and using avariety of tas s 'e*g*, solving pu))les, playing games,(

Gnder what conditions is intrinsic motivation reduced

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

27/33

Effects of Extrinsic Motivation9an extrinsic reward lead to intrinsic&

ess research in this area %ut it is possi%le

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

28/33

ensation ee!ingPreference for varied, novel, and complexsensations and experiences and willingness tota e ris s

0a e test on pp* >CC#>C? of Fran en6ndividual difference related to curiositySome evidence that this relates to levels of %rainchemicals

High monoamine oxidase which relates to low levels of5orepinephrine, dopamine " serotoninExperience greater rewards from pleasant. activities thatinvolve dopamine – drugs, sex, food,

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

29/33

ensation ee!ingDimensions

!dventure See ing

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

30/33

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

31/33

Play

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

32/33

Play0ic ling

Form of pleasure associated with play that helpsencourage playSensitive s in areas for tic ling 'children – %acof nec " around ri%s

nly sensitive to others # canBt tic le yourself

8/17/2019 Curiosity (1)

33/33

PlayFunctions&

Social

+onding, cooperation, leadership, etc*5on#socialPhysical fitness, coordination, s ills, etc*