CURATED BY - Artspace · of the status quo and the dis-integration of academic, artistic, and...
64
Transcript of CURATED BY - Artspace · of the status quo and the dis-integration of academic, artistic, and...
CURATED BY SARAH FRITCHEY + MARTHA WILLETTE LEWIS
ARTSPACE NEW HAVENFEBRUARY 20 – MAY 2, 2015
Left: Final Judgement by Zbigniew Libera
Right: Where is your flag dude? by Anastasia Ryabova
Edited by Alexis Zanghi
Designed by Cayla Lockwood
Printed by Tyco, New Haven, CT
Copyright © 2015 by Artspace.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized
in any form without permission in writing from the publisher.
Photo on pages 18, 24, 26, 28, 32, 34, 38, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 by John Groo.
Photo on page 56 by Judy Sirota Rosenthal.
Published by Artspace, New Haven
in conjunction with the exhibition Vertical Reach.
February 20 – May 2, 2015
50 Orange Street
New Haven, CT
www.artspacenh.org
Introduction by Marijeta Bozovic _______________ 2
A Working History of Protest ___________________ 5
In Conversation with the Curators ______________ 8
Yevgenia Belorusets __________________________ 18
Chto Delat? __________________________________ 22
Zuzanna Janin _______________________________ 24
Nikita Kadan ________________________________ 26
Zbigniew Libera ______________________________ 28
David Livingston _____________________________ 32
Laura Marsh _________________________________ 34
Angel Nevarez + Valerie Tevere ________________ 36
Anastasiya Osipova + Matthew Whitley ________ 38
Pussy Riot ___________________________________ 42
Anastasia Ryabova ___________________________ 44
Gregory Sholette _____________________________ 46
David Ter-Oganyan ___________________________ 48
Mariya Vlasova ______________________________ 50
Artur Żmijewski + Yael Bartana ________________ 52
Thank You / Acknowledgments ________________ 54
table qf cqntents
2
Militant Reach: Leftist ARt AfteR State SqcialismMarijeta BozovicAssistant Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures, Yale University
A Culture of ProtestIn 2012, during what has been called retrospectively Russia’s summer of idealism, I arrived in Moscow for research in con-temporary culture and experimental poetry. Within a few days after my arrival, my plans and academic interests were eclipsed by the protests taking place in the city. Something extraordinary and thrilling was afoot: a hum of vibrant activity; conversations on every corner; a vital if heterogeneous and center-less protest culture.
At theater of witness performances (teatr.doc) and in vigils in front of the courtroom alike, everyone was talking about Pussy Riot. With friends in the Cement translation collective, I translat-ed the closing statements of the trial for n+1. I was swept away by the poetry and political engagement of Kirill Medvedev, Pavel Arseniev, Roman Osminkin and a new generation of poets asso-ciated with the St. Petersburg journal Translit, as well as by the theory and art practice of Chto Delat?, one of the first leftist artis-tic collectives in post-Soviet Russia. Conversations with historian Ilya Budraitskis and philosopher Alexei Penzin challenged me to redefine my own politics and reimagine my writing projects. All of it offered a marked contrast to the sense of permanent triumph of the status quo and the dis-integration of academic, artistic, and activist practices in the United States.
What was palpable and shocking—and simultaneously shocking that it was shocking—was a sense of (quite possibly irrational)
3
hope. The years 2011–2013 brought an international resurgence in protests from Arab Spring and Occupy Wall Street to Russia’s new Decembrists, as the first protesters in winter of 2011 were called by the press. Against a backdrop that had unlearned how to dream, these surges of energy were all the more remarkable.
One particular moment is engraved in my memory: at a poetry festival in St. Petersburg, amidst sets by Kirill Medvedev’s protest rock group Arkady Kots and Roman Osminkin’s Tekhnopoezia, a young man on stage began singing the labor anthem “Bandiera Rossa,” in Italian and then in Russian translation. The sheer vulnerability of his performance felt like a visceral challenge, exposing a defeatism that had crept in after the bloody breakup of Yugoslavia, the NATO bombing of Belgrade (from where I immi-grated as a child). I thought about my parents, student protesters in 1968, and about how far my experience of American human-ities academia has been from something radical and emancipato-ry like the Black Arts Movement. Was it possible to return to and rethink our histories—from a future-oriented position, moving beyond nostalgia?
Such moments and questions reshaped the direction of my re-search. I began working on my current book project, Avant-Garde Post–: Radical Poetics After the Soviet Union. With friends and colleagues in the United States, Russia, Poland, and countries of the former Yugoslavia, I began planning a series of conferences, courses, and research initiatives around what seemed the central question: is leftist, progressive, politically transformative art pos-sible after state socialism? What does or might it look like? For whom, and more importantly, to whom does it try to speak? How might it re-write the histories of the twentieth century?
Political Violence at Yale UniversityMy collaboration with Artspace linked the Vertical Reach exhibit with the conference “Political Violence and Militant Aesthetics after Socialism” at Yale University’s Whitney Humanities Cen-ter on April 17-19, 2015. In the summer of 2013, Jonathan Platt from the University of Pittsburgh and I first spoke of organizing a series of events in Russia and the United States on the topic of
4
militancy and culture. To bring together scholars across fields and disciplines ranging from political philosophy, intellectual history, anthropology, cultural and literary studies, as well as practicing artists and poets, we turned to political violence as a bridge concept. In societies of spectacle and appropriation, of pessimism and traumatic traces, of terrorism and cults of person-ality, who dares to dream of radical social transformation? Have we accepted, in the words of poet Kirill Medvedev, that “No radi-cal art actions are going to help here…”?
Such was the conceit. However, even academic life does not take place in a vacuum: the global political situation changed quickly and grimly since 2013. Vertical Reach curators Sarah Fritchey, Martha Lewis, and I discussed the ethics of exhibiting protest art from one country in another (which has levied sanctions against it), or of de-localizing militant aesthetics with flattening results: all protest begins to look alike, formally speaking.
The conference Jonathan Platt organized in St. Petersburg in Oc-tober 2014 also took place in charged circumstances, linked with and in response to the Manifesta 10 Biennale. After the annex-ation of Crimea and the passing of a number of restrictive laws in Russia (not least the banning of so-called “homosexual propa-ganda”), it seemed macabre to many that the avowedly progres-sive European Biennale should take place in the State Hermitage museum as planned. The collective Chto Delat?, who were slated to participate in the biennale, wrote an open letter to star curator Kasper König, demanding that Manifesta 10 issue a public state-ment against the recent action of the Russian government. When their calls went unmet (aside from prompting critique of direct politicization in contemporary art) Chto Delat? and a number of Russian and Polish artists withdrew from the show.
The political situation continues to change; leftist art continues to be made. In hopes of breaching an academic impasse and the-ory-machine discussions of the death of the avant-garde, we can bring together artists, poets, and thinkers from here and overseas, whose work continues to inspire us—and perhaps, even pushes us to dream.
US
AP
OL
AN
DU
KR
AIN
ER
US
SIA
Har
ry T
rum
an e
lect
ed P
resi
dent
Kor
ean
War
Dw
ight
D. E
isen
how
er b
ecom
es P
resi
dent
The
Vie
tnam
War
Ros
a P
arks
spa
rks
Mon
tgom
ery
Bus
Boy
cott
Civ
il R
ight
s A
ct, d
ecla
res
the
inte
grat
ion
of
publ
ic s
choo
ls
John
F. K
enne
dy b
ecom
es P
resi
dent
Cub
an M
issi
le C
risi
s
“Mar
ch o
n W
ashi
ngto
n fo
r Jo
bs a
nd F
reed
om”
250,
000
peop
le p
arti
cipa
te. M
arti
n Lu
ther
Kin
g Jr
. del
iver
s “I
Hav
e a
Dre
am.”
John
F. K
enne
dy a
ssas
sina
ted
Lynd
on B
. Joh
nson
bec
omes
Pre
side
nt
The
Ant
iwar
Mov
emen
t
Dra
ft-C
ard
Bur
ning
Pro
test
s pr
otes
ting
the
V
ietn
am W
ar.
Act
ive
year
s of
the
Bla
ck P
anth
er P
arty
Det
roit
Rio
t/12
th S
tree
t R
iots
Pol
ice
and
civi
lians
con
fron
tati
ons
lead
to
5 da
y ri
ot.
43 d
ie, 1
,200
are
inju
red,
7,2
00 a
rres
ted
Mar
tin
Luth
er K
ing
Jr. a
ssas
sina
ted
Ric
hard
Nix
on b
ecom
es P
resi
dent
The
Sto
new
all R
iots
Ant
i-V
ietn
am R
allie
s 5,
000
peop
le m
arch
on
Was
hing
ton.
Woo
dsto
ck
400,
000
peop
le g
athe
r in
Bet
hel,
NY
for
the
pro
-pea
ce m
usic
and
art
s fe
stiv
al
“Day
s of
Rag
e”D
emon
stra
tion
s by
rad
ical
left
-win
g or
gani
zati
on k
now
n as
“Th
e W
eath
erm
en”
Firs
t LG
BT
Pri
de M
arch
Ger
ald
Ford
bec
omes
Pre
side
nt
“Mar
ch f
or L
ife”
200
,000
pro
test
abo
rtio
n
Jim
my
Car
ter
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
“The
Lon
gest
Wal
k”Th
ousa
nds
of N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
s m
arch
fro
m S
an F
ranc
isco
to
D.C
.
Nat
iona
l Mar
ch o
n W
ashi
ngto
n fo
r Le
sbia
n an
d G
ay R
ight
s75
,000
-125
,000
peo
ple
atte
nd
Ron
ald
Rea
gan
beco
mes
Pre
side
ntO
ne m
illio
n pr
otes
t in
Cen
tral
Par
k ag
ains
t th
eC
old
War
Arm
s R
ace
Los
Ang
eles
hos
ts th
e Su
mm
er O
lym
pics
. Th
e So
viet
Uni
on a
nd s
ever
al o
ther
cou
ntri
es
boyc
ott t
he g
ames
.
Gre
at P
eace
Mar
ch fo
r G
loba
l Nuc
lear
Dis
arm
amen
t
Geo
rge
H.W
. Bus
h be
com
es P
resi
dent
The
Gul
f W
ar
Bill
Clin
ton
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
NA
TO in
terv
enti
on in
Kos
ovo
Ant
i-G
loba
lizat
ion
Pro
test
40,0
00 d
emon
stra
te in
res
pons
e to
WTO
mee
ting
Geo
rge
W. B
ush
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
Sep
tem
ber
11th
Ter
rori
st A
ttac
ksA
fgha
n W
ar P
rote
sts
Iraq
War
Pro
test
s5%
of
the
popu
lati
on o
ppos
e th
e Ir
aq in
vasi
on t
hrou
gh
publ
ic d
emon
stra
tion
s
Pat
riot
Act
sig
ned
into
law
Bar
ack
Oba
ma
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
Firs
t lar
ge p
rote
st w
ithin
The
Tea
Par
ty M
ovem
ent
Occ
upy
Wal
l Str
eet
3,00
0 pe
ople
ass
embl
e at
Bat
tery
Par
k, N
YC
, to
prot
est
ineq
ualit
y cr
eate
d by
unj
ust
gove
rnm
ent
and
fina
nce
syst
ems.
The
prot
est
last
s se
vera
l mon
ths
and
300+
cam
p ou
tsid
e
Tray
von
Mar
tin
Pro
test
s/M
illio
n H
oodi
e M
arch
Pro
test
s in
ove
r 10
0 U
.S. c
itie
s af
ter
Mar
tin
is f
atal
ly s
hot
by a
ne
ighb
orho
od w
atch
vol
unte
er in
Flo
rida
Sno
wde
n C
ontr
over
syS
now
den
leak
s cl
assi
fied
info
rmat
ion
from
the
Nat
iona
l Sec
urit
y A
genc
y to
int’
l med
ia –
Doc
umen
ts r
evea
l glo
bal s
urve
illan
ce p
rogr
ams
Peo
ple’
s C
limat
e M
arch
311,
000
peop
le a
dvoc
ate
publ
ic a
ctio
n ag
ains
t gl
obal
clim
ate
chan
ge
Ferg
uson
Unr
est
Pro
test
s in
Fer
guso
n, M
O f
ollo
win
g th
e de
ath
of t
eena
ger
Mic
hael
B
row
n. C
ivil
diso
rder
fol
low
s th
e N
ovem
ber
tria
l. Th
e ev
ents
ge
nera
te n
atio
nal n
ews,
spa
rkin
g cr
oss-
coun
try
prot
ests
aga
inst
po
lice
brut
alit
y.
Pol
and
beco
mes
the
Pol
ish
Peo
ple’
s R
epub
lic.
Rem
ains
a s
atel
lite
stat
e of
the
Sov
iet
Uni
on
unti
l 198
9. P
olis
h U
nite
d W
orke
rs’ P
arty
is
dom
inan
t. C
ount
ry f
unct
ions
as
a co
mm
unis
t st
ate.
The
War
saw
Pac
t is
sig
ned
Poz
nan
June
upr
isin
g ag
ains
t th
e in
flue
nce
of t
he S
ovie
t U
nion
Pol
ish
Oct
ober
/Pol
ish
Oct
ober
Rev
olut
ion
init
iate
s ca
ll fo
r re
form
s fo
llow
ing
Sta
lin’s
de
ath
Pra
gue
Spr
ing
Sym
path
y
Gru
dzie
n P
rote
sts
and
labo
r st
rike
s re
spon
d to
in
crea
se in
foo
d pr
ices
42 c
asua
ltie
s, 1
,000
+ w
ound
ed
Lodz
Str
ikes
Mas
s st
rike
initi
ated
by
wom
en w
orki
ng in
a lo
cal
text
ile fa
ctor
y
Kar
ol W
ojty
la, t
he A
rchb
isho
p of
Kra
kow
, is
elec
ted
Pop
e, a
nd t
akes
the
nam
e Jo
hn P
aul I
I.
Foun
ding
of
“Sol
idar
ity”
“The
Ora
nge
Alt
erna
tive
”P
eace
ful p
rote
sts
and
art p
roje
cts
initi
ated
by
inte
llect
uals
. G
roup
use
s dw
arve
s as
thei
r sy
mbo
l.
Gen
eral
Str
ikes
and
Dem
onst
rati
ons
Pol
and
unde
r M
arti
al L
aw
Labo
r S
trik
es
Lech
Wal
esa,
co-
foun
der
of “
Sol
idar
ity”
is
elec
ted
Pre
side
nt a
nd s
erve
s un
til 1
995
The
firs
t fr
ee p
arlia
men
tary
ele
ctio
ns
Ale
ksan
der
Kw
asni
ewsk
i bec
omes
pre
side
nt
Pol
and
beco
mes
a m
embe
r of
the
WTO
New
con
stit
utio
n fi
naliz
ed
Slu
psk
Str
eet
Rio
tsM
ost n
otab
le c
ase
of p
olic
e vi
olen
ce in
Pol
and
since
the
end
of th
e 19
80s
Join
s N
ATO
The
Firs
t M
anif
a M
arch
org
aniz
ed b
y th
e ra
dica
l fem
inis
t m
ovem
ent
“Por
ozum
ieni
e K
obie
t 8
Mar
ca”
is a
rran
ged
“War
saw
Pri
de,”
Pol
and’
s fi
rst
prid
e pa
rade
, ta
kes
plac
e in
War
saw
Pol
and
join
s th
e E
U
Lech
Kac
zyns
ki b
ecom
es p
resi
dent
“War
saw
Pri
de”
is f
orbi
dden
by
the
Pre
side
nt, b
ut t
akes
pla
ce
Neg
otia
tion
s ta
ke p
lace
wit
h th
e U
S r
egar
ding
pl
anne
d U
S m
issi
le s
hiel
d in
stal
lati
ons
The
plan
ned
US
mis
sile
def
ense
com
plex
is c
ance
lled
Pre
side
nt K
aczy
nski
die
s in
an
airp
lane
cra
sh
Bro
nisl
aw K
omor
owsk
i bec
omes
Pre
side
nt
Nat
iona
list
Pro
test
sR
ight
-win
g pa
rtie
s joi
n fo
rces
and
dem
onst
rate
in W
arsa
w17
6 ar
rest
s, 22
pol
ice
inju
red
The
annu
al M
anif
a ra
lly f
aces
nat
iona
list
dem
onst
rant
s op
posi
ng w
omen
’s a
nd g
ay r
ight
s
The
Thaw
Yea
rs
Cri
mea
bec
omes
par
t of
ter
rito
ry o
f U
krai
nian
S
ovie
t S
ocia
list
Rep
ublic
The
War
saw
Pac
t is
sig
ned
Ant
i-R
ussi
fica
tion
Pro
test
s to
inst
itut
eU
krai
nian
as
offi
cial
lang
uage
of
the
Ukr
aini
an U
SS
R
“Pro
test
s ag
ains
t A
rres
ts”
Firs
t wav
e of
arr
ests
of i
ntel
lect
uals
Dni
prod
zerz
hyns
k P
rote
sts
Seve
ral t
hous
and
viol
ently
con
fron
t the
pol
ice
Ukr
aini
an H
elsi
nki G
roup
fou
nded
for
mon
itor
ing
hum
an r
ight
s
Che
rnob
yl n
ucle
ar d
isas
ter
Foun
ding
of
RU
KH
Civi
l-pol
itica
l mov
emen
t sup
port
ed b
y w
riter
s, ar
tists
, int
elle
ctua
ls
“The
Hum
an C
hain
”50
0,00
0-4
mill
ion
link
arm
s to
sym
boliz
e po
litic
al s
olid
arity
Ch
ain
is o
ver
350
mile
s
Stu
dent
Hun
ger
Str
ike
Inde
pend
ence
cla
imed
fro
m t
he S
ovie
t U
nion
Leon
id K
ravc
huk
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
Ukr
aine
is c
onne
cted
to
the
Inte
rnet
Leon
id K
uchm
a be
com
es P
resi
dent
Rat
ific
atio
n of
the
new
con
stit
utio
n
Frie
ndsh
ip t
reat
y si
gned
wit
h R
ussi
a
Mas
s P
rote
sts
follo
win
g th
e ki
dnap
ping
of
jour
nalis
t G
eorg
iy G
onga
dze.
Sev
eral
cla
im
Pre
side
nt K
uchm
a w
as in
volv
ed
“Ukr
aine
Wit
hout
Kuc
hma!
” an
d G
ener
al P
ublic
Pro
test
s7,
000
dem
and
Pres
iden
t Kuc
hma’
s res
igna
tion.
Eve
nt e
ncou
rage
s a
cons
olid
ated
opp
ositi
on, l
ead
by V
ikto
r Yus
hche
nko
and
Yul
ia T
ymos
henk
o.
Opp
osit
ion
lead
er, V
ikto
r Y
ushc
henk
o, is
al
lege
dly
pois
oned
by
oppo
nent
s.
The
Ora
nge
Rev
olut
ion
Pro
test
s ag
ains
t el
ecto
ral f
raud
in Y
anuk
ovyc
h’s
favo
r
Vik
tor Y
ushc
henk
o el
ecte
d Pr
esid
ent a
fter r
e-el
ectio
ns
Tym
oshe
nko
beco
mes
Prim
e M
inist
er
Yus
hche
nko
dism
isse
s Ty
mos
henk
o’s
gove
rnm
ent
Neg
otia
tion
s fo
r th
e E
U-U
krai
ne A
ssoc
iati
on
Agr
eem
ent
are
laun
ched
Yul
ia T
ymos
henk
o be
com
es P
rim
e M
inis
ter
Ukr
aine
app
lies t
o jo
in N
ATO
’s M
embe
rshi
p A
ctio
n Pl
an
Vik
tor
Yan
ukov
ych
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
Am
endm
ents
str
engt
hen
the
Pre
side
nt’s
po
wer
s, N
ATO
pla
ns s
helv
ed
Yul
ia T
ymos
henk
o is
sent
ence
d to
seve
n ye
ars i
n pr
ison
Rap
e an
d D
eath
of
Oks
ana
Mak
ar
Mas
s P
rote
sts
in M
ykol
aiv,
Kha
rkiv
, Lvi
v, a
nd O
dess
a
Rap
e of
Iryn
a K
rash
kova
by
Vra
diiv
ka p
olic
e of
ficer
sFi
ve-h
undr
ed p
eopl
e st
orm
the
loca
l pol
ice
stat
ion
Vra
diiv
ka M
arch
on
Kie
vD
emon
stra
tors
fro
m V
radi
ivka
sta
rt a
mar
ch o
n K
iev.
A la
rger
de
mon
stra
tion
tak
es p
lace
on
Mai
dan
Squ
are.
Dis
pers
ed b
y po
lice
the
follo
win
g da
y.
Eur
omai
dan/
Ant
i-M
aida
nLa
rge
grou
ps o
f pr
otes
ters
tak
e ov
er t
he s
tree
ts o
f K
iev.
Gro
ups
wit
h di
ffer
ent
polit
ical
age
ndas
com
e to
geth
er. D
emon
stra
tors
fac
e br
utal
pol
ice
viol
ence
.
“Hru
shev
skoh
o S
tree
t R
iots
” ag
ains
t an
ti-p
rote
st la
ws
Ukr
aini
an R
evol
utio
n/C
oup
Eur
omai
dan
prot
este
rs a
dvan
ce o
n th
e U
krai
nian
Par
liam
ent
Pre
side
nt Y
anuk
ovyc
h is
ous
ted
Tym
oshe
nko
is r
elea
sed
from
pri
son
Tym
oshe
nko
is r
ehab
ilita
ted
by t
he S
upre
me
Cou
rtof
Ukr
aine
Pre
side
nt P
oros
henk
o be
com
es P
resi
dent
and
th
e E
U s
ign
part
s of
the
EU
-Ukr
aine
A
ssoc
iati
on A
gree
men
t
Cri
mea
n cr
isis
and
war
in D
onba
ss
The
Thaw
Yea
rs –
Sov
iet
auth
orit
ies
allo
w
grea
ter
degr
ee o
f cu
ltur
al f
reed
om
Kor
ean
War
Dea
th o
f Jo
seph
Sta
lin
Nik
ita
Khr
ushc
hev
elec
ted
Gen
eral
Sec
reta
ry o
f th
e C
entr
al C
omm
itte
e of
the
Com
mun
ist
Par
ty
of t
he S
ovie
t U
nion
“Sec
ret
Spe
ech”
Khr
ushc
hev
deno
unce
s S
talin
Gro
zny
Rio
tsSt
art o
f lon
g co
nflic
t bet
wee
n R
ussi
a &
Che
chny
a– 1
0,00
0 pe
ople
rio
t
Nov
oche
rkas
sk M
assa
cre
Labo
r st
rike
opp
oses
har
sh w
orki
ng c
ondi
tions
N
earl
y 30
die
, 100
wou
nded
Cub
an M
issi
le C
risi
s
Afr
ican
stu
dent
s pr
otes
t th
e ki
lling
of
stud
ent
Edm
und
Ass
are-
Add
oFi
rst
prot
est
in R
ed S
quar
e si
nce
1920
s
Leon
id B
rezh
nev
appo
inte
d G
ener
al S
ecre
tary
of
the
Cen
tral
Com
mit
tee
of t
he C
omm
unis
t P
arty
of
the
Sov
iet
Uni
on
The
Gla
snos
t’ M
eeti
ng
Spon
tane
ous
reac
tion
to tr
ial o
f wri
ters
And
rei S
inya
vsky
an
d Y
uli D
anie
l
Red
Squ
are
Dem
onst
rati
ons
Opp
ose
Sov
iet
inva
sion
of
Cze
chos
lova
kia
Sev
eral
spe
nd y
ears
in p
riso
n
Det
ente
Incr
ease
d cu
ltura
l exc
hang
es a
nd W
este
rn to
uris
m in
the
USS
R
“Fir
st D
issi
dent
s of
Rus
sia
Pro
test
”On
the
150t
h an
nive
rsar
y of
the
Dec
embr
ist R
evol
t
Sum
mer
Oly
mpi
c G
ames
in M
osco
w.
Sev
eral
cou
ntri
es b
oyco
tt d
ue t
o th
e S
ovie
t in
vasi
on o
f A
fgha
nist
an t
he y
ear
befo
re
The
war
goe
s on
unt
il 19
89
Mik
hail
Gor
bach
ev a
ppoi
nted
Gen
eral
S
ecre
tary
of
the
Cen
tral
Com
mit
tee
of t
he
Com
mun
ist
Par
ty o
f th
e S
ovie
t U
nion
Per
estr
oika
and
Gla
snos
t’ R
efor
ms
Gla
snos
t’ w
as t
he p
olic
y of
pol
itic
al
“tra
nspa
renc
y an
d op
enne
ss”
Mas
sive
pro
-dem
ocra
cy d
emon
stra
tion
s in
M
osco
w
Maj
or L
abor
Str
ikes
Nea
r on
e m
illio
n w
orke
rs v
oice
thei
r su
ppor
t for
Bor
is Y
elts
in.
The
Sov
iet
Uni
on c
ease
s to
exi
st
Bor
is Y
elts
in b
ecom
es t
he f
irst
dir
ectl
y el
ecte
d P
resi
dent
of
the
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Con
stit
utio
nal C
risi
s (s
tate
of
emer
genc
y)
Vla
dim
ir P
utin
bec
omes
pre
side
nt
The
Dis
sent
ers’
Mar
ch b
egin
sR
ussi
an o
ppos
ition
pro
test
s sp
read
bey
ond
maj
or c
ities
Rus
sia
beco
mes
a m
embe
r of
the
G-8
Dm
itry
Med
vede
v be
gins
as
Pre
sidn
ent.
V
ladi
mir
Put
in is
app
oint
ed P
rim
e M
inis
ter.
Str
ateg
y 31
Pro
test
ers
defe
nd th
e ri
ght t
o pe
acef
ully
ass
embl
e
Ant
i-Fa
scis
t D
emon
stra
tion
sIn
mem
ory
of h
uman
rig
hts
activ
ist,
Stan
isla
v M
arke
lov,
and
jour
nalis
t A
nast
asia
Bab
urov
a
Labo
r P
rote
stM
iner
s fr
om S
iber
ia p
rote
st lo
w s
alar
ies
and
dang
erou
s w
orki
ng c
ondi
tions
Cam
paig
n to
Pro
tect
the
Khi
mki
For
est
Dem
onst
rato
rs o
ppos
e hi
ghw
ay c
onst
ruct
ion
plan
Med
vede
v po
stpo
nes
cons
truc
tion
“Man
ezhk
a”R
acis
t and
ant
i-Cau
casi
an d
emon
stra
tions
– 5
,000
par
ticip
ate
Pro
test
for
Fai
r E
lect
ions
Vla
dim
ir P
utin
sta
rts
his
thir
d pr
esid
enti
al p
erio
d
Pus
sy R
iot
stag
es “
Pun
k P
raye
r”
3 m
embe
rs a
rres
ted
and
conv
icte
d of
“ho
olig
anis
m m
otiv
ated
by
relig
ious
hat
red”
Pro
test
s ag
ains
t P
utin
Seve
ral o
ccup
y M
osco
w’s
bou
leva
rds
for
wee
ks10
0,00
0 pe
ople
pro
test
Ant
i-P
rote
st L
awP
arlia
men
t out
law
s “u
naut
hori
zed”
str
eet a
ctiv
ities
“Rus
sian
LG
BT
Pro
paga
nda
Law
”
Ant
i-W
ar P
rote
sts
Pea
cefu
l ant
i-war
dem
onst
ratio
n fo
llow
ing
the
Crim
ean
cris
is30
,000
par
ticip
ate
19
4
5
19
5
0
19
5
5
19
6
0
19
6
5
19
7
0
19
7
5
19
8
0
19
8
5
19
9
0
19
9
5
20
0
0
20
0
5
20
1
0
20
1
5
5
US
AP
OL
AN
DU
KR
AIN
ER
US
SIA
Har
ry T
rum
an e
lect
ed P
resi
dent
Kor
ean
War
Dw
ight
D. E
isen
how
er b
ecom
es P
resi
dent
The
Vie
tnam
War
Ros
a P
arks
spa
rks
Mon
tgom
ery
Bus
Boy
cott
Civ
il R
ight
s A
ct, d
ecla
res
the
inte
grat
ion
of
publ
ic s
choo
ls
John
F. K
enne
dy b
ecom
es P
resi
dent
Cub
an M
issi
le C
risi
s
“Mar
ch o
n W
ashi
ngto
n fo
r Jo
bs a
nd F
reed
om”
250,
000
peop
le p
arti
cipa
te. M
arti
n Lu
ther
Kin
g Jr
. del
iver
s “I
Hav
e a
Dre
am.”
John
F. K
enne
dy a
ssas
sina
ted
Lynd
on B
. Joh
nson
bec
omes
Pre
side
nt
The
Ant
iwar
Mov
emen
t
Dra
ft-C
ard
Bur
ning
Pro
test
s pr
otes
ting
the
V
ietn
am W
ar.
Act
ive
year
s of
the
Bla
ck P
anth
er P
arty
Det
roit
Rio
t/12
th S
tree
t R
iots
Pol
ice
and
civi
lians
con
fron
tati
ons
lead
to
5 da
y ri
ot.
43 d
ie, 1
,200
are
inju
red,
7,2
00 a
rres
ted
Mar
tin
Luth
er K
ing
Jr. a
ssas
sina
ted
Ric
hard
Nix
on b
ecom
es P
resi
dent
The
Sto
new
all R
iots
Ant
i-V
ietn
am R
allie
s 5,
000
peop
le m
arch
on
Was
hing
ton.
Woo
dsto
ck
400,
000
peop
le g
athe
r in
Bet
hel,
NY
for
the
pro
-pea
ce m
usic
and
art
s fe
stiv
al
“Day
s of
Rag
e”D
emon
stra
tion
s by
rad
ical
left
-win
g or
gani
zati
on k
now
n as
“Th
e W
eath
erm
en”
Firs
t LG
BT
Pri
de M
arch
Ger
ald
Ford
bec
omes
Pre
side
nt
“Mar
ch f
or L
ife”
200
,000
pro
test
abo
rtio
n
Jim
my
Car
ter
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
“The
Lon
gest
Wal
k”Th
ousa
nds
of N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
s m
arch
fro
m S
an F
ranc
isco
to
D.C
.
Nat
iona
l Mar
ch o
n W
ashi
ngto
n fo
r Le
sbia
n an
d G
ay R
ight
s75
,000
-125
,000
peo
ple
atte
nd
Ron
ald
Rea
gan
beco
mes
Pre
side
ntO
ne m
illio
n pr
otes
t in
Cen
tral
Par
k ag
ains
t th
eC
old
War
Arm
s R
ace
Los
Ang
eles
hos
ts th
e Su
mm
er O
lym
pics
. Th
e So
viet
Uni
on a
nd s
ever
al o
ther
cou
ntri
es
boyc
ott t
he g
ames
.
Gre
at P
eace
Mar
ch fo
r G
loba
l Nuc
lear
Dis
arm
amen
t
Geo
rge
H.W
. Bus
h be
com
es P
resi
dent
The
Gul
f W
ar
Bill
Clin
ton
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
NA
TO in
terv
enti
on in
Kos
ovo
Ant
i-G
loba
lizat
ion
Pro
test
40,0
00 d
emon
stra
te in
res
pons
e to
WTO
mee
ting
Geo
rge
W. B
ush
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
Sep
tem
ber
11th
Ter
rori
st A
ttac
ksA
fgha
n W
ar P
rote
sts
Iraq
War
Pro
test
s5%
of
the
popu
lati
on o
ppos
e th
e Ir
aq in
vasi
on t
hrou
gh
publ
ic d
emon
stra
tion
s
Pat
riot
Act
sig
ned
into
law
Bar
ack
Oba
ma
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
Firs
t lar
ge p
rote
st w
ithin
The
Tea
Par
ty M
ovem
ent
Occ
upy
Wal
l Str
eet
3,00
0 pe
ople
ass
embl
e at
Bat
tery
Par
k, N
YC
, to
prot
est
ineq
ualit
y cr
eate
d by
unj
ust
gove
rnm
ent
and
fina
nce
syst
ems.
The
prot
est
last
s se
vera
l mon
ths
and
300+
cam
p ou
tsid
e
Tray
von
Mar
tin
Pro
test
s/M
illio
n H
oodi
e M
arch
Pro
test
s in
ove
r 10
0 U
.S. c
itie
s af
ter
Mar
tin
is f
atal
ly s
hot
by a
ne
ighb
orho
od w
atch
vol
unte
er in
Flo
rida
Sno
wde
n C
ontr
over
syS
now
den
leak
s cl
assi
fied
info
rmat
ion
from
the
Nat
iona
l Sec
urit
y A
genc
y to
int’
l med
ia –
Doc
umen
ts r
evea
l glo
bal s
urve
illan
ce p
rogr
ams
Peo
ple’
s C
limat
e M
arch
311,
000
peop
le a
dvoc
ate
publ
ic a
ctio
n ag
ains
t gl
obal
clim
ate
chan
ge
Ferg
uson
Unr
est
Pro
test
s in
Fer
guso
n, M
O f
ollo
win
g th
e de
ath
of t
eena
ger
Mic
hael
B
row
n. C
ivil
diso
rder
fol
low
s th
e N
ovem
ber
tria
l. Th
e ev
ents
ge
nera
te n
atio
nal n
ews,
spa
rkin
g cr
oss-
coun
try
prot
ests
aga
inst
po
lice
brut
alit
y.
Pol
and
beco
mes
the
Pol
ish
Peo
ple’
s R
epub
lic.
Rem
ains
a s
atel
lite
stat
e of
the
Sov
iet
Uni
on
unti
l 198
9. P
olis
h U
nite
d W
orke
rs’ P
arty
is
dom
inan
t. C
ount
ry f
unct
ions
as
a co
mm
unis
t st
ate.
The
War
saw
Pac
t is
sig
ned
Poz
nan
June
upr
isin
g ag
ains
t th
e in
flue
nce
of t
he S
ovie
t U
nion
Pol
ish
Oct
ober
/Pol
ish
Oct
ober
Rev
olut
ion
init
iate
s ca
ll fo
r re
form
s fo
llow
ing
Sta
lin’s
de
ath
Pra
gue
Spr
ing
Sym
path
y
Gru
dzie
n P
rote
sts
and
labo
r st
rike
s re
spon
d to
in
crea
se in
foo
d pr
ices
42 c
asua
ltie
s, 1
,000
+ w
ound
ed
Lodz
Str
ikes
Mas
s st
rike
initi
ated
by
wom
en w
orki
ng in
a lo
cal
text
ile fa
ctor
y
Kar
ol W
ojty
la, t
he A
rchb
isho
p of
Kra
kow
, is
elec
ted
Pop
e, a
nd t
akes
the
nam
e Jo
hn P
aul I
I.
Foun
ding
of
“Sol
idar
ity”
“The
Ora
nge
Alt
erna
tive
”P
eace
ful p
rote
sts
and
art p
roje
cts
initi
ated
by
inte
llect
uals
. G
roup
use
s dw
arve
s as
thei
r sy
mbo
l.
Gen
eral
Str
ikes
and
Dem
onst
rati
ons
Pol
and
unde
r M
arti
al L
aw
Labo
r S
trik
es
Lech
Wal
esa,
co-
foun
der
of “
Sol
idar
ity”
is
elec
ted
Pre
side
nt a
nd s
erve
s un
til 1
995
The
firs
t fr
ee p
arlia
men
tary
ele
ctio
ns
Ale
ksan
der
Kw
asni
ewsk
i bec
omes
pre
side
nt
Pol
and
beco
mes
a m
embe
r of
the
WTO
New
con
stit
utio
n fi
naliz
ed
Slu
psk
Str
eet
Rio
tsM
ost n
otab
le c
ase
of p
olic
e vi
olen
ce in
Pol
and
since
the
end
of th
e 19
80s
Join
s N
ATO
The
Firs
t M
anif
a M
arch
org
aniz
ed b
y th
e ra
dica
l fem
inis
t m
ovem
ent
“Por
ozum
ieni
e K
obie
t 8
Mar
ca”
is a
rran
ged
“War
saw
Pri
de,”
Pol
and’
s fi
rst
prid
e pa
rade
, ta
kes
plac
e in
War
saw
Pol
and
join
s th
e E
U
Lech
Kac
zyns
ki b
ecom
es p
resi
dent
“War
saw
Pri
de”
is f
orbi
dden
by
the
Pre
side
nt, b
ut t
akes
pla
ce
Neg
otia
tion
s ta
ke p
lace
wit
h th
e U
S r
egar
ding
pl
anne
d U
S m
issi
le s
hiel
d in
stal
lati
ons
The
plan
ned
US
mis
sile
def
ense
com
plex
is c
ance
lled
Pre
side
nt K
aczy
nski
die
s in
an
airp
lane
cra
sh
Bro
nisl
aw K
omor
owsk
i bec
omes
Pre
side
nt
Nat
iona
list
Pro
test
sR
ight
-win
g pa
rtie
s joi
n fo
rces
and
dem
onst
rate
in W
arsa
w17
6 ar
rest
s, 22
pol
ice
inju
red
The
annu
al M
anif
a ra
lly f
aces
nat
iona
list
dem
onst
rant
s op
posi
ng w
omen
’s a
nd g
ay r
ight
s
The
Thaw
Yea
rs
Cri
mea
bec
omes
par
t of
ter
rito
ry o
f U
krai
nian
S
ovie
t S
ocia
list
Rep
ublic
The
War
saw
Pac
t is
sig
ned
Ant
i-R
ussi
fica
tion
Pro
test
s to
inst
itut
eU
krai
nian
as
offi
cial
lang
uage
of
the
Ukr
aini
an U
SS
R
“Pro
test
s ag
ains
t A
rres
ts”
Firs
t wav
e of
arr
ests
of i
ntel
lect
uals
Dni
prod
zerz
hyns
k P
rote
sts
Seve
ral t
hous
and
viol
ently
con
fron
t the
pol
ice
Ukr
aini
an H
elsi
nki G
roup
fou
nded
for
mon
itor
ing
hum
an r
ight
s
Che
rnob
yl n
ucle
ar d
isas
ter
Foun
ding
of
RU
KH
Civi
l-pol
itica
l mov
emen
t sup
port
ed b
y w
riter
s, ar
tists
, int
elle
ctua
ls
“The
Hum
an C
hain
”50
0,00
0-4
mill
ion
link
arm
s to
sym
boliz
e po
litic
al s
olid
arity
Ch
ain
is o
ver
350
mile
s
Stu
dent
Hun
ger
Str
ike
Inde
pend
ence
cla
imed
fro
m t
he S
ovie
t U
nion
Leon
id K
ravc
huk
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
Ukr
aine
is c
onne
cted
to
the
Inte
rnet
Leon
id K
uchm
a be
com
es P
resi
dent
Rat
ific
atio
n of
the
new
con
stit
utio
n
Frie
ndsh
ip t
reat
y si
gned
wit
h R
ussi
a
Mas
s P
rote
sts
follo
win
g th
e ki
dnap
ping
of
jour
nalis
t G
eorg
iy G
onga
dze.
Sev
eral
cla
im
Pre
side
nt K
uchm
a w
as in
volv
ed
“Ukr
aine
Wit
hout
Kuc
hma!
” an
d G
ener
al P
ublic
Pro
test
s7,
000
dem
and
Pres
iden
t Kuc
hma’
s res
igna
tion.
Eve
nt e
ncou
rage
s a
cons
olid
ated
opp
ositi
on, l
ead
by V
ikto
r Yus
hche
nko
and
Yul
ia T
ymos
henk
o.
Opp
osit
ion
lead
er, V
ikto
r Y
ushc
henk
o, is
al
lege
dly
pois
oned
by
oppo
nent
s.
The
Ora
nge
Rev
olut
ion
Pro
test
s ag
ains
t el
ecto
ral f
raud
in Y
anuk
ovyc
h’s
favo
r
Vik
tor Y
ushc
henk
o el
ecte
d Pr
esid
ent a
fter r
e-el
ectio
ns
Tym
oshe
nko
beco
mes
Prim
e M
inist
er
Yus
hche
nko
dism
isse
s Ty
mos
henk
o’s
gove
rnm
ent
Neg
otia
tion
s fo
r th
e E
U-U
krai
ne A
ssoc
iati
on
Agr
eem
ent
are
laun
ched
Yul
ia T
ymos
henk
o be
com
es P
rim
e M
inis
ter
Ukr
aine
app
lies t
o jo
in N
ATO
’s M
embe
rshi
p A
ctio
n Pl
an
Vik
tor
Yan
ukov
ych
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
Am
endm
ents
str
engt
hen
the
Pre
side
nt’s
po
wer
s, N
ATO
pla
ns s
helv
ed
Yul
ia T
ymos
henk
o is
sent
ence
d to
seve
n ye
ars i
n pr
ison
Rap
e an
d D
eath
of
Oks
ana
Mak
ar
Mas
s P
rote
sts
in M
ykol
aiv,
Kha
rkiv
, Lvi
v, a
nd O
dess
a
Rap
e of
Iryn
a K
rash
kova
by
Vra
diiv
ka p
olic
e of
ficer
sFi
ve-h
undr
ed p
eopl
e st
orm
the
loca
l pol
ice
stat
ion
Vra
diiv
ka M
arch
on
Kie
vD
emon
stra
tors
fro
m V
radi
ivka
sta
rt a
mar
ch o
n K
iev.
A la
rger
de
mon
stra
tion
tak
es p
lace
on
Mai
dan
Squ
are.
Dis
pers
ed b
y po
lice
the
follo
win
g da
y.
Eur
omai
dan/
Ant
i-M
aida
nLa
rge
grou
ps o
f pr
otes
ters
tak
e ov
er t
he s
tree
ts o
f K
iev.
Gro
ups
wit
h di
ffer
ent
polit
ical
age
ndas
com
e to
geth
er. D
emon
stra
tors
fac
e br
utal
pol
ice
viol
ence
.
“Hru
shev
skoh
o S
tree
t R
iots
” ag
ains
t an
ti-p
rote
st la
ws
Ukr
aini
an R
evol
utio
n/C
oup
Eur
omai
dan
prot
este
rs a
dvan
ce o
n th
e U
krai
nian
Par
liam
ent
Pre
side
nt Y
anuk
ovyc
h is
ous
ted
Tym
oshe
nko
is r
elea
sed
from
pri
son
Tym
oshe
nko
is r
ehab
ilita
ted
by t
he S
upre
me
Cou
rtof
Ukr
aine
Pre
side
nt P
oros
henk
o be
com
es P
resi
dent
and
th
e E
U s
ign
part
s of
the
EU
-Ukr
aine
A
ssoc
iati
on A
gree
men
t
Cri
mea
n cr
isis
and
war
in D
onba
ss
The
Thaw
Yea
rs –
Sov
iet
auth
orit
ies
allo
w
grea
ter
degr
ee o
f cu
ltur
al f
reed
om
Kor
ean
War
Dea
th o
f Jo
seph
Sta
lin
Nik
ita
Khr
ushc
hev
elec
ted
Gen
eral
Sec
reta
ry o
f th
e C
entr
al C
omm
itte
e of
the
Com
mun
ist
Par
ty
of t
he S
ovie
t U
nion
“Sec
ret
Spe
ech”
Khr
ushc
hev
deno
unce
s S
talin
Gro
zny
Rio
tsSt
art o
f lon
g co
nflic
t bet
wee
n R
ussi
a &
Che
chny
a– 1
0,00
0 pe
ople
rio
t
Nov
oche
rkas
sk M
assa
cre
Labo
r st
rike
opp
oses
har
sh w
orki
ng c
ondi
tions
N
earl
y 30
die
, 100
wou
nded
Cub
an M
issi
le C
risi
s
Afr
ican
stu
dent
s pr
otes
t th
e ki
lling
of
stud
ent
Edm
und
Ass
are-
Add
oFi
rst
prot
est
in R
ed S
quar
e si
nce
1920
s
Leon
id B
rezh
nev
appo
inte
d G
ener
al S
ecre
tary
of
the
Cen
tral
Com
mit
tee
of t
he C
omm
unis
t P
arty
of
the
Sov
iet
Uni
on
The
Gla
snos
t’ M
eeti
ng
Spon
tane
ous
reac
tion
to tr
ial o
f wri
ters
And
rei S
inya
vsky
an
d Y
uli D
anie
l
Red
Squ
are
Dem
onst
rati
ons
Opp
ose
Sov
iet
inva
sion
of
Cze
chos
lova
kia
Sev
eral
spe
nd y
ears
in p
riso
n
Det
ente
Incr
ease
d cu
ltura
l exc
hang
es a
nd W
este
rn to
uris
m in
the
USS
R
“Fir
st D
issi
dent
s of
Rus
sia
Pro
test
”On
the
150t
h an
nive
rsar
y of
the
Dec
embr
ist R
evol
t
Sum
mer
Oly
mpi
c G
ames
in M
osco
w.
Sev
eral
cou
ntri
es b
oyco
tt d
ue t
o th
e S
ovie
t in
vasi
on o
f A
fgha
nist
an t
he y
ear
befo
re
The
war
goe
s on
unt
il 19
89
Mik
hail
Gor
bach
ev a
ppoi
nted
Gen
eral
S
ecre
tary
of
the
Cen
tral
Com
mit
tee
of t
he
Com
mun
ist
Par
ty o
f th
e S
ovie
t U
nion
Per
estr
oika
and
Gla
snos
t’ R
efor
ms
Gla
snos
t’ w
as t
he p
olic
y of
pol
itic
al
“tra
nspa
renc
y an
d op
enne
ss”
Mas
sive
pro
-dem
ocra
cy d
emon
stra
tion
s in
M
osco
w
Maj
or L
abor
Str
ikes
Nea
r on
e m
illio
n w
orke
rs v
oice
thei
r su
ppor
t for
Bor
is Y
elts
in.
The
Sov
iet
Uni
on c
ease
s to
exi
st
Bor
is Y
elts
in b
ecom
es t
he f
irst
dir
ectl
y el
ecte
d P
resi
dent
of
the
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Con
stit
utio
nal C
risi
s (s
tate
of
emer
genc
y)
Vla
dim
ir P
utin
bec
omes
pre
side
nt
The
Dis
sent
ers’
Mar
ch b
egin
sR
ussi
an o
ppos
ition
pro
test
s sp
read
bey
ond
maj
or c
ities
Rus
sia
beco
mes
a m
embe
r of
the
G-8
Dm
itry
Med
vede
v be
gins
as
Pre
sidn
ent.
V
ladi
mir
Put
in is
app
oint
ed P
rim
e M
inis
ter.
Str
ateg
y 31
Pro
test
ers
defe
nd th
e ri
ght t
o pe
acef
ully
ass
embl
e
Ant
i-Fa
scis
t D
emon
stra
tion
sIn
mem
ory
of h
uman
rig
hts
activ
ist,
Stan
isla
v M
arke
lov,
and
jour
nalis
t A
nast
asia
Bab
urov
a
Labo
r P
rote
stM
iner
s fr
om S
iber
ia p
rote
st lo
w s
alar
ies
and
dang
erou
s w
orki
ng c
ondi
tions
Cam
paig
n to
Pro
tect
the
Khi
mki
For
est
Dem
onst
rato
rs o
ppos
e hi
ghw
ay c
onst
ruct
ion
plan
Med
vede
v po
stpo
nes
cons
truc
tion
“Man
ezhk
a”R
acis
t and
ant
i-Cau
casi
an d
emon
stra
tions
– 5
,000
par
ticip
ate
Pro
test
for
Fai
r E
lect
ions
Vla
dim
ir P
utin
sta
rts
his
thir
d pr
esid
enti
al p
erio
d
Pus
sy R
iot
stag
es “
Pun
k P
raye
r”
3 m
embe
rs a
rres
ted
and
conv
icte
d of
“ho
olig
anis
m m
otiv
ated
by
relig
ious
hat
red”
Pro
test
s ag
ains
t P
utin
Seve
ral o
ccup
y M
osco
w’s
bou
leva
rds
for
wee
ks10
0,00
0 pe
ople
pro
test
Ant
i-P
rote
st L
awP
arlia
men
t out
law
s “u
naut
hori
zed”
str
eet a
ctiv
ities
“Rus
sian
LG
BT
Pro
paga
nda
Law
”
Ant
i-W
ar P
rote
sts
Pea
cefu
l ant
i-war
dem
onst
ratio
n fo
llow
ing
the
Crim
ean
cris
is30
,000
par
ticip
ate
19
4
5
19
5
0
19
5
5
19
6
0
19
6
5
19
7
0
19
7
5
19
8
0
19
8
5
19
9
0
19
9
5
20
0
0
20
0
5
20
1
0
20
1
5
A W
OR
KIN
G H
ISTO
RY
OF
PR
OTE
ST, 1
945–
2015
6
US
AP
OL
AN
DU
KR
AIN
ER
US
SIA
Har
ry T
rum
an e
lect
ed P
resi
dent
Kor
ean
War
Dw
ight
D. E
isen
how
er b
ecom
es P
resi
dent
The
Vie
tnam
War
Ros
a P
arks
spa
rks
Mon
tgom
ery
Bus
Boy
cott
Civ
il R
ight
s A
ct, d
ecla
res
the
inte
grat
ion
of
publ
ic s
choo
ls
John
F. K
enne
dy b
ecom
es P
resi
dent
Cub
an M
issi
le C
risi
s
“Mar
ch o
n W
ashi
ngto
n fo
r Jo
bs a
nd F
reed
om”
250,
000
peop
le p
arti
cipa
te. M
arti
n Lu
ther
Kin
g Jr
. del
iver
s “I
Hav
e a
Dre
am.”
John
F. K
enne
dy a
ssas
sina
ted
Lynd
on B
. Joh
nson
bec
omes
Pre
side
nt
The
Ant
iwar
Mov
emen
t
Dra
ft-C
ard
Bur
ning
Pro
test
s pr
otes
ting
the
V
ietn
am W
ar.
Act
ive
year
s of
the
Bla
ck P
anth
er P
arty
Det
roit
Rio
t/12
th S
tree
t R
iots
Pol
ice
and
civi
lians
con
fron
tati
ons
lead
to
5 da
y ri
ot.
43 d
ie, 1
,200
are
inju
red,
7,2
00 a
rres
ted
Mar
tin
Luth
er K
ing
Jr. a
ssas
sina
ted
Ric
hard
Nix
on b
ecom
es P
resi
dent
The
Sto
new
all R
iots
Ant
i-V
ietn
am R
allie
s 5,
000
peop
le m
arch
on
Was
hing
ton.
Woo
dsto
ck
400,
000
peop
le g
athe
r in
Bet
hel,
NY
for
the
pro
-pea
ce m
usic
and
art
s fe
stiv
al
“Day
s of
Rag
e”D
emon
stra
tion
s by
rad
ical
left
-win
g or
gani
zati
on k
now
n as
“Th
e W
eath
erm
en”
Firs
t LG
BT
Pri
de M
arch
Ger
ald
Ford
bec
omes
Pre
side
nt
“Mar
ch f
or L
ife”
200
,000
pro
test
abo
rtio
n
Jim
my
Car
ter
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
“The
Lon
gest
Wal
k”Th
ousa
nds
of N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
s m
arch
fro
m S
an F
ranc
isco
to
D.C
.
Nat
iona
l Mar
ch o
n W
ashi
ngto
n fo
r Le
sbia
n an
d G
ay R
ight
s75
,000
-125
,000
peo
ple
atte
nd
Ron
ald
Rea
gan
beco
mes
Pre
side
ntO
ne m
illio
n pr
otes
t in
Cen
tral
Par
k ag
ains
t th
eC
old
War
Arm
s R
ace
Los
Ang
eles
hos
ts th
e Su
mm
er O
lym
pics
. Th
e So
viet
Uni
on a
nd s
ever
al o
ther
cou
ntri
es
boyc
ott t
he g
ames
.
Gre
at P
eace
Mar
ch fo
r G
loba
l Nuc
lear
Dis
arm
amen
t
Geo
rge
H.W
. Bus
h be
com
es P
resi
dent
The
Gul
f W
ar
Bill
Clin
ton
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
NA
TO in
terv
enti
on in
Kos
ovo
Ant
i-G
loba
lizat
ion
Pro
test
40,0
00 d
emon
stra
te in
res
pons
e to
WTO
mee
ting
Geo
rge
W. B
ush
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
Sep
tem
ber
11th
Ter
rori
st A
ttac
ksA
fgha
n W
ar P
rote
sts
Iraq
War
Pro
test
s5%
of
the
popu
lati
on o
ppos
e th
e Ir
aq in
vasi
on t
hrou
gh
publ
ic d
emon
stra
tion
s
Pat
riot
Act
sig
ned
into
law
Bar
ack
Oba
ma
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
Firs
t lar
ge p
rote
st w
ithin
The
Tea
Par
ty M
ovem
ent
Occ
upy
Wal
l Str
eet
3,00
0 pe
ople
ass
embl
e at
Bat
tery
Par
k, N
YC
, to
prot
est
ineq
ualit
y cr
eate
d by
unj
ust
gove
rnm
ent
and
fina
nce
syst
ems.
The
prot
est
last
s se
vera
l mon
ths
and
300+
cam
p ou
tsid
e
Tray
von
Mar
tin
Pro
test
s/M
illio
n H
oodi
e M
arch
Pro
test
s in
ove
r 10
0 U
.S. c
itie
s af
ter
Mar
tin
is f
atal
ly s
hot
by a
ne
ighb
orho
od w
atch
vol
unte
er in
Flo
rida
Sno
wde
n C
ontr
over
syS
now
den
leak
s cl
assi
fied
info
rmat
ion
from
the
Nat
iona
l Sec
urit
y A
genc
y to
int’
l med
ia –
Doc
umen
ts r
evea
l glo
bal s
urve
illan
ce p
rogr
ams
Peo
ple’
s C
limat
e M
arch
311,
000
peop
le a
dvoc
ate
publ
ic a
ctio
n ag
ains
t gl
obal
clim
ate
chan
ge
Ferg
uson
Unr
est
Pro
test
s in
Fer
guso
n, M
O f
ollo
win
g th
e de
ath
of t
eena
ger
Mic
hael
B
row
n. C
ivil
diso
rder
fol
low
s th
e N
ovem
ber
tria
l. Th
e ev
ents
ge
nera
te n
atio
nal n
ews,
spa
rkin
g cr
oss-
coun
try
prot
ests
aga
inst
po
lice
brut
alit
y.
Pol
and
beco
mes
the
Pol
ish
Peo
ple’
s R
epub
lic.
Rem
ains
a s
atel
lite
stat
e of
the
Sov
iet
Uni
on
unti
l 198
9. P
olis
h U
nite
d W
orke
rs’ P
arty
is
dom
inan
t. C
ount
ry f
unct
ions
as
a co
mm
unis
t st
ate.
The
War
saw
Pac
t is
sig
ned
Poz
nan
June
upr
isin
g ag
ains
t th
e in
flue
nce
of t
he S
ovie
t U
nion
Pol
ish
Oct
ober
/Pol
ish
Oct
ober
Rev
olut
ion
init
iate
s ca
ll fo
r re
form
s fo
llow
ing
Sta
lin’s
de
ath
Pra
gue
Spr
ing
Sym
path
y
Gru
dzie
n P
rote
sts
and
labo
r st
rike
s re
spon
d to
in
crea
se in
foo
d pr
ices
42 c
asua
ltie
s, 1
,000
+ w
ound
ed
Lodz
Str
ikes
Mas
s st
rike
initi
ated
by
wom
en w
orki
ng in
a lo
cal
text
ile fa
ctor
y
Kar
ol W
ojty
la, t
he A
rchb
isho
p of
Kra
kow
, is
elec
ted
Pop
e, a
nd t
akes
the
nam
e Jo
hn P
aul I
I.
Foun
ding
of
“Sol
idar
ity”
“The
Ora
nge
Alt
erna
tive
”P
eace
ful p
rote
sts
and
art p
roje
cts
initi
ated
by
inte
llect
uals
. G
roup
use
s dw
arve
s as
thei
r sy
mbo
l.
Gen
eral
Str
ikes
and
Dem
onst
rati
ons
Pol
and
unde
r M
arti
al L
aw
Labo
r S
trik
es
Lech
Wal
esa,
co-
foun
der
of “
Sol
idar
ity”
is
elec
ted
Pre
side
nt a
nd s
erve
s un
til 1
995
The
firs
t fr
ee p
arlia
men
tary
ele
ctio
ns
Ale
ksan
der
Kw
asni
ewsk
i bec
omes
pre
side
nt
Pol
and
beco
mes
a m
embe
r of
the
WTO
New
con
stit
utio
n fi
naliz
ed
Slu
psk
Str
eet
Rio
tsM
ost n
otab
le c
ase
of p
olic
e vi
olen
ce in
Pol
and
since
the
end
of th
e 19
80s
Join
s N
ATO
The
Firs
t M
anif
a M
arch
org
aniz
ed b
y th
e ra
dica
l fem
inis
t m
ovem
ent
“Por
ozum
ieni
e K
obie
t 8
Mar
ca”
is a
rran
ged
“War
saw
Pri
de,”
Pol
and’
s fi
rst
prid
e pa
rade
, ta
kes
plac
e in
War
saw
Pol
and
join
s th
e E
U
Lech
Kac
zyns
ki b
ecom
es p
resi
dent
“War
saw
Pri
de”
is f
orbi
dden
by
the
Pre
side
nt, b
ut t
akes
pla
ce
Neg
otia
tion
s ta
ke p
lace
wit
h th
e U
S r
egar
ding
pl
anne
d U
S m
issi
le s
hiel
d in
stal
lati
ons
The
plan
ned
US
mis
sile
def
ense
com
plex
is c
ance
lled
Pre
side
nt K
aczy
nski
die
s in
an
airp
lane
cra
sh
Bro
nisl
aw K
omor
owsk
i bec
omes
Pre
side
nt
Nat
iona
list
Pro
test
sR
ight
-win
g pa
rtie
s joi
n fo
rces
and
dem
onst
rate
in W
arsa
w17
6 ar
rest
s, 22
pol
ice
inju
red
The
annu
al M
anif
a ra
lly f
aces
nat
iona
list
dem
onst
rant
s op
posi
ng w
omen
’s a
nd g
ay r
ight
s
The
Thaw
Yea
rs
Cri
mea
bec
omes
par
t of
ter
rito
ry o
f U
krai
nian
S
ovie
t S
ocia
list
Rep
ublic
The
War
saw
Pac
t is
sig
ned
Ant
i-R
ussi
fica
tion
Pro
test
s to
inst
itut
eU
krai
nian
as
offi
cial
lang
uage
of
the
Ukr
aini
an U
SS
R
“Pro
test
s ag
ains
t A
rres
ts”
Firs
t wav
e of
arr
ests
of i
ntel
lect
uals
Dni
prod
zerz
hyns
k P
rote
sts
Seve
ral t
hous
and
viol
ently
con
fron
t the
pol
ice
Ukr
aini
an H
elsi
nki G
roup
fou
nded
for
mon
itor
ing
hum
an r
ight
s
Che
rnob
yl n
ucle
ar d
isas
ter
Foun
ding
of
RU
KH
Civi
l-pol
itica
l mov
emen
t sup
port
ed b
y w
riter
s, ar
tists
, int
elle
ctua
ls
“The
Hum
an C
hain
”50
0,00
0-4
mill
ion
link
arm
s to
sym
boliz
e po
litic
al s
olid
arity
Ch
ain
is o
ver
350
mile
s
Stu
dent
Hun
ger
Str
ike
Inde
pend
ence
cla
imed
fro
m t
he S
ovie
t U
nion
Leon
id K
ravc
huk
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
Ukr
aine
is c
onne
cted
to
the
Inte
rnet
Leon
id K
uchm
a be
com
es P
resi
dent
Rat
ific
atio
n of
the
new
con
stit
utio
n
Frie
ndsh
ip t
reat
y si
gned
wit
h R
ussi
a
Mas
s P
rote
sts
follo
win
g th
e ki
dnap
ping
of
jour
nalis
t G
eorg
iy G
onga
dze.
Sev
eral
cla
im
Pre
side
nt K
uchm
a w
as in
volv
ed
“Ukr
aine
Wit
hout
Kuc
hma!
” an
d G
ener
al P
ublic
Pro
test
s7,
000
dem
and
Pres
iden
t Kuc
hma’
s res
igna
tion.
Eve
nt e
ncou
rage
s a
cons
olid
ated
opp
ositi
on, l
ead
by V
ikto
r Yus
hche
nko
and
Yul
ia T
ymos
henk
o.
Opp
osit
ion
lead
er, V
ikto
r Y
ushc
henk
o, is
al
lege
dly
pois
oned
by
oppo
nent
s.
The
Ora
nge
Rev
olut
ion
Pro
test
s ag
ains
t el
ecto
ral f
raud
in Y
anuk
ovyc
h’s
favo
r
Vik
tor Y
ushc
henk
o el
ecte
d Pr
esid
ent a
fter r
e-el
ectio
ns
Tym
oshe
nko
beco
mes
Prim
e M
inist
er
Yus
hche
nko
dism
isse
s Ty
mos
henk
o’s
gove
rnm
ent
Neg
otia
tion
s fo
r th
e E
U-U
krai
ne A
ssoc
iati
on
Agr
eem
ent
are
laun
ched
Yul
ia T
ymos
henk
o be
com
es P
rim
e M
inis
ter
Ukr
aine
app
lies t
o jo
in N
ATO
’s M
embe
rshi
p A
ctio
n Pl
an
Vik
tor
Yan
ukov
ych
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
Am
endm
ents
str
engt
hen
the
Pre
side
nt’s
po
wer
s, N
ATO
pla
ns s
helv
ed
Yul
ia T
ymos
henk
o is
sent
ence
d to
seve
n ye
ars i
n pr
ison
Rap
e an
d D
eath
of
Oks
ana
Mak
ar
Mas
s P
rote
sts
in M
ykol
aiv,
Kha
rkiv
, Lvi
v, a
nd O
dess
a
Rap
e of
Iryn
a K
rash
kova
by
Vra
diiv
ka p
olic
e of
ficer
sFi
ve-h
undr
ed p
eopl
e st
orm
the
loca
l pol
ice
stat
ion
Vra
diiv
ka M
arch
on
Kie
vD
emon
stra
tors
fro
m V
radi
ivka
sta
rt a
mar
ch o
n K
iev.
A la
rger
de
mon
stra
tion
tak
es p
lace
on
Mai
dan
Squ
are.
Dis
pers
ed b
y po
lice
the
follo
win
g da
y.
Eur
omai
dan/
Ant
i-M
aida
nLa
rge
grou
ps o
f pr
otes
ters
tak
e ov
er t
he s
tree
ts o
f K
iev.
Gro
ups
wit
h di
ffer
ent
polit
ical
age
ndas
com
e to
geth
er. D
emon
stra
tors
fac
e br
utal
pol
ice
viol
ence
.
“Hru
shev
skoh
o S
tree
t R
iots
” ag
ains
t an
ti-p
rote
st la
ws
Ukr
aini
an R
evol
utio
n/C
oup
Eur
omai
dan
prot
este
rs a
dvan
ce o
n th
e U
krai
nian
Par
liam
ent
Pre
side
nt Y
anuk
ovyc
h is
ous
ted
Tym
oshe
nko
is r
elea
sed
from
pri
son
Tym
oshe
nko
is r
ehab
ilita
ted
by t
he S
upre
me
Cou
rtof
Ukr
aine
Pre
side
nt P
oros
henk
o be
com
es P
resi
dent
and
th
e E
U s
ign
part
s of
the
EU
-Ukr
aine
A
ssoc
iati
on A
gree
men
t
Cri
mea
n cr
isis
and
war
in D
onba
ss
The
Thaw
Yea
rs –
Sov
iet
auth
orit
ies
allo
w
grea
ter
degr
ee o
f cu
ltur
al f
reed
om
Kor
ean
War
Dea
th o
f Jo
seph
Sta
lin
Nik
ita
Khr
ushc
hev
elec
ted
Gen
eral
Sec
reta
ry o
f th
e C
entr
al C
omm
itte
e of
the
Com
mun
ist
Par
ty
of t
he S
ovie
t U
nion
“Sec
ret
Spe
ech”
Khr
ushc
hev
deno
unce
s S
talin
Gro
zny
Rio
tsSt
art o
f lon
g co
nflic
t bet
wee
n R
ussi
a &
Che
chny
a– 1
0,00
0 pe
ople
rio
t
Nov
oche
rkas
sk M
assa
cre
Labo
r st
rike
opp
oses
har
sh w
orki
ng c
ondi
tions
N
earl
y 30
die
, 100
wou
nded
Cub
an M
issi
le C
risi
s
Afr
ican
stu
dent
s pr
otes
t th
e ki
lling
of
stud
ent
Edm
und
Ass
are-
Add
oFi
rst
prot
est
in R
ed S
quar
e si
nce
1920
s
Leon
id B
rezh
nev
appo
inte
d G
ener
al S
ecre
tary
of
the
Cen
tral
Com
mit
tee
of t
he C
omm
unis
t P
arty
of
the
Sov
iet
Uni
on
The
Gla
snos
t’ M
eeti
ng
Spon
tane
ous
reac
tion
to tr
ial o
f wri
ters
And
rei S
inya
vsky
an
d Y
uli D
anie
l
Red
Squ
are
Dem
onst
rati
ons
Opp
ose
Sov
iet
inva
sion
of
Cze
chos
lova
kia
Sev
eral
spe
nd y
ears
in p
riso
n
Det
ente
Incr
ease
d cu
ltura
l exc
hang
es a
nd W
este
rn to
uris
m in
the
USS
R
“Fir
st D
issi
dent
s of
Rus
sia
Pro
test
”On
the
150t
h an
nive
rsar
y of
the
Dec
embr
ist R
evol
t
Sum
mer
Oly
mpi
c G
ames
in M
osco
w.
Sev
eral
cou
ntri
es b
oyco
tt d
ue t
o th
e S
ovie
t in
vasi
on o
f A
fgha
nist
an t
he y
ear
befo
re
The
war
goe
s on
unt
il 19
89
Mik
hail
Gor
bach
ev a
ppoi
nted
Gen
eral
S
ecre
tary
of
the
Cen
tral
Com
mit
tee
of t
he
Com
mun
ist
Par
ty o
f th
e S
ovie
t U
nion
Per
estr
oika
and
Gla
snos
t’ R
efor
ms
Gla
snos
t’ w
as t
he p
olic
y of
pol
itic
al
“tra
nspa
renc
y an
d op
enne
ss”
Mas
sive
pro
-dem
ocra
cy d
emon
stra
tion
s in
M
osco
w
Maj
or L
abor
Str
ikes
Nea
r on
e m
illio
n w
orke
rs v
oice
thei
r su
ppor
t for
Bor
is Y
elts
in.
The
Sov
iet
Uni
on c
ease
s to
exi
st
Bor
is Y
elts
in b
ecom
es t
he f
irst
dir
ectl
y el
ecte
d P
resi
dent
of
the
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Con
stit
utio
nal C
risi
s (s
tate
of
emer
genc
y)
Vla
dim
ir P
utin
bec
omes
pre
side
nt
The
Dis
sent
ers’
Mar
ch b
egin
sR
ussi
an o
ppos
ition
pro
test
s sp
read
bey
ond
maj
or c
ities
Rus
sia
beco
mes
a m
embe
r of
the
G-8
Dm
itry
Med
vede
v be
gins
as
Pre
sidn
ent.
V
ladi
mir
Put
in is
app
oint
ed P
rim
e M
inis
ter.
Str
ateg
y 31
Pro
test
ers
defe
nd th
e ri
ght t
o pe
acef
ully
ass
embl
e
Ant
i-Fa
scis
t D
emon
stra
tion
sIn
mem
ory
of h
uman
rig
hts
activ
ist,
Stan
isla
v M
arke
lov,
and
jour
nalis
t A
nast
asia
Bab
urov
a
Labo
r P
rote
stM
iner
s fr
om S
iber
ia p
rote
st lo
w s
alar
ies
and
dang
erou
s w
orki
ng c
ondi
tions
Cam
paig
n to
Pro
tect
the
Khi
mki
For
est
Dem
onst
rato
rs o
ppos
e hi
ghw
ay c
onst
ruct
ion
plan
Med
vede
v po
stpo
nes
cons
truc
tion
“Man
ezhk
a”R
acis
t and
ant
i-Cau
casi
an d
emon
stra
tions
– 5
,000
par
ticip
ate
Pro
test
for
Fai
r E
lect
ions
Vla
dim
ir P
utin
sta
rts
his
thir
d pr
esid
enti
al p
erio
d
Pus
sy R
iot
stag
es “
Pun
k P
raye
r”
3 m
embe
rs a
rres
ted
and
conv
icte
d of
“ho
olig
anis
m m
otiv
ated
by
relig
ious
hat
red”
Pro
test
s ag
ains
t P
utin
Seve
ral o
ccup
y M
osco
w’s
bou
leva
rds
for
wee
ks10
0,00
0 pe
ople
pro
test
Ant
i-P
rote
st L
awP
arlia
men
t out
law
s “u
naut
hori
zed”
str
eet a
ctiv
ities
“Rus
sian
LG
BT
Pro
paga
nda
Law
”
Ant
i-W
ar P
rote
sts
Pea
cefu
l ant
i-war
dem
onst
ratio
n fo
llow
ing
the
Crim
ean
cris
is30
,000
par
ticip
ate
19
4
5
19
5
0
19
5
5
19
6
0
19
6
5
19
7
0
19
7
5
19
8
0
19
8
5
19
9
0
19
9
5
20
0
0
20
0
5
20
1
0
20
1
5
7
US
AP
OL
AN
DU
KR
AIN
ER
US
SIA
Har
ry T
rum
an e
lect
ed P
resi
dent
Kor
ean
War
Dw
ight
D. E
isen
how
er b
ecom
es P
resi
dent
The
Vie
tnam
War
Ros
a P
arks
spa
rks
Mon
tgom
ery
Bus
Boy
cott
Civ
il R
ight
s A
ct, d
ecla
res
the
inte
grat
ion
of
publ
ic s
choo
ls
John
F. K
enne
dy b
ecom
es P
resi
dent
Cub
an M
issi
le C
risi
s
“Mar
ch o
n W
ashi
ngto
n fo
r Jo
bs a
nd F
reed
om”
250,
000
peop
le p
arti
cipa
te. M
arti
n Lu
ther
Kin
g Jr
. del
iver
s “I
Hav
e a
Dre
am.”
John
F. K
enne
dy a
ssas
sina
ted
Lynd
on B
. Joh
nson
bec
omes
Pre
side
nt
The
Ant
iwar
Mov
emen
t
Dra
ft-C
ard
Bur
ning
Pro
test
s pr
otes
ting
the
V
ietn
am W
ar.
Act
ive
year
s of
the
Bla
ck P
anth
er P
arty
Det
roit
Rio
t/12
th S
tree
t R
iots
Pol
ice
and
civi
lians
con
fron
tati
ons
lead
to
5 da
y ri
ot.
43 d
ie, 1
,200
are
inju
red,
7,2
00 a
rres
ted
Mar
tin
Luth
er K
ing
Jr. a
ssas
sina
ted
Ric
hard
Nix
on b
ecom
es P
resi
dent
The
Sto
new
all R
iots
Ant
i-V
ietn
am R
allie
s 5,
000
peop
le m
arch
on
Was
hing
ton.
Woo
dsto
ck
400,
000
peop
le g
athe
r in
Bet
hel,
NY
for
the
pro
-pea
ce m
usic
and
art
s fe
stiv
al
“Day
s of
Rag
e”D
emon
stra
tion
s by
rad
ical
left
-win
g or
gani
zati
on k
now
n as
“Th
e W
eath
erm
en”
Firs
t LG
BT
Pri
de M
arch
Ger
ald
Ford
bec
omes
Pre
side
nt
“Mar
ch f
or L
ife”
200
,000
pro
test
abo
rtio
n
Jim
my
Car
ter
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
“The
Lon
gest
Wal
k”Th
ousa
nds
of N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
s m
arch
fro
m S
an F
ranc
isco
to
D.C
.
Nat
iona
l Mar
ch o
n W
ashi
ngto
n fo
r Le
sbia
n an
d G
ay R
ight
s75
,000
-125
,000
peo
ple
atte
nd
Ron
ald
Rea
gan
beco
mes
Pre
side
ntO
ne m
illio
n pr
otes
t in
Cen
tral
Par
k ag
ains
t th
eC
old
War
Arm
s R
ace
Los
Ang
eles
hos
ts th
e Su
mm
er O
lym
pics
. Th
e So
viet
Uni
on a
nd s
ever
al o
ther
cou
ntri
es
boyc
ott t
he g
ames
.
Gre
at P
eace
Mar
ch fo
r G
loba
l Nuc
lear
Dis
arm
amen
t
Geo
rge
H.W
. Bus
h be
com
es P
resi
dent
The
Gul
f W
ar
Bill
Clin
ton
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
NA
TO in
terv
enti
on in
Kos
ovo
Ant
i-G
loba
lizat
ion
Pro
test
40,0
00 d
emon
stra
te in
res
pons
e to
WTO
mee
ting
Geo
rge
W. B
ush
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
Sep
tem
ber
11th
Ter
rori
st A
ttac
ksA
fgha
n W
ar P
rote
sts
Iraq
War
Pro
test
s5%
of
the
popu
lati
on o
ppos
e th
e Ir
aq in
vasi
on t
hrou
gh
publ
ic d
emon
stra
tion
s
Pat
riot
Act
sig
ned
into
law
Bar
ack
Oba
ma
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
Firs
t lar
ge p
rote
st w
ithin
The
Tea
Par
ty M
ovem
ent
Occ
upy
Wal
l Str
eet
3,00
0 pe
ople
ass
embl
e at
Bat
tery
Par
k, N
YC
, to
prot
est
ineq
ualit
y cr
eate
d by
unj
ust
gove
rnm
ent
and
fina
nce
syst
ems.
The
prot
est
last
s se
vera
l mon
ths
and
300+
cam
p ou
tsid
e
Tray
von
Mar
tin
Pro
test
s/M
illio
n H
oodi
e M
arch
Pro
test
s in
ove
r 10
0 U
.S. c
itie
s af
ter
Mar
tin
is f
atal
ly s
hot
by a
ne
ighb
orho
od w
atch
vol
unte
er in
Flo
rida
Sno
wde
n C
ontr
over
syS
now
den
leak
s cl
assi
fied
info
rmat
ion
from
the
Nat
iona
l Sec
urit
y A
genc
y to
int’
l med
ia –
Doc
umen
ts r
evea
l glo
bal s
urve
illan
ce p
rogr
ams
Peo
ple’
s C
limat
e M
arch
311,
000
peop
le a
dvoc
ate
publ
ic a
ctio
n ag
ains
t gl
obal
clim
ate
chan
ge
Ferg
uson
Unr
est
Pro
test
s in
Fer
guso
n, M
O f
ollo
win
g th
e de
ath
of t
eena
ger
Mic
hael
B
row
n. C
ivil
diso
rder
fol
low
s th
e N
ovem
ber
tria
l. Th
e ev
ents
ge
nera
te n
atio
nal n
ews,
spa
rkin
g cr
oss-
coun
try
prot
ests
aga
inst
po
lice
brut
alit
y.
Pol
and
beco
mes
the
Pol
ish
Peo
ple’
s R
epub
lic.
Rem
ains
a s
atel
lite
stat
e of
the
Sov
iet
Uni
on
unti
l 198
9. P
olis
h U
nite
d W
orke
rs’ P
arty
is
dom
inan
t. C
ount
ry f
unct
ions
as
a co
mm
unis
t st
ate.
The
War
saw
Pac
t is
sig
ned
Poz
nan
June
upr
isin
g ag
ains
t th
e in
flue
nce
of t
he S
ovie
t U
nion
Pol
ish
Oct
ober
/Pol
ish
Oct
ober
Rev
olut
ion
init
iate
s ca
ll fo
r re
form
s fo
llow
ing
Sta
lin’s
de
ath
Pra
gue
Spr
ing
Sym
path
y
Gru
dzie
n P
rote
sts
and
labo
r st
rike
s re
spon
d to
in
crea
se in
foo
d pr
ices
42 c
asua
ltie
s, 1
,000
+ w
ound
ed
Lodz
Str
ikes
Mas
s st
rike
initi
ated
by
wom
en w
orki
ng in
a lo
cal
text
ile fa
ctor
y
Kar
ol W
ojty
la, t
he A
rchb
isho
p of
Kra
kow
, is
elec
ted
Pop
e, a
nd t
akes
the
nam
e Jo
hn P
aul I
I.
Foun
ding
of
“Sol
idar
ity”
“The
Ora
nge
Alt
erna
tive
”P
eace
ful p
rote
sts
and
art p
roje
cts
initi
ated
by
inte
llect
uals
. G
roup
use
s dw
arve
s as
thei
r sy
mbo
l.
Gen
eral
Str
ikes
and
Dem
onst
rati
ons
Pol
and
unde
r M
arti
al L
aw
Labo
r S
trik
es
Lech
Wal
esa,
co-
foun
der
of “
Sol
idar
ity”
is
elec
ted
Pre
side
nt a
nd s
erve
s un
til 1
995
The
firs
t fr
ee p
arlia
men
tary
ele
ctio
ns
Ale
ksan
der
Kw
asni
ewsk
i bec
omes
pre
side
nt
Pol
and
beco
mes
a m
embe
r of
the
WTO
New
con
stit
utio
n fi
naliz
ed
Slu
psk
Str
eet
Rio
tsM
ost n
otab
le c
ase
of p
olic
e vi
olen
ce in
Pol
and
since
the
end
of th
e 19
80s
Join
s N
ATO
The
Firs
t M
anif
a M
arch
org
aniz
ed b
y th
e ra
dica
l fem
inis
t m
ovem
ent
“Por
ozum
ieni
e K
obie
t 8
Mar
ca”
is a
rran
ged
“War
saw
Pri
de,”
Pol
and’
s fi
rst
prid
e pa
rade
, ta
kes
plac
e in
War
saw
Pol
and
join
s th
e E
U
Lech
Kac
zyns
ki b
ecom
es p
resi
dent
“War
saw
Pri
de”
is f
orbi
dden
by
the
Pre
side
nt, b
ut t
akes
pla
ce
Neg
otia
tion
s ta
ke p
lace
wit
h th
e U
S r
egar
ding
pl
anne
d U
S m
issi
le s
hiel
d in
stal
lati
ons
The
plan
ned
US
mis
sile
def
ense
com
plex
is c
ance
lled
Pre
side
nt K
aczy
nski
die
s in
an
airp
lane
cra
sh
Bro
nisl
aw K
omor
owsk
i bec
omes
Pre
side
nt
Nat
iona
list
Pro
test
sR
ight
-win
g pa
rtie
s joi
n fo
rces
and
dem
onst
rate
in W
arsa
w17
6 ar
rest
s, 22
pol
ice
inju
red
The
annu
al M
anif
a ra
lly f
aces
nat
iona
list
dem
onst
rant
s op
posi
ng w
omen
’s a
nd g
ay r
ight
s
The
Thaw
Yea
rs
Cri
mea
bec
omes
par
t of
ter
rito
ry o
f U
krai
nian
S
ovie
t S
ocia
list
Rep
ublic
The
War
saw
Pac
t is
sig
ned
Ant
i-R
ussi
fica
tion
Pro
test
s to
inst
itut
eU
krai
nian
as
offi
cial
lang
uage
of
the
Ukr
aini
an U
SS
R
“Pro
test
s ag
ains
t A
rres
ts”
Firs
t wav
e of
arr
ests
of i
ntel
lect
uals
Dni
prod
zerz
hyns
k P
rote
sts
Seve
ral t
hous
and
viol
ently
con
fron
t the
pol
ice
Ukr
aini
an H
elsi
nki G
roup
fou
nded
for
mon
itor
ing
hum
an r
ight
s
Che
rnob
yl n
ucle
ar d
isas
ter
Foun
ding
of
RU
KH
Civi
l-pol
itica
l mov
emen
t sup
port
ed b
y w
riter
s, ar
tists
, int
elle
ctua
ls
“The
Hum
an C
hain
”50
0,00
0-4
mill
ion
link
arm
s to
sym
boliz
e po
litic
al s
olid
arity
Ch
ain
is o
ver
350
mile
s
Stu
dent
Hun
ger
Str
ike
Inde
pend
ence
cla
imed
fro
m t
he S
ovie
t U
nion
Leon
id K
ravc
huk
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
Ukr
aine
is c
onne
cted
to
the
Inte
rnet
Leon
id K
uchm
a be
com
es P
resi
dent
Rat
ific
atio
n of
the
new
con
stit
utio
n
Frie
ndsh
ip t
reat
y si
gned
wit
h R
ussi
a
Mas
s P
rote
sts
follo
win
g th
e ki
dnap
ping
of
jour
nalis
t G
eorg
iy G
onga
dze.
Sev
eral
cla
im
Pre
side
nt K
uchm
a w
as in
volv
ed
“Ukr
aine
Wit
hout
Kuc
hma!
” an
d G
ener
al P
ublic
Pro
test
s7,
000
dem
and
Pres
iden
t Kuc
hma’
s res
igna
tion.
Eve
nt e
ncou
rage
s a
cons
olid
ated
opp
ositi
on, l
ead
by V
ikto
r Yus
hche
nko
and
Yul
ia T
ymos
henk
o.
Opp
osit
ion
lead
er, V
ikto
r Y
ushc
henk
o, is
al
lege
dly
pois
oned
by
oppo
nent
s.
The
Ora
nge
Rev
olut
ion
Pro
test
s ag
ains
t el
ecto
ral f
raud
in Y
anuk
ovyc
h’s
favo
r
Vik
tor Y
ushc
henk
o el
ecte
d Pr
esid
ent a
fter r
e-el
ectio
ns
Tym
oshe
nko
beco
mes
Prim
e M
inist
er
Yus
hche
nko
dism
isse
s Ty
mos
henk
o’s
gove
rnm
ent
Neg
otia
tion
s fo
r th
e E
U-U
krai
ne A
ssoc
iati
on
Agr
eem
ent
are
laun
ched
Yul
ia T
ymos
henk
o be
com
es P
rim
e M
inis
ter
Ukr
aine
app
lies t
o jo
in N
ATO
’s M
embe
rshi
p A
ctio
n Pl
an
Vik
tor
Yan
ukov
ych
beco
mes
Pre
side
nt
Am
endm
ents
str
engt
hen
the
Pre
side
nt’s
po
wer
s, N
ATO
pla
ns s
helv
ed
Yul
ia T
ymos
henk
o is
sent
ence
d to
seve
n ye
ars i
n pr
ison
Rap
e an
d D
eath
of
Oks
ana
Mak
ar
Mas
s P
rote
sts
in M
ykol
aiv,
Kha
rkiv
, Lvi
v, a
nd O
dess
a
Rap
e of
Iryn
a K
rash
kova
by
Vra
diiv
ka p
olic
e of
ficer
sFi
ve-h
undr
ed p
eopl
e st
orm
the
loca
l pol
ice
stat
ion
Vra
diiv
ka M
arch
on
Kie
vD
emon
stra
tors
fro
m V
radi
ivka
sta
rt a
mar
ch o
n K
iev.
A la
rger
de
mon
stra
tion
tak
es p
lace
on
Mai
dan
Squ
are.
Dis
pers
ed b
y po
lice
the
follo
win
g da
y.
Eur
omai
dan/
Ant
i-M
aida
nLa
rge
grou
ps o
f pr
otes
ters
tak
e ov
er t
he s
tree
ts o
f K
iev.
Gro
ups
wit
h di
ffer
ent
polit
ical
age
ndas
com
e to
geth
er. D
emon
stra
tors
fac
e br
utal
pol
ice
viol
ence
.
“Hru
shev
skoh
o S
tree
t R
iots
” ag
ains
t an
ti-p
rote
st la
ws
Ukr
aini
an R
evol
utio
n/C
oup
Eur
omai
dan
prot
este
rs a
dvan
ce o
n th
e U
krai
nian
Par
liam
ent
Pre
side
nt Y
anuk
ovyc
h is
ous
ted
Tym
oshe
nko
is r
elea
sed
from
pri
son
Tym
oshe
nko
is r
ehab
ilita
ted
by t
he S
upre
me
Cou
rtof
Ukr
aine
Pre
side
nt P
oros
henk
o be
com
es P
resi
dent
and
th
e E
U s
ign
part
s of
the
EU
-Ukr
aine
A
ssoc
iati
on A
gree
men
t
Cri
mea
n cr
isis
and
war
in D
onba
ss
The
Thaw
Yea
rs –
Sov
iet
auth
orit
ies
allo
w
grea
ter
degr
ee o
f cu
ltur
al f
reed
om
Kor
ean
War
Dea
th o
f Jo
seph
Sta
lin
Nik
ita
Khr
ushc
hev
elec
ted
Gen
eral
Sec
reta
ry o
f th
e C
entr
al C
omm
itte
e of
the
Com
mun
ist
Par
ty
of t
he S
ovie
t U
nion
“Sec
ret
Spe
ech”
Khr
ushc
hev
deno
unce
s S
talin
Gro
zny
Rio
tsSt
art o
f lon
g co
nflic
t bet
wee
n R
ussi
a &
Che
chny
a– 1
0,00
0 pe
ople
rio
t
Nov
oche
rkas
sk M
assa
cre
Labo
r st
rike
opp
oses
har
sh w
orki
ng c
ondi
tions
N
earl
y 30
die
, 100
wou
nded
Cub
an M
issi
le C
risi
s
Afr
ican
stu
dent
s pr
otes
t th
e ki
lling
of
stud
ent
Edm
und
Ass
are-
Add
oFi
rst
prot
est
in R
ed S
quar
e si
nce
1920
s
Leon
id B
rezh
nev
appo
inte
d G
ener
al S
ecre
tary
of
the
Cen
tral
Com
mit
tee
of t
he C
omm
unis
t P
arty
of
the
Sov
iet
Uni
on
The
Gla
snos
t’ M
eeti
ng
Spon
tane
ous
reac
tion
to tr
ial o
f wri
ters
And
rei S
inya
vsky
an
d Y
uli D
anie
l
Red
Squ
are
Dem
onst
rati
ons
Opp
ose
Sov
iet
inva
sion
of
Cze
chos
lova
kia
Sev
eral
spe
nd y
ears
in p
riso
n
Det
ente
Incr
ease
d cu
ltura
l exc
hang
es a
nd W
este
rn to
uris
m in
the
USS
R
“Fir
st D
issi
dent
s of
Rus
sia
Pro
test
”On
the
150t
h an
nive
rsar
y of
the
Dec
embr
ist R
evol
t
Sum
mer
Oly
mpi
c G
ames
in M
osco
w.
Sev
eral
cou
ntri
es b
oyco
tt d
ue t
o th
e S
ovie
t in
vasi
on o
f A
fgha
nist
an t
he y
ear
befo
re
The
war
goe
s on
unt
il 19
89
Mik
hail
Gor
bach
ev a
ppoi
nted
Gen
eral
S
ecre
tary
of
the
Cen
tral
Com
mit
tee
of t
he
Com
mun
ist
Par
ty o
f th
e S
ovie
t U
nion
Per
estr
oika
and
Gla
snos
t’ R
efor
ms
Gla
snos
t’ w
as t
he p
olic
y of
pol
itic
al
“tra
nspa
renc
y an
d op
enne
ss”
Mas
sive
pro
-dem
ocra
cy d
emon
stra
tion
s in
M
osco
w
Maj
or L
abor
Str
ikes
Nea
r on
e m
illio
n w
orke
rs v
oice
thei
r su
ppor
t for
Bor
is Y
elts
in.
The
Sov
iet
Uni
on c
ease
s to
exi
st
Bor
is Y
elts
in b
ecom
es t
he f
irst
dir
ectl
y el
ecte
d P
resi
dent
of
the
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Con
stit
utio
nal C
risi
s (s
tate
of
emer
genc
y)
Vla
dim
ir P
utin
bec
omes
pre
side
nt
The
Dis
sent
ers’
Mar
ch b
egin
sR
ussi
an o
ppos
ition
pro
test
s sp
read
bey
ond
maj
or c
ities
Rus
sia
beco
mes
a m
embe
r of
the
G-8
Dm
itry
Med
vede
v be
gins
as
Pre
sidn
ent.
V
ladi
mir
Put
in is
app
oint
ed P
rim
e M
inis
ter.
Str
ateg
y 31
Pro
test
ers
defe
nd th
e ri
ght t
o pe
acef
ully
ass
embl
e
Ant
i-Fa
scis
t D
emon
stra
tion
sIn
mem
ory
of h
uman
rig
hts
activ
ist,
Stan
isla
v M
arke
lov,
and
jour
nalis
t A
nast
asia
Bab
urov
a
Labo
r P
rote
stM
iner
s fr
om S
iber
ia p
rote
st lo
w s
alar
ies
and
dang
erou
s w
orki
ng c
ondi
tions
Cam
paig
n to
Pro
tect
the
Khi
mki
For
est
Dem
onst
rato
rs o
ppos
e hi
ghw
ay c
onst
ruct
ion
plan
Med
vede
v po
stpo
nes
cons
truc
tion
“Man
ezhk
a”R
acis
t and
ant
i-Cau
casi
an d
emon
stra
tions
– 5
,000
par
ticip
ate
Pro
test
for
Fai
r E
lect
ions
Vla
dim
ir P
utin
sta
rts
his
thir
d pr
esid
enti
al p
erio
d
Pus
sy R
iot
stag
es “
Pun
k P
raye
r”
3 m
embe
rs a
rres
ted
and
conv
icte
d of
“ho
olig
anis
m m
otiv
ated
by
relig
ious
hat
red”
Pro
test
s ag
ains
t P
utin
Seve
ral o
ccup
y M
osco
w’s
bou
leva
rds
for
wee
ks10
0,00
0 pe
ople
pro
test
Ant
i-P
rote
st L
awP
arlia
men
t out
law
s “u
naut
hori
zed”
str
eet a
ctiv
ities
“Rus
sian
LG
BT
Pro
paga
nda
Law
”
Ant
i-W
ar P
rote
sts
Pea
cefu
l ant
i-war
dem
onst
ratio
n fo
llow
ing
the
Crim
ean
cris
is30
,000
par
ticip
ate
19
4
5
19
5
0
19
5
5
19
6
0
19
6
5
19
7
0
19
7
5
19
8
0
19
8
5
19
9
0
19
9
5
20
0
0
20
0
5
20
1
0
20
1
5
WH
O W
RIT
ES
HIS
TOR
Y?
Th
ese
sket
ched
tim
elin
es a
re b
ased
on
th
e re
sear
ch o
f In
grid
Nor
dga
ard
, a
Ph
D c
and
idat
e in
Yal
e U
niv
ersi
ty’s
D
epar
tmen
t of
Sla
vic
Lan
guag
es a
nd
Lit
erat
ure
s. T
his
tim
elin
e w
as i
nst
alle
d a
s a
larg
e ba
nn
er t
hro
ugh
out
the
exh
ibit
ion
. V
isit
ors
wer
e en
cou
rage
d t
o ad
d e
ven
ts t
hat
wer
e m
issi
ng.
8
veRtical Reach in cqnveRsatiqnwith the cuRatqRsMartha Lewis: These are complex times, politically — does it make sense to put together topical exhibitions on subjects that change so rapidly?
Sarah Fritchey: The fact that it marked an unstable time was one of the defining features of Vertical Reach. For me, the moment when everything is unsettled and in disarray is exactly the right time to be looking at it — anyway, does a stable moment ever exist? When the event is unfolding — that is the space where a viewer and artwork can meet. If you’re constantly waiting for a moment of political upheaval to settle before you attempt to document it, then you’re perpetually curating with a retrospective glance.
We organized the show in the wake of Russia’s annexation of Crimea, an event covered by Western media in part because it was very vio-lent. The show presented strategies for participating in and respond-ing to public protest, like that in Maidan Nezalezhnosti, and some works more easy to identify as “artistic practice” than others.
ML: Are you thinking of any work in particular?
SF: Yes — Artur Żmijewski and Yael Bartana’s film, which is a series of handheld video recordings from a peace protest in Gaza. Nothing overtly artistic is applied to the film; there’s no explicit violence, narrative arc, fancy camera tricks, or literal storytelling. The film ends abruptly with a child blowing out a candle, which is the most climatic moment, but then it’s over. (fig.1) There’s no resolution or summary.
ML: Is what you are getting at is that there is a self-conscious lack of
9
artistry in that film and that perhaps we should be sus-picious of artistry? Speaking of artistry, do you feel like you encounter artistry in the news media frequently? We have all certainly grown to be more mistrustful of it.
SF: Right — when you look at The New York Times from
the comfort of your home, there’s a sense that what you’re seeing is fractured or not the full picture. The writing is polished and the im-ages are beautifully gruesome, almost reminiscent of early Civil War photography where photographers staged the dead soldiers to make the best composition. How about you? Did you feel like the artwork in the show dismantled some of these smoke and mirrors?
ML: Zbigneiw Libera’s Final Judgement literally mimicked this type of theatrical game that you’re describing — elegantly playing with our hopes, fears, and rage over the aftermath of the economic collapse. (fig.2) The sly humor extending to the fact that we might want an “economic Nuremberg” but know perfectly well that none is genuinely forth-coming. This work was so immediate — accessible and strong visually. I liked how audiences related to it.
SF: Yes, it was frequently the first work I took student groups to when doing tours of the show.
ML: It was also a standout
10
moment for Artspace, as this was the work’s US debut, and I think that it really made a lasting impression on our audiences. The ripple effect of the exhibition is in many ways more important than the show itself.
SF: This show was such an adventure. Conceptually where we start-ed and what we ended up evolved to be so different, remember?
ML: I felt like every day there was something new to consider! The learning curve was steep, and we were combing European and Middle Eastern blogs and websites for unfolding news until the day of the opening, and thereafter, to get the most complete picture. The Museum of Modern Art in Warsaw’s publication Post-Post-Soviet? Art, Politics & Society in Russia At the Turn of the Decade helped fill in a lot of the historical context for protest and artistic practice in Eastern Europe. But the spatial and cultural distances were large and anxiety-provoking. Looking back, we weren’t sure all the work would make it through customs.
SF: Yes! I was sad to toss the idea of including a work by David Ter-Oganyan from his This is not a bomb series early on in the plan-ning phase, but David discouraged us from even attempting to get it through customs.
ML: Probably a good thing, given our small budget and staff….
I was surprised that Anastasiya Ryabova’s flagpoles made it through customs. (fig. 3) The work criticized the foundation and terms of Russian nationalism, by undermining their national flags. But as objects on a customs list, they’re simple metal hardware.
SF: Yes, and in situ, they looked like expensive pieces of modern art. Maybe we could have smuggled in David’s ersatz bombs after all, if we had described the contents as: Coca-Cola, wires, clock, duct tape?
ML: That’s funny. Humor and disguise did play a prominent role in the show. Many artists used humor as a strategy for casually evading political censorship.
11
SF: Humor and entertainment! I kept describing the philosophy of the show as “to educate, sometimes we must first entertain.” I think this is the reason we didn’t include work by some very important Eastern European artists, whom some people might have expected to encounter.
ML: We also made a point of including young artists making work within the past five years, which we referenced in the exhibition title, by adding the adverb “Now!”
SF: Speaking of “Now!”, you visited Poland twice to do research for this show. Did you see a difference in the work coming out of your first trip in 2012, pre-Euromaidan, and second visit in 2014?
ML: On both visits, there was a sort of hot and cold range. On the one hand, artists were busy archiving the past, and thinking about photography and things that at least looked like documentary foot-age. On the other hand, there was absurd humor and violence. I am grateful to the Poland.us Campus Project and Culture.pl for having this remarkable experience.
SF: What connects these two modes of art making for you?
ML: Maybe that both are responding to speed — things are changing so fast, and there’s a fear of history being erased, which happened un-der Stalin. SF: You could sense this fear of erasure in Nikita Kadan’s porcelain plates. (fig. 4)
Mounted on the wall, they threatened to fall at any moment! And if they had shattered, they would have destroyed the illustrations of police torture that the artist printed on their centers — arms hand-cuffed to a radiator, a plastic bag placed over a man’s head, a ciga-rette burning a woman’s nipple.
12
ML: The new map that Zuzanna Janin made to accompany her video also activated a sense of memory loss. She encased it in a heavy frame so that the information behind it felt trapped, cloudy and very distant. You could barely trace out the route she marked, which de-noted the path the she took on her journey to the borders of the IK-32 Corrective labor colony which is in a very remote point, near the Urals, in Russia…
SF: I’m curious. Do you feel like the US-based artists in the show expressed a fear of history being erased?
ML: For the most part, I think Americans operate with the expectation that they have and will always retain the right to freedom of speech — be it in a conversation or to access to the Internet.
SF: David Livingston’s performance explored this expectation, and maybe found that we presume too much and keep presuming, be-cause the government operates on us by playing mind games. (fig. 5) His mock campaign showed us how Americans, as voters, are guided to project our individual desires onto a candidate’s messages through their use of inspirational speeches, key words, and slogans. His slo-gan, which looked like a Rorschach blot ink drawing, actually started as a studio drawing attempt to depict “the void.” On the campaign trail, he described the slogan to people as being nebulous, an open space for their desires for him as Alderman. The “anything blob,” the “everyman logo,” the “promise of the universe!” It reminded me a lot of how [President Barack] Obama’s 2008 “HOPE” campaign func-tioned, in that its meaning was porous and very open.
ML: Yes, and the undercurrent is that every year we vote for people who have polled us, listened to what we want, shake our hands, only to echo our desires back to us in sponsored campaign speeches.
13
David made the piece when he started questioning why he showed up to vote in the first place. The work ques-tions how much agency we actually have as voters par-ticipating in a free election.
SF: Also, there’s a sense that our own personal desires for future change outweigh our drive to reflect critically on the past. As a fight or flight response, we look forward to the future for the prom-ise of “greater equality,” or “social mobility,” or even more generally, “progress.”
ML: It’s striking, how reminiscent Livingston’s mock campaign is of the psychological and semantic games being played in Russia and Ukraine. Especially his campaign speech, which was void of content, but somehow inspirational.
SF: Yes, he pulled from a lot of actual speeches to design that speech. My favorite part is when he dedicates his campaign to “hard-working people,” “businessmen having a time,” “life, love, and liberty,” “my father’s rat farm,” “dancing in the street,” “card-board boxes and beads.” He delivers the message with such con-viction, even in the moment that it dissolves into parody, and then comes back to the colloquial line “we will prevail as one.” Can you describe a point of connection in the show?
ML: For me, Livingston’s work strongly relates to Ter-Oganyan’s criminal sketches of [Russian President] Vladimir Putin, which por-tray the president as a generic white man, suggesting that he could be anyone. (fig. 6) Both have a bland interactive element and play off of the aspects of desire and personal wish-fulfillment in politics. What you see is what you want to see, and what you see is being manipulated to other ends.
SF: I like this read of Ter-Oganyan, and it reminds of me how the works also explore a shared concern for repetition and mass distri-
14
bution. Ter-Oganyan chose to reproduce the same stock criminal sketches of Putin four times, as if to say, he was elected into office four times and this could go on ad infinitum. Livingston similarly leveraged his Rorschach blot ink drawing into a campaign slogan, which he reprinted and distributed as campaign buttons, fliers, and lawn signs. The image was all over town—to this day I still see buttons on people’s backpacks.
ML: This brings up how many different ideologies were brought together in this show….
SF: Right — Pussy Riot’s Punk Prayer dealt with Putin and his image very differently. (fig. 7) While Ter-Oganyan’s series could be read partially as a criticism of the Western media’s portrayal of Putin as a perpetual thug, Pussy Riot’s performance is explicitly un-sympathetic and pro-emancipation. If you read the translated lyrics of the song, you can hear that it is a direct indictment against Putin. They scream “Mother of God, rid us of Putin. Liberty is dead and gone…!”
ML: This multiplicity of view points was important curatorially speaking, given the kaleidoscopic nature of events and characters in the unfolding drama. Looking back, the experience refreshed my ideas about what a political exhibit can look like, and how a curator
15
might participate in the process. Artistic culture is a fragile ecology under constant pressure, and we supported a display of vying and somewhat unpopular ideas.
SF: Yes, I think that the art institution is the one place left where we actively critique the image. As curators, it’s our job to lead this investigation and make it accessible to audiences. Especially at this point in time, where the image frequently replaces language. For me, this show was an opportunity to pause to cross-examine the image. To think about who made it, what it’s made of, and why.
ML: I enjoyed our partnership here, I like curating shows where one learns, as opposed to knowing all the answers and projecting them visually in the gallery space.
SF: Me too — I hope you’re still racing to follow those blogs.
ML: You know I am….
Fig. 1Still from Artur Żmijewski and Yael Bartana. Demonstration Against War in Gaza Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel (17 January 2009) single channel video projection, 4:50 minutes. Image courtesy of the artist and Galerie Peter Kilchmann, Zurich.
Fig. 2Zbigniew Libera, Economic Nuremberg #2 (2014) archival pigment print on cotton paper, 160 x 187.5 centimeters. Image courtesy of Raster Gallery, Warsaw.
Fig. 3Anastasia Ryabova, Where is your flag dude? (2011) installation-flags, brackets, colors, markers. Image courtesy of Artspace, John Groo, photographer.
Fig. 4Nikita Kadan, Procedure Room (2009-2010) hotprint images on porcelain plates, 6 x 4 x 10 inches each. Image courtesy of François Ghebaly, Los Angeles.
Fig. 5David Livingston, VOTE FOR 2015 Alderman Campaign (2015) mixed media and performance. Image courtesy of the artist.
Fig.6David Ter-Oganyan, V. Putin (Portraits of Russian Government Series) (2005) digital print on paper, 50 x 40 centi-meters each. Image courtesy of the artist.
Fig.7Pussy Riot, Punk Prayer—Mother of God, Chase Putin Away! (2012) video, 1:03 minutes. Image courtesy of the artists.
Image Credits
17
YEVGENIA BELORUSETS
CHTO DELAT?
ZUZANNA JANIN
NIKITA KADAN
ZBIGNIEW LIBERA
DAVID LIVINGSTON
LAURA MARSH
ANGEL NEVAREZ + VALERIE TEVERE
ANASTASIYA OSIPOVA + MATTHEW WHITLEY
PUSSY RIOT
ANASTASIA RYABOVA
GREGORY SHOLETTE
DAVID TER-OGANYAN
MARIYA VLASOVA
ARTUR ŻMIJEWSKI + YAEL BARTANA
aRtists + aRtwqRks
18
Maidan: Occupied Spaces Series2013digital prints and original text by artistdimensions variableCourtesy of the artist.
Yevgenia Belorusets
19
YEVGENIA BELORUSETS (B. UKRAINE)
This installation is a collection of photographs and fiction texts written by Belorusets, depicting everyday life at the epicenter of a mass protest. In 2013, the artist participated in the Euromaidan protest in Kiev, when news from Ukraine, including the passing of new laws, aimed at crushing any form of protest or freedom of speech.
The work suggests Euromaidan as a unified protest containing multiple, often contradictory beliefs: dreams of a just Europe, formed outside the EU’s borders; Far Right, ultra-nationalist values; hatred of the current system of governance and naming of “enemies;” demands for radical, democratic transformation. Her original texts (presented in Vertical Reach as translations) read like state-authored reports, assuming a humanist tone to down-play and outright deny the violence rising from the conflict. (A excerpt from the transcript can be found on pages 20 and 21.)
The photographs show people spending multiple nights on freezing streets, sleeping in occupied government buildings, and standing shoulder to shoulder to defend their position in the city’s main square. In the darkness of this night, they can come under attack from riot police and must stand in solidarity. Scenes of highly unstable life in Ukraine today, sheltered within an American gallery, remind us of the distance between our safe space and a space in conflict. The series pushes us to constantly define and refresh our political goals.
Yevgenia Belorusets
20
An
Hon
est
Pla
ce
By
Yev
geni
a B
elor
uset
sTr
ansl
ated
by
Ann
a G
unin
1.
An
Hon
est
Pla
ce
Ther
e’s
a pl
ace
in U
krai
ne w
here
the
y on
ly w
rite
tru
thfu
l ne
ws.
It
usua
lly
shif
ts l
ocat
ion,
but
of
late
, in
de-
pend
ent
obse
rver
s ha
ve w
itne
ssed
its
em
erge
nce
in t
he D
onet
sk r
egio
n. W
ithi
n it
s sp
here
of
infl
uenc
e, f
ake
new
s it
ems
mag
ical
ly a
ssum
e an
aut
hent
ic s
lant
. A
ll i
s re
veal
ed i
n it
s tr
ue l
ight
— a
nd f
abri
cati
ons
are
left
of
f-ca
mer
a, a
s if
sm
ashe
d ou
t of
the
way
by
the
win
dscr
een
of a
spe
edin
g ca
r, o
f w
hich
you
— a
rmed
to
the
teet
h —
are
the
dri
ver.
4.
Ran
dom
nes
s
In f
airn
ess,
on
occa
sion
, a
rand
om f
lyin
g bu
llet
wil
l hi
t th
e od
d ci
vili
an.
It m
ight
str
ike
a w
oman
or
chil
d,
and
that
wil
l be
the
end
of
them
.W
hy s
houl
d fl
ying
bul
lets
sud
denl
y ex
hibi
t su
ch b
lood
lust
? A
fter
all
, th
ese
bull
ets
have
rep
eate
dly
prov
en
thei
r be
nevo
lenc
e an
d re
ason
able
ness
.B
e th
at a
s it
may
, in
res
pons
e to
suc
h cr
uelt
y, b
oth
war
ring
par
ties
hav
e fo
rmed
joi
nt s
peci
al s
quad
s w
hose
pu
rpos
e is
to
find
the
fly
ing
bull
ets
that
hav
e tu
rned
nas
ty a
gain
st p
eopl
e an
d to
obl
iter
ate
them
.
Suc
h bu
llet
s ar
e us
uall
y ea
sy t
o fi
nd,
for
they
hov
er o
ver
thei
r vi
ctim
s li
ke l
unat
ics,
una
ble
to g
et t
heir
fil
l of
the
sig
ht o
f an
unt
imel
y de
ath.
The
se b
ulle
ts h
ave
led
to t
he p
opul
ar s
ayin
g in
our
cou
ntry
: “B
ulle
ts a
re
dum
mie
s.”
Yevgenia Belorusets
21
An
Hon
est
Pla
ce
By
Yev
geni
a B
elor
uset
sTr
ansl
ated
by
Ann
a G
unin
1.
An
Hon
est
Pla
ce
Ther
e’s
a pl
ace
in U
krai
ne w
here
the
y on
ly w
rite
tru
thfu
l ne
ws.
It
usua
lly
shif
ts l
ocat
ion,
but
of
late
, in
de-
pend
ent
obse
rver
s ha
ve w
itne
ssed
its
em
erge
nce
in t
he D
onet
sk r
egio
n. W
ithi
n it
s sp
here
of
infl
uenc
e, f
ake
new
s it
ems
mag
ical
ly a
ssum
e an
aut
hent
ic s
lant
. A
ll i
s re
veal
ed i
n it
s tr
ue l
ight
— a
nd f
abri
cati
ons
are
left
of
f-ca
mer
a, a
s if
sm
ashe
d ou
t of
the
way
by
the
win
dscr
een
of a
spe
edin
g ca
r, o
f w
hich
you
— a
rmed
to
the
teet
h —
are
the
dri
ver.
4.
Ran
dom
nes
s
In f
airn
ess,
on
occa
sion
, a
rand
om f
lyin
g bu
llet
wil
l hi
t th
e od
d ci
vili
an.
It m
ight
str
ike
a w
oman
or
chil
d,
and
that
wil
l be
the
end
of
them
.W
hy s
houl
d fl
ying
bul
lets
sud
denl
y ex
hibi
t su
ch b
lood
lust
? A
fter
all
, th
ese
bull
ets
have
rep
eate
dly
prov
en
thei
r be
nevo
lenc
e an
d re
ason
able
ness
.B
e th
at a
s it
may
, in
res
pons
e to
suc
h cr
uelt
y, b
oth
war
ring
par
ties
hav
e fo
rmed
joi
nt s
peci
al s
quad
s w
hose
pu
rpos
e is
to
find
the
fly
ing
bull
ets
that
hav
e tu
rned
nas
ty a
gain
st p
eopl
e an
d to
obl
iter
ate
them
.
Suc
h bu
llet
s ar
e us
uall
y ea
sy t
o fi
nd,
for
they
hov
er o
ver
thei
r vi
ctim
s li
ke l
unat
ics,
una
ble
to g
et t
heir
fil
l of
the
sig
ht o
f an
unt
imel
y de
ath.
The
se b
ulle
ts h
ave
led
to t
he p
opul
ar s
ayin
g in
our
cou
ntry
: “B
ulle
ts a
re
dum
mie
s.”
Yevgenia Belorusets
Exc
erp
ts f
rom
Yev
gen
ia B
elor
use
t’s
orig
inal
tex
t
22 Chto Delat?
Concert: The Lesson on Dis-Consent2011Recorded on October 28, 2011, Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden-Baden18:16 minutesCourtesy of the artists.
23
CHTO DELAT? (FOUNDED IN RUSSIA)
The collective Chto Delat? (translated from the Russian, What is to be done?) was founded in early 2003 in Petersburg by a work-group of artists, critics, philosophers, and writers from St. Peters-burg, Moscow, and Nizhny Novgorod, with the goal of merging political theory, art, and activism. The name derives from a novel by the Russian nineteenth century writer Nikolai Chernyshevsky and calls to mind the first socialist worker’s self-organizations in Russia, which Lenin actualized in his own publication, What is to be done? (1902).
Filmed in Staatliche Kunsthalle in Baden-Baden in Germany in 2011, this live performance is one work in their ongoing series of musicals (Songspiels). The piece is based on a critical reading of a number of texts produced by the anti-psychiatry movement, which emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s in Europe and the US, especially those of the well-known Socialist Patients’ Collective in Heidelberg, Germany. In the performance, a “chorus of patients” engage the well-healed audience. Historically, the city of Baden-Baden has deep ties to Russia as a retreat where members of the Russian elite to go for relaxation and medical treatment. The collective writes, “Our work critiques the modern concept of a healthy lifestyle and discusses how we might radi-calize this concept and ‘turn illness into a weapon.’”
Chto Delat?
24 Zuzanna Janin
THE END. Chapter 1. A TRIP TO FEAR2013video25 minutes
A TRIP TO FEAR (from Warsaw to Moscow, Wiatka, Perm, Bierezniki/Usolie)2015collage, paper, tracing paper50 x 50 centimeters
Courtesy of the artist, lokal _30 Gallery, and Culture.pl.
25
ZUZANNA JANIN (B. POLAND)
Zuzanna Janin’s work addresses issues of identity, history, per-sonal journey, and evolution. Janin began her career starring in a Polish TV series Szalenstwo Majki Skowron (Madness of Majka Skowron), in which a teenage runaway travels around searching for answers about her family and looking for herself through en-counters and adventures on the road.
Janin continues this early history — which was both fictional and factual, personal and public — by reworking the road trip and journey construct into a feminist questioning of identity, merging existential inquiry with past and present events into videos and installations.
In 2013, the artist began the first part of the project, THE END. Chapter 1. A TRIP TO FEAR, after taking a trip to a prison col-ony deep in Russia, she describes the trip as “a sort of research expedition, poetic trip and family archeological excavation.” The film series is based on discovery of a family photograph of three orphaned children from the nineteenth century whose father disappeared after being sent to a Romanov work camp. The film unfolds in the realm of modern-day Russia, “linking the binds between personal and universal memory.” Janin investigates her own past and also travels to the gulag where members of Pussy Riot are being imprisoned, and where she protests in solidarity.
Janin’s work offers a new kind of “road movie,” with chilling documentary glimpses into places seldom seen and distances hard to fathom. Her map that accompanies the work charts the path of her expedition.
Zuzanna Janin
26 Nikita Kadan
Procedure Room2009-20106 x 4 x 10 inches eachhotprint images on porcelain platesImage courtesy of François Ghebaly, Los Angeles.
27
NIKITA KADAN (B. UKRAINE)
This set of eight porcelain souvenir plates depicts scenes of police torture, a practice that Kadan describes as “widespread in contemporary Ukraine.” Pictured are details of practices aimed at defiling, humiliating, and brutalizing both women and men. The drawings are done in the style of the Popular Medical Dictio-nary of the Soviet era, where one could often find illustrations of patient-characters undergoing extremely painful procedures with serene facial expressions. Similarly, the victims have no expres-sions as they are suffocated, kicked, and burned, suggesting that this is a pattern they have become accustomed to, and perhaps that acting out against their captors would not produce change. The readability of the illustrations points to the collective re-sponsibility of all those who know about torture to speak up.
Nikita Kadan
28
Final Judgement 2014
The Guardian, two photographs in wooden frame, archival pigment print on cotton paper, 70 x 52 and 70 x 87 centimeters eachFive photographs from Guardian article, 20.1 x 30.5 centimeterstypescript of Guardian article, displayed on tall tablefilm HD, 3:11 minutes “newscast“ on loop on flatscreen
Courtesy of RASTER Gallery, and Culture.pl.
Economic Nuremberg #12014archival pigment print on cotton paper160 x 177.5 centimeters
Economic Nuremberg #22014archival pigment print on cotton paper160 x 187.5 centimeters
People burning money2014archival pigment print on cotton paper160 x 222.5 centimeters
Danusia2014archival pigment print on cotton paper110 x 195 centimeters
Zbigniew Libera
29
ZBIGNIEW LIBERA (B. POLAND)
Polish artist Zbigniew Libera’s distinguished career has always included a performative aspect. Casting a critical eye on the media, using photography, political activism, and dry sense of humor, Libera’s oeuvre illuminates the metadiscourse on how we disseminate social control through such networks as the “news” media, the justice system, and even commercial toys for children. Final Judgement is a body of work that exemplifies this, showing the economic collapse as a drama unfolding in the courtroom and on the streets this drama is “documented” and disseminated publicly at every turn.
Final Judgement centers on an imagined trial in the aftermath of the economic collapse, which echoes the Nuremberg Trials’ very public prosecution in 1945-1946 of Nazi officials for crimes against peace and against humanity. These historic thirteen trials set an important precedent for dealing with later instances of genocide and other crimes against humanity, and constructed The Hague, a permanent international court. The global and historic significance of the trial meant that is was simultaneously translat-ed into multiple languages and the courtroom itself re-construct-ed for ease of visual documentation. Like the trials at Nuremberg, Libera’s edition of The Guardian newspaper, televised news coverage, staged images of protest (people burning money), and orgiastic abandonment (Danusia), are all presented as artifacts of events meant to be witnessed.
Other iterations of this project have been shown in Europe. This English language version is making its debut as a part of Vertical Reach. Artspace would like to thank the artist, RASTER Gallery, Warsaw, and Culture.pl, for making this possible. An excerpt from the artist-authored text that accompanied the installation is on pages 30 and 31.
Zbigniew Libera
30
Th
e D
ay o
f Ju
dg
emen
t
A c
ourt
tri
al t
hat
has
alre
ady
been
nam
ed t
he “
econ
omic
Nur
embe
rg”
is o
peni
ng t
oday
in
Lon
don.
The
long
-aw
aite
d tr
ial
of t
hose
acc
used
of
econ
omic
cri
mes
aga
inst
hum
anit
y be
gan
at 9
:00
a.m
. to
day
in L
ondo
n’s
Roy
al A
lber
t H
all.
Off
icer
s fr
om s
peci
al u
nits
of
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
led
the
nin
etee
n ac
cuse
d in
to t
he s
peci
ally
ada
pt-
ed c
once
rt h
all
amon
g th
e cr
owds
of
jour
nali
sts
and
invi
ted
gues
ts.
Exa
ctly
thr
ee m
onth
s af
ter
Bri
tish
pol
ice,
arm
ed
wit
h w
arra
nts
issu
ed b
y a
Lon
don
cour
t, a
rres
ted
them
at
Hea
thro
w a
irpo
rt,
they
are
now
fin
ally
exp
osed
to
the
gaze
of
pub
lic
opin
ion.
Tho
se a
rres
ted
had
arri
ved
for
a m
eeti
ng o
f th
e so
-cal
led
Bil
derb
erg
Gro
up —
an
excl
usiv
e cl
ub
unit
ing
the
mos
t in
flue
ntia
l pe
ople
in
the
wor
ld.
The
Bil
derb
erg
Gro
up m
eeti
ng,
held
beh
ind
clos
ed d
oors
and
out
of
the
publ
ic e
ye,
was
to
have
tak
en p
lace
in
a m
ansi
on n
ear
Lon
don
but,
for
the
fir
st t
ime
ever
, w
as c
ance
lled
. S
hock
ed
mem
bers
of
the
Bil
derb
erg
orga
nisa
tion
ref
rain
ed f
rom
iss
uing
an
offi
cial
sta
tem
ent
— v
ery
muc
h in
the
sty
le o
f th
is
mys
teri
ous
body
tha
t is
oft
en a
ccus
ed o
f go
vern
ing
the
wor
ld i
n se
cret
.
Follo
win
g is
a li
st o
f so
me
of t
he m
ost
impo
rtan
t pe
ople
cha
rged
wit
h su
ch c
rim
es:
1. W
illia
m J
effe
rson
“B
ill”
Clin
ton,
for
mer
US
Pre
side
nt (
1993
-200
1), i
s ac
cuse
d of
des
troy
ing
the
US
soc
ial w
elfa
re s
yste
m a
nd r
epla
cing
it w
ith
one
that
pun
ishe
s th
e
unem
ploy
ed w
ith
forc
ed la
bour
(w
orkf
are)
.
2. G
eorg
e W
. Bus
h, f
orm
er U
S p
resi
dent
(20
01-2
009)
, is
accu
sed
of s
ubor
dina
ting
gov
ernm
ent
to u
ndem
ocra
tic
corp
orat
e po
wer
cen
ters
, and
est
ablis
hing
dir
ect
rule
of
the
finan
cial
wor
ld o
ver
the
Whi
te H
ouse
.
3. D
ick
Che
ney,
CE
O o
f H
allib
urto
n C
ompa
ny (
1993
-200
1), r
espo
nsib
le f
or b
usin
ess
deal
ings
wit
h Ir
aq a
nd B
urm
a, a
nd V
ice-
Pre
side
nt o
f th
e U
S (
2001
-200
9).
4. A
lan
Gre
ensp
an, h
ead
of th
e Fe
dera
l Res
erve
Ban
k (1
987-
2006
). H
e is
acc
used
of e
xces
sive
ly lo
wer
ing
inte
rest
rat
es, a
pol
icy
that
fuel
ed th
e de
velo
pmen
t of s
pecu
lativ
e bu
bble
s.
5. B
erna
rd M
adof
f, f
orm
er c
hair
man
of
the
new
tec
hnol
ogy
stoc
k ex
chan
ge, N
AS
DA
Q, i
n N
ew Y
ork
— a
nd c
o-au
thor
of
its
colla
pse,
(20
00-2
002)
— a
nd o
wne
r of
Ber
nard
L.
Mad
off
Inve
stm
ent
Sec
urit
ies,
LLC
, whi
ch o
pera
ted
a so
-cal
led
Pon
zi s
chem
e.
6. B
urto
n Ja
blin
, ow
ner
of t
he li
fest
yle
chan
nel H
GTV
, rea
chin
g 97
mill
ion
hous
ehol
ds. H
e is
acc
used
of
airi
ng p
rogr
ams
on h
is t
elev
isio
n ne
twor
k su
ch a
s “D
esig
ned
to S
ell”
,
“Hou
se H
unte
rs,”
and
“M
y H
ouse
is W
orth
Wha
t?”
that
adv
ise
cons
umer
s on
how
to
sque
eze
the
last
pen
ny o
ut o
f th
eir
real
est
ate.
7. C
hris
toph
er C
ox, c
hief
of
the
Sec
urit
ies
and
Exc
hang
e C
omm
issi
on (
2005
-200
9), t
he s
uper
viso
ry b
ody
of t
he A
mer
ican
sto
ck e
xcha
nge.
He
is a
ccus
ed o
f to
lera
ting
lobb
ying
and
of g
igan
tic
scam
s by
suc
h co
rpor
atio
ns a
s G
oldm
an S
achs
and
AIG
.
8. D
avid
Ler
eah,
chi
ef e
cono
mis
t of
the
Nat
iona
l Ass
ocia
tion
of
Rea
ltor
s, t
he n
atio
nal e
stat
e ag
ents
ass
ocia
tion
in t
he U
S. H
e ar
gued
in f
avou
r of
hou
sing
as
an in
vest
men
t
that
cou
ld n
ever
dec
line
sign
ifica
ntly
in v
alue
.
9. D
ick
Fuld
, CE
O o
f Le
hman
Bro
ther
s. H
e pu
shed
mor
tgag
es o
n th
e po
or, w
ith
whi
ch h
e th
en s
pecu
late
d, u
ltim
atel
y ru
inin
g th
ousa
nds
of f
amili
es. H
e is
alle
ged
to h
ave
stee
red
his
bank
to
bank
rupt
cy a
nd t
o ha
ve u
nlea
shed
a n
ew p
hase
in t
he fi
nanc
ial c
risi
s
10. F
red
Goo
dwin
, CE
O o
f R
oyal
Ban
k of
Sco
tlan
d, h
as b
een
accu
sed
of g
ross
inco
mpe
tenc
e fo
r w
hich
soc
iety
has
had
to
pay.
He
deve
lope
d hi
s ba
nk t
hrou
gh m
erge
rs, t
akin
g
over
tw
enty
dif
fere
nt f
unds
.
11. J
imm
y C
ayne
, CE
O o
f B
ear
Ste
arns
. The
ban
k, w
orth
$10
bill
ion
in 2
007,
was
sol
d to
JP
Mor
gan
in e
arly
200
8 fo
r th
e va
lue
of t
he o
ffice
bui
ldin
g of
its
head
quar
ters
. The
tota
l deb
t of
the
ban
k w
as t
hen
esti
mat
ed a
t $2
20 b
illio
n.
12. L
ewis
Ran
ieri
, has
bee
n ac
cuse
d of
bei
ng t
he g
odfa
ther
of
junk
mor
tgag
e-ba
cked
bon
ds, w
hich
he
help
ed t
o de
velo
p ov
er t
wen
ty y
ears
ago
dur
ing
his
tim
e at
Sal
omon
Bro
ther
s. I
n 19
84 h
e bo
aste
d th
at h
is c
ompa
ny “
mad
e m
ore
mon
ey t
han
all t
he r
est
of W
all S
tree
t co
mbi
ned.
”
13. M
ario
n S
andl
er. I
n th
e 19
80s,
tog
ethe
r w
ith
her
husb
and
Her
bert
, Mar
ion
San
dler
co-
foun
ded
the
Wor
ld S
avin
gs B
ank,
whi
ch b
ecam
e th
e fir
st b
ank
to s
ell h
igh-
risk
hom
e
loan
s ca
lled
opti
on A
RM
s (p
aym
ent
opti
on a
djus
tabl
e-ra
te m
ortg
age)
.
14. H
erbe
rt (
Her
b) S
andl
er, c
o-ow
ner,
tog
ethe
r w
ith
his
wif
e, o
f W
orld
Sav
ings
Ban
k. M
ario
n an
d H
erb
are
the
crea
tors
of
mor
tgag
es w
ith
dela
yed
repa
ymen
t of
cap
ital
.
15. S
andy
Wei
l, ch
ief o
f Citi
grou
p, h
as b
een
char
ged
with
lobb
ying
, deb
asin
g th
e la
w, f
orci
ng b
ad d
ebts
ont
o pe
ople
, and
obt
aini
ng r
elie
f and
fina
ncia
l ass
ista
nce
from
the
stat
e.
16. A
ngel
o M
ozilo
, nic
knam
ed “
The
Ora
nge
One
,” d
ue t
o hi
s lo
ve o
f hi
s pe
rmat
an. I
n 19
69, h
e fo
unde
d C
ount
ryw
ide
Fina
ncia
l, bu
ildin
g it
into
a fl
ouri
shin
g m
ortg
age
lend
er,
the
larg
est
in t
he U
S. H
e m
isle
ad t
he c
ompa
ny’s
sha
reho
lder
s by
fai
ling
to d
iscl
ose
to t
hem
the
ris
ks a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
thei
r in
vest
men
ts, i
nclu
ding
fina
ncia
l pro
duct
s ba
sed
on
bad
mor
tgag
es.
17. H
enry
Mer
ritt
“H
ank”
Pau
lson
, Jr.
, cha
irm
an a
nd C
EO
of
inve
stm
ent
bank
Gol
dman
Sac
hs, S
ecre
tary
of
the
Trea
sury
in t
he B
ush
adm
inis
trat
ion,
(20
06-2
009)
. He
syst
emat
ical
ly d
iver
ted
mon
ey f
rom
pro
duct
ive
to s
pecu
lati
ve m
arke
ts, c
orru
ptin
g go
vern
men
t th
roug
h w
ealt
hy fi
nanc
iers
and
fav
orin
g G
oldm
an S
achs
. He
was
one
of
the
arch
itec
ts o
f de
regu
lati
on.
18. I
an M
cCar
thy
used
agg
ress
ive
sale
s te
chni
ques
whe
n he
was
pre
side
nt o
f B
eaze
r H
omes
, a p
rope
rty
deve
lopm
ent
com
pany
. It
has
been
alle
ged
that
McC
arth
y he
lped
cust
omer
s to
obt
ain
mor
tgag
es b
y fa
lsif
ying
info
rmat
ion
on t
heir
cre
ditw
orth
ines
s.
19. J
osep
h C
assa
no, h
ead
of in
sura
nce
gian
t A
IG’s
Fin
anci
al P
rodu
cts
unit
. His
pas
sion
for
spe
cula
tion
on
deri
vati
ves
(cre
dit
defa
ult
swap
s) a
lmos
t le
d to
the
col
laps
e of
AIG
,
whi
ch e
scap
ed d
isas
ter
only
thr
ough
the
inte
rven
tion
of
the
FED
and
the
US
gov
ernm
ent.
Zbigniew Libera
31
Th
e D
ay o
f Ju
dg
emen
t
A c
ourt
tri
al t
hat
has
alre
ady
been
nam
ed t
he “
econ
omic
Nur
embe
rg”
is o
peni
ng t
oday
in
Lon
don.
The
long
-aw
aite
d tr
ial
of t
hose
acc
used
of
econ
omic
cri
mes
aga
inst
hum
anit
y be
gan
at 9
:00
a.m
. to
day
in L
ondo
n’s
Roy
al A
lber
t H
all.
Off
icer
s fr
om s
peci
al u
nits
of
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
led
the
nin
etee
n ac
cuse
d in
to t
he s
peci
ally
ada
pt-
ed c
once
rt h
all
amon
g th
e cr
owds
of
jour
nali
sts
and
invi
ted
gues
ts.
Exa
ctly
thr
ee m
onth
s af
ter
Bri
tish
pol
ice,
arm
ed
wit
h w
arra
nts
issu
ed b
y a
Lon
don
cour
t, a
rres
ted
them
at
Hea
thro
w a
irpo
rt,
they
are
now
fin
ally
exp
osed
to
the
gaze
of
pub
lic
opin
ion.
Tho
se a
rres
ted
had
arri
ved
for
a m
eeti
ng o
f th
e so
-cal
led
Bil
derb
erg
Gro
up —
an
excl
usiv
e cl
ub
unit
ing
the
mos
t in
flue
ntia
l pe
ople
in
the
wor
ld.
The
Bil
derb
erg
Gro
up m
eeti
ng,
held
beh
ind
clos
ed d
oors
and
out
of
the
publ
ic e
ye,
was
to
have
tak
en p
lace
in
a m
ansi
on n
ear
Lon
don
but,
for
the
fir
st t
ime
ever
, w
as c
ance
lled
. S
hock
ed
mem
bers
of
the
Bil
derb
erg
orga
nisa
tion
ref
rain
ed f
rom
iss
uing
an
offi
cial
sta
tem
ent
— v
ery
muc
h in
the
sty
le o
f th
is
mys
teri
ous
body
tha
t is
oft
en a
ccus
ed o
f go
vern
ing
the
wor
ld i
n se
cret
.
Follo
win
g is
a li
st o
f so
me
of t
he m
ost
impo
rtan
t pe
ople
cha
rged
wit
h su
ch c
rim
es:
1. W
illia
m J
effe
rson
“B
ill”
Clin
ton,
for
mer
US
Pre
side
nt (
1993
-200
1), i
s ac
cuse
d of
des
troy
ing
the
US
soc
ial w
elfa
re s
yste
m a
nd r
epla
cing
it w
ith
one
that
pun
ishe
s th
e
unem
ploy
ed w
ith
forc
ed la
bour
(w
orkf
are)
.
2. G
eorg
e W
. Bus
h, f
orm
er U
S p
resi
dent
(20
01-2
009)
, is
accu
sed
of s
ubor
dina
ting
gov
ernm
ent
to u
ndem
ocra
tic
corp
orat
e po
wer
cen
ters
, and
est
ablis
hing
dir
ect
rule
of
the
finan
cial
wor
ld o
ver
the
Whi
te H
ouse
.
3. D
ick
Che
ney,
CE
O o
f H
allib
urto
n C
ompa
ny (
1993
-200
1), r
espo
nsib
le f
or b
usin
ess
deal
ings
wit
h Ir
aq a
nd B
urm
a, a
nd V
ice-
Pre
side
nt o
f th
e U
S (
2001
-200
9).
4. A
lan
Gre
ensp
an, h
ead
of th
e Fe
dera
l Res
erve
Ban
k (1
987-
2006
). H
e is
acc
used
of e
xces
sive
ly lo
wer
ing
inte
rest
rat
es, a
pol
icy
that
fuel
ed th
e de
velo
pmen
t of s
pecu
lativ
e bu
bble
s.
5. B
erna
rd M
adof
f, f
orm
er c
hair
man
of
the
new
tec
hnol
ogy
stoc
k ex
chan
ge, N
AS
DA
Q, i
n N
ew Y
ork
— a
nd c
o-au
thor
of
its
colla
pse,
(20
00-2
002)
— a
nd o
wne
r of
Ber
nard
L.
Mad
off
Inve
stm
ent
Sec
urit
ies,
LLC
, whi
ch o
pera
ted
a so
-cal
led
Pon
zi s
chem
e.
6. B
urto
n Ja
blin
, ow
ner
of t
he li
fest
yle
chan
nel H
GTV
, rea
chin
g 97
mill
ion
hous
ehol
ds. H
e is
acc
used
of
airi
ng p
rogr
ams
on h
is t
elev
isio
n ne
twor
k su
ch a
s “D
esig
ned
to S
ell”
,
“Hou
se H
unte
rs,”
and
“M
y H
ouse
is W
orth
Wha
t?”
that
adv
ise
cons
umer
s on
how
to
sque
eze
the
last
pen
ny o
ut o
f th
eir
real
est
ate.
7. C
hris
toph
er C
ox, c
hief
of
the
Sec
urit
ies
and
Exc
hang
e C
omm
issi
on (
2005
-200
9), t
he s
uper
viso
ry b
ody
of t
he A
mer
ican
sto
ck e
xcha
nge.
He
is a
ccus
ed o
f to
lera
ting
lobb
ying
and
of g
igan
tic
scam
s by
suc
h co
rpor
atio
ns a
s G
oldm
an S
achs
and
AIG
.
8. D
avid
Ler
eah,
chi
ef e
cono
mis
t of
the
Nat
iona
l Ass
ocia
tion
of
Rea
ltor
s, t
he n
atio
nal e
stat
e ag
ents
ass
ocia
tion
in t
he U
S. H
e ar
gued
in f
avou
r of
hou
sing
as
an in
vest
men
t
that
cou
ld n
ever
dec
line
sign
ifica
ntly
in v
alue
.
9. D
ick
Fuld
, CE
O o
f Le
hman
Bro
ther
s. H
e pu
shed
mor
tgag
es o
n th
e po
or, w
ith
whi
ch h
e th
en s
pecu
late
d, u
ltim
atel
y ru
inin
g th
ousa
nds
of f
amili
es. H
e is
alle
ged
to h
ave
stee
red
his
bank
to
bank
rupt
cy a
nd t
o ha
ve u
nlea
shed
a n
ew p
hase
in t
he fi
nanc
ial c
risi
s
10. F
red
Goo
dwin
, CE
O o
f R
oyal
Ban
k of
Sco
tlan
d, h
as b
een
accu
sed
of g
ross
inco
mpe
tenc
e fo
r w
hich
soc
iety
has
had
to
pay.
He
deve
lope
d hi
s ba
nk t
hrou
gh m
erge
rs, t
akin
g
over
tw
enty
dif
fere
nt f
unds
.
11. J
imm
y C
ayne
, CE
O o
f B
ear
Ste
arns
. The
ban
k, w
orth
$10
bill
ion
in 2
007,
was
sol
d to
JP
Mor
gan
in e
arly
200
8 fo
r th
e va
lue
of t
he o
ffice
bui
ldin
g of
its
head
quar
ters
. The
tota
l deb
t of
the
ban
k w
as t
hen
esti
mat
ed a
t $2
20 b
illio
n.
12. L
ewis
Ran
ieri
, has
bee
n ac
cuse
d of
bei
ng t
he g
odfa
ther
of
junk
mor
tgag
e-ba
cked
bon
ds, w
hich
he
help
ed t
o de
velo
p ov
er t
wen
ty y
ears
ago
dur
ing
his
tim
e at
Sal
omon
Bro
ther
s. I
n 19
84 h
e bo
aste
d th
at h
is c
ompa
ny “
mad
e m
ore
mon
ey t
han
all t
he r
est
of W
all S
tree
t co
mbi
ned.
”
13. M
ario
n S
andl
er. I
n th
e 19
80s,
tog
ethe
r w
ith
her
husb
and
Her
bert
, Mar
ion
San
dler
co-
foun
ded
the
Wor
ld S
avin
gs B
ank,
whi
ch b
ecam
e th
e fir
st b
ank
to s
ell h
igh-
risk
hom
e
loan
s ca
lled
opti
on A
RM
s (p
aym
ent
opti
on a
djus
tabl
e-ra
te m
ortg
age)
.
14. H
erbe
rt (
Her
b) S
andl
er, c
o-ow
ner,
tog
ethe
r w
ith
his
wif
e, o
f W
orld
Sav
ings
Ban
k. M
ario
n an
d H
erb
are
the
crea
tors
of
mor
tgag
es w
ith
dela
yed
repa
ymen
t of
cap
ital
.
15. S
andy
Wei
l, ch
ief o
f Citi
grou
p, h
as b
een
char
ged
with
lobb
ying
, deb
asin
g th
e la
w, f
orci
ng b
ad d
ebts
ont
o pe
ople
, and
obt
aini
ng r
elie
f and
fina
ncia
l ass
ista
nce
from
the
stat
e.
16. A
ngel
o M
ozilo
, nic
knam
ed “
The
Ora
nge
One
,” d
ue t
o hi
s lo
ve o
f hi
s pe
rmat
an. I
n 19
69, h
e fo
unde
d C
ount
ryw
ide
Fina
ncia
l, bu
ildin
g it
into
a fl
ouri
shin
g m
ortg
age
lend
er,
the
larg
est
in t
he U
S. H
e m
isle
ad t
he c
ompa
ny’s
sha
reho
lder
s by
fai
ling
to d
iscl
ose
to t
hem
the
ris
ks a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
thei
r in
vest
men
ts, i
nclu
ding
fina
ncia
l pro
duct
s ba
sed
on
bad
mor
tgag
es.
17. H
enry
Mer
ritt
“H
ank”
Pau
lson
, Jr.
, cha
irm
an a
nd C
EO
of
inve
stm
ent
bank
Gol
dman
Sac
hs, S
ecre
tary
of
the
Trea
sury
in t
he B
ush
adm
inis
trat
ion,
(20
06-2
009)
. He
syst
emat
ical
ly d
iver
ted
mon
ey f
rom
pro
duct
ive
to s
pecu
lati
ve m
arke
ts, c
orru
ptin
g go
vern
men
t th
roug
h w
ealt
hy fi
nanc
iers
and
fav
orin
g G
oldm
an S
achs
. He
was
one
of
the
arch
itec
ts o
f de
regu
lati
on.
18. I
an M
cCar
thy
used
agg
ress
ive
sale
s te
chni
ques
whe
n he
was
pre
side
nt o
f B
eaze
r H
omes
, a p
rope
rty
deve
lopm
ent
com
pany
. It
has
been
alle
ged
that
McC
arth
y he
lped
cust
omer
s to
obt
ain
mor
tgag
es b
y fa
lsif
ying
info
rmat
ion
on t
heir
cre
ditw
orth
ines
s.
19. J
osep
h C
assa
no, h
ead
of in
sura
nce
gian
t A
IG’s
Fin
anci
al P
rodu
cts
unit
. His
pas
sion
for
spe
cula
tion
on
deri
vati
ves
(cre
dit
defa
ult
swap
s) a
lmos
t le
d to
the
col
laps
e of
AIG
,
whi
ch e
scap
ed d
isas
ter
only
thr
ough
the
inte
rven
tion
of
the
FED
and
the
US
gov
ernm
ent.
Zbigniew Libera
Th
is i
s an
abb
revi
ated
ver
sion
of
the
En
glis
h l
angu
age
text
fro
m Z
bign
iew
Lib
era’
s F
inal
Ju
dge
men
t, w
hic
h a
pp
eare
d i
n t
he
exh
ibit
as
a tr
ansc
rip
t fr
om a
fau
x ar
ticl
e in
Th
e G
uar
dia
n.
32 David Livingston
The Candidacy2015mixed media and performanceCourtesy of the artist.
33
DAVID LIVINGSTON (B. UNITED STATES)
Livingston initially developed his series of inkblot campaign drawings as a corollary to his ongoing worm sculptures. The blobs evolved from wormhole “voids” into complex rounded forms that resembled Rorschach tests. As this idea matured, the artist sought a way to make people look at them as images con-taining valuable information.
For Vertical Reach, Artspace commissioned Livingston to trans-form the drawings into campaign signs for a performance where he ran for Alderman of an imaginary ward in New Haven. The project grew to include lawn signs, brochures, buttons, and a dis-trict map. On Election Day, November 2, 2014, Livingston pound-ed the pavement, canvassing popular intersections in downtown New Haven, and delivering a “stump speech” on the town Green.
To preserve the tone of traditional presidential speeches, Living-ston adopted persuasive tactics. He said “we” instead of “I” to build a sense of community among voters, packed in language, like “God Bless America,” to inspire and excite, and met voters with a firm hand shake. The speech was absurd. It was developed to test out if he could say nothing at all, but effectively inspire confidence in potential undecided voters.
For his installation in the Artspace galleries, Livingston created an environment that was equal parts campaign headquarters and therapist office. He placed his campaign materials and perfor-mance stills from Election Day around the office visitors were invited to lie on his couch for a therapy appointment, or watch his Subliminal Ad Campaign to extract their unconscious politi-cal desires.
David Livingston
34 Laura Marsh
Reimagined Flag2014nylon flag material, cotton and spandex fabric, upcycled ballet shoes, mannequin parts, and handmade spandex pants and silk ensemble.
Bunting2013mixed media collage20 x 17 inches
Bop & Poke: Body Reas-sess2015 Courtesy of the artist.fabric, plastic bop bags, and silkscreened imagery.
35
LAURA MARSH (B. UNITED STATES)
Marsh’s work is a tactile investigation into national and personal identity using queer/feminist and post-modern critique as a mod-el. Her Reimagined Flag takes the familiar stars-and-stripes bun-ting and eagles of American patriotism and tweaks it into a more inclusive version, made colorful and a bit disorderly with the addition of various fabrics, mannequin legs, and sequins. Marsh twists the flat national symbol into a three-dimensional theatrical character, sexualized and celebrated on a small stage, demanding our attention with its antics.
Marsh’s installation continues this sly assault with her interac-tive Bop & Poke: Body Reassess, lined up into a wobbly barricade lining the sides of the gallery ramp. This army of creatures, de-signed for the release of aggression as a “fun” activity, reference clowns, fashion models, military bombast and the “feminine,” cloaking and revealing changing personas and agendas. Clever-ly, they also wink at Russian nesting dolls and the complexities hidden underneath the mask of the surface, distracting and in-viting the viewer with a cacophony of references. The works are ambivalent and untrustworthy, offering themselves up as willing victims with hidden motives.
Laura Marsh
36 Angel Nevarez + Valerie Tevere
Another Protest Song: Karaoke with a Message2008-ongoing multimedia; karaoke system and video monitorsCourtesy of the artist.
37
ANGEL NEVAREZ (B. MEXICO) + VALERIE TEVERE (B. UNITED STATES)
Nevarez and Tevere debuted this project in the fall of 2008 in Brooklyn’s Prospect Park just before the presidential elections. They built a traditional karaoke stage to provide people with a more comfortable space for publicly voicing their political inter-ests and dislikes, with the hope that a participant might choose a familiar song to articulate their sentiments.
Since 2008, they have realized the project for five other art institutions, non-profits and public spaces in the United States and Canada, each represented by a different karaoke songbook, including one made specifically for Vertical Reach. The project looks to karaoke as potential platform for political enunciation through song, and allows anyone to participate.
On March 7, 2015, Artspace realized the sixth performance at Café Nine, a small live music venue in New Haven known for booking emerging and experimental bands. Participants were invited to choose a song and describe its personal significance to the crowd before performing. Nevarez and Tevere introduced and a selection of songs throughout the night, tying the songs’ larger themes to a current political situation.
Angel Nevarez + Valerie Tevere
38 Anastasiya Osipova + Matthew Whitley
A Barbarian in the Green Room: Politics + Aesthetics in the Age of Surkov (publication)February 2015 Risograph prints on paper (edition of 200)6 x 9 inches each
39
ANASTASIYA OSIPOVA (B. UKRAINE) + MATTHEW WHITLEY (B. UNITED STATES)
This publication was commissioned by Artspace for Vertical Reach and designed and printed by Osipova and Whitley. The publication is multi-faceted, comprised of a series of prints, a micro-publication, and a culminating lecture that was presented at Artspace, on Sunday, April 19, 2015 as part of the conference, Political Violence and Militant Aesthetics After Socialism, or-ganized by Marijeta Bozovic, Assistant Professor of Slavic Lan-guages and Literatures at Yale University. The work introduces a creative lexicon of new terms, intended to help readers discuss the intersection of art, culture, and political trends through the use of poetry, shorthand, and slang.
The commission was inspired by a shorter glossary produced for the artists’ earlier publication, Circling the Square: Maidan and Cultural Insurgency in Ukraine (Cicada Press, 2014), in which they defined colloquial and unfamiliar terms, including Maidan, Euromaidan, Eurosodom, Antimaidan, Titushki, Berkut, Provo-cateur, Stepan Bandera, Benderovcy, and Zapadencec/cy, among others. You can read an excerpt from this glossary of terms pro-duced for Vertical Reach on pages 40 and 41.
Unique to this publication is the position of Vladislav Surkov, who is presented as a lens for defining the characteristics of political control and resistance. Surkov is a former Kremlin ad-visor who has authored several fiction novels and plays, and is frequently credited with turning “politics into a beautiful post-modern theater.” The artists write, “With the field of rhetoric so deeply muddied, and with the near universal acceptance of de-ceit as the natural mode of politics, symbols become the primary markers of conflict and contestation.”
Anastasiya Osipova + Matthew Whitley
40
Ver
tica
l R
each
Glo
ssar
y
1.
Non
lin
ear
War
fare
Def
init
ion:
Non
-lin
ear
war
is
the
conf
lict
of
the
trav
elin
g sa
lesm
an,
the
mas
ter
of l
imin
al s
pace
. H
ere
he i
s at
bo
rder
con
trol
, th
at f
amil
iar
scen
e w
here
you
sta
nd u
nder
the
ner
vous
flu
resc
ence
and
thu
mb
your
pas
spor
t,
tryi
ng t
o re
call
whe
ther
you
are
or
are
not
a cr
imin
al,
a sa
bote
ur.
Non
-lin
ear
war
fare
is
prem
ised
on
the
blur
-ri
ng o
f li
nes
betw
een
war
and
pea
ce,
betw
een
stra
tegy
and
tac
tics
, be
twee
n of
fens
ive
and
defe
nsiv
e m
aneu
vers
; it
is
all
perv
asiv
e co
nfli
ct.
Dec
lara
tion
s of
war
re
rele
gate
d to
the
pas
t.
His
tory
: Th
e co
ncep
t en
tere
d th
e pu
blic
sph
ere
in R
ussi
a w
ith
an a
rtic
le b
y G
ener
al G
eras
imov
in
the
2013
is
sue
of t
he M
ilit
ary-
Indu
stri
al C
ouri
er a
nd i
t w
as f
urth
er p
opul
ariz
ed b
y V
ladi
slav
Sur
kov
in h
is s
hort
sto
ry
“Wit
hout
Sky
.”
Bot
h G
eras
imov
and
Sur
kov
desc
ribe
the
new
gen
erat
ion
of c
onfl
ict
as o
ne t
hat
reli
es o
n in
form
atio
n as
muc
h as
act
ual
wea
pons
. I
ts a
dher
ents
see
k to
mob
iliz
e co
llec
tive
mem
orie
s of
pas
t w
ars
as
stan
d-in
s fo
r pr
esen
t da
y ba
ttle
s.
2.
D
azzl
e C
amou
flag
e
Def
init
ion:
Rat
her
than
con
ceal
ing
from
vie
w,
dazz
le c
amou
flag
e ai
ms
to d
isto
rt t
he e
nem
y’s
perc
epti
on,
to
inhi
bit
thei
r ca
paci
ty t
o di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n th
e re
al a
nd t
he i
mag
inar
y, t
he f
igur
e an
d th
e ba
ckgr
ound
. T
he
mor
e os
tent
atio
us t
he p
atte
rnin
g is
the
mor
e ef
fect
ive
the
visu
al i
nter
fere
nce.
His
tory
: Th
is j
oint
inv
enti
on o
f W
orld
War
I a
nd C
ubis
m i
s be
com
ing
rele
vant
aga
in u
nder
the
eve
r ti
ghet
en-
ing
noos
e of
sur
veil
lanc
e an
d se
curi
ty.
[Im
age]
res
olut
ion
is t
he a
rbit
er o
f as
sasi
nati
ons
and
sex
scan
dals
,
crim
inal
cas
e an
d m
icro
-cel
ebri
ty.
In
such
con
diti
ons
stra
tegi
sts
in a
ll s
ecto
rs o
f po
wer
bec
ome
incr
easi
ngly
pr
eocc
upie
d w
ith
both
und
erm
inin
g an
d ac
cent
uati
ng e
xplo
sive
vis
uals
.
Rec
ent
His
tory
: [D
isso
lved
in
med
ia s
pace
], [
t]hi
s co
ncep
t ha
s ex
pand
ed b
road
ly…
.Wit
h li
ttle
mor
e th
an a
pa
rado
xica
l bl
end
of r
adic
al r
ight
and
lef
t sy
mbo
logy
, a
who
le g
amut
of
subc
ultu
ral
stre
et m
ovem
ents
hav
e be
en b
orn
in R
ussi
a, a
ble
to s
lith
er f
rom
one
pos
itio
n to
ano
ther
, to
ado
pt a
ny r
efer
ent
or t
acti
c w
ith
the
hum
-bl
e go
al o
f al
way
s re
mai
ning
aga
inst
.
3.
S
elf
Mu
tila
tion
His
tory
: O
n O
ctob
er 2
0, 2
014,
St.
Pet
ersb
urg
acti
onis
t ar
tist
Pet
er P
avle
nsky
cut
off
his
ear
lobe
whi
le s
itti
ng
on t
he c
old
conc
rete
fen
ce s
epar
atin
g th
e S
erbs
ky S
tate
Sci
enti
fic
Cen
ter
for
Soc
ial
and
For
ensi
c P
sych
iatr
y fr
om t
he r
est
of M
osco
w.
The
ges
ture
was
dir
ecte
d ag
ains
t th
e re
viva
l of
for
ensi
c ps
ychi
atry
in
mod
ern-
day
Rus
sia
(a p
ract
ice
that
in
Sov
iet
tim
es w
as f
requ
entl
y us
ed t
o im
pris
on a
nd t
ortu
re m
embe
rs o
f th
e po
liti
cal
oppo
siti
on,
arti
sts,
and
dis
side
nts)
.
Pai
n, v
ulne
rabi
lity
, an
d bo
dily
mut
ilat
ion
are
trea
ted
in t
his
and
othe
r P
avle
nsky
wor
ks w
itho
ut h
yste
ria,
or
for
that
rea
son,
spo
ntan
eous
exp
ress
ivit
y.
His
per
form
acne
s ar
e ch
oreo
grap
hed
and
docu
men
ted
in a
hig
hly
com
pose
d m
anne
r; t
hey
are
form
al s
tate
men
ts a
bout
the
rea
lity
of
poli
tica
l su
ffer
ing,
act
ing
as a
cou
nter
mea
-su
re t
o th
e bl
asé
sent
imen
tali
ty o
f th
e K
rem
lin
conc
eptu
alis
ts.
Anastasiya Osipova + Matthew Whitley
41
Ver
tica
l R
each
Glo
ssar
y
1.
Non
lin
ear
War
fare
Def
init
ion:
Non
-lin
ear
war
is
the
conf
lict
of
the
trav
elin
g sa
lesm
an,
the
mas
ter
of l
imin
al s
pace
. H
ere
he i
s at
bo
rder
con
trol
, th
at f
amil
iar
scen
e w
here
you
sta
nd u
nder
the
ner
vous
flu
resc
ence
and
thu
mb
your
pas
spor
t,
tryi
ng t
o re
call
whe
ther
you
are
or
are
not
a cr
imin
al,
a sa
bote
ur.
Non
-lin
ear
war
fare
is
prem
ised
on
the
blur
-ri
ng o
f li
nes
betw
een
war
and
pea
ce,
betw
een
stra
tegy
and
tac
tics
, be
twee
n of
fens
ive
and
defe
nsiv
e m
aneu
vers
; it
is
all
perv
asiv
e co
nfli
ct.
Dec
lara
tion
s of
war
re
rele
gate
d to
the
pas
t.
His
tory
: Th
e co
ncep
t en
tere
d th
e pu
blic
sph
ere
in R
ussi
a w
ith
an a
rtic
le b
y G
ener
al G
eras
imov
in
the
2013
is
sue
of t
he M
ilit
ary-
Indu
stri
al C
ouri
er a
nd i
t w
as f
urth
er p
opul
ariz
ed b
y V
ladi
slav
Sur
kov
in h
is s
hort
sto
ry
“Wit
hout
Sky
.”
Bot
h G
eras
imov
and
Sur
kov
desc
ribe
the
new
gen
erat
ion
of c
onfl
ict
as o
ne t
hat
reli
es o
n in
form
atio
n as
muc
h as
act
ual
wea
pons
. I
ts a
dher
ents
see
k to
mob
iliz
e co
llec
tive
mem
orie
s of
pas
t w
ars
as
stan
d-in
s fo
r pr
esen
t da
y ba
ttle
s.
2.
D
azzl
e C
amou
flag
e
Def
init
ion:
Rat
her
than
con
ceal
ing
from
vie
w,
dazz
le c
amou
flag
e ai
ms
to d
isto
rt t
he e
nem
y’s
perc
epti
on,
to
inhi
bit
thei
r ca
paci
ty t
o di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n th
e re
al a
nd t
he i
mag
inar
y, t
he f
igur
e an
d th
e ba
ckgr
ound
. T
he
mor
e os
tent
atio
us t
he p
atte
rnin
g is
the
mor
e ef
fect
ive
the
visu
al i
nter
fere
nce.
His
tory
: Th
is j
oint
inv
enti
on o
f W
orld
War
I a
nd C
ubis
m i
s be
com
ing
rele
vant
aga
in u
nder
the
eve
r ti
ghet
en-
ing
noos
e of
sur
veil
lanc
e an
d se
curi
ty.
[Im
age]
res
olut
ion
is t
he a
rbit
er o
f as
sasi
nati
ons
and
sex
scan
dals
,
crim
inal
cas
e an
d m
icro
-cel
ebri
ty.
In
such
con
diti
ons
stra
tegi
sts
in a
ll s
ecto
rs o
f po
wer
bec
ome
incr
easi
ngly
pr
eocc
upie
d w
ith
both
und
erm
inin
g an
d ac
cent
uati
ng e
xplo
sive
vis
uals
.
Rec
ent
His
tory
: [D
isso
lved
in
med
ia s
pace
], [
t]hi
s co
ncep
t ha
s ex
pand
ed b
road
ly…
.Wit
h li
ttle
mor
e th
an a
pa
rado
xica
l bl
end
of r
adic
al r
ight
and
lef
t sy
mbo
logy
, a
who
le g
amut
of
subc
ultu
ral
stre
et m
ovem
ents
hav
e be
en b
orn
in R
ussi
a, a
ble
to s
lith
er f
rom
one
pos
itio
n to
ano
ther
, to
ado
pt a
ny r
efer
ent
or t
acti
c w
ith
the
hum
-bl
e go
al o
f al
way
s re
mai
ning
aga
inst
.
3.
S
elf
Mu
tila
tion
His
tory
: O
n O
ctob
er 2
0, 2
014,
St.
Pet
ersb
urg
acti
onis
t ar
tist
Pet
er P
avle
nsky
cut
off
his
ear
lobe
whi
le s
itti
ng
on t
he c
old
conc
rete
fen
ce s
epar
atin
g th
e S
erbs
ky S
tate
Sci
enti
fic
Cen
ter
for
Soc
ial
and
For
ensi
c P
sych
iatr
y fr
om t
he r
est
of M
osco
w.
The
ges
ture
was
dir
ecte
d ag
ains
t th
e re
viva
l of
for
ensi
c ps
ychi
atry
in
mod
ern-
day
Rus
sia
(a p
ract
ice
that
in
Sov
iet
tim
es w
as f
requ
entl
y us
ed t
o im
pris
on a
nd t
ortu
re m
embe
rs o
f th
e po
liti
cal
oppo
siti
on,
arti
sts,
and
dis
side
nts)
.
Pai
n, v
ulne
rabi
lity
, an
d bo
dily
mut
ilat
ion
are
trea
ted
in t
his
and
othe
r P
avle
nsky
wor
ks w
itho
ut h
yste
ria,
or
for
that
rea
son,
spo
ntan
eous
exp
ress
ivit
y.
His
per
form
acne
s ar
e ch
oreo
grap
hed
and
docu
men
ted
in a
hig
hly
com
pose
d m
anne
r; t
hey
are
form
al s
tate
men
ts a
bout
the
rea
lity
of
poli
tica
l su
ffer
ing,
act
ing
as a
cou
nter
mea
-su
re t
o th
e bl
asé
sent
imen
tali
ty o
f th
e K
rem
lin
conc
eptu
alis
ts.
Anastasiya Osipova + Matthew Whitley
Th
is g
loss
ary
is a
n e
xcer
pt
from
th
e u
nbo
un
d t
ext,
Bar
bari
ans
in t
he
Gre
en R
oom
, cr
eate
d b
y A
nas
tasi
ya O
sip
ova
and
Mat
thew
Wh
itle
y fo
r V
erti
cal
Rea
ch.
Art
spac
e co
mm
issi
oned
th
e ar
tist
s to
cre
ate
a gl
ossa
ry o
f te
rms
that
wou
ld h
elp
in
trod
uce
a U
S a
ud
ien
ce t
o m
ajor
for
ces
and
fi
gure
s w
ho
par
tici
pat
ed i
n t
he
pro
test
s in
Mai
dan
Squ
are
and
th
eir
afte
rmat
h.
42 Pussy Riot
Punk Prayer — Mother of God, Chase Putin Away!20121:03 minutesvideo, color, soundCourtesy of the artists.
43
PUSSY RIOT (FOUNDED IN RUSSIA)
This footage documents a political action staged by Pussy Riot, a Russian feminist activist collective and anti-Putin punk rock protest group in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow. On February 20, 2012, five members dressed in neon shift dresses and handmade balaclavas, ascended the altar, and belted explicit anti-government lyrics. The chorus translated to “Virgin Mary, Mother of God, banish Putin, banish Putin.” They punched the air and genuflected, incorporating traditional religious gestures as dance moves for their music video. Within seconds, the church’s security guards stopped their actions and removed them from the altar. After the edited footage for a music video went viral, Maria Alyokhina, Yekaterina Samutsevich, and Nadezhda Tolokonniko-va were accused of “hooliganism motivated by religious hatred,” and two of the members were sentenced to two years in prison.
Recently, Russian state assemblies have implemented harsh an-ti-blasphemy laws with strict prison terms and fines for anyone found guilty of offending religion. Regulation of the media has also limited freedom of speech and artistic freedom. Under law, the use of obscene language in movies, books, television, and ra-dio is forbidden and bloggers (private or professional) with more than 3,000 followers must register with a media regulator.
Pussy Riot
44 Anastasia Ryabova
Where is your flag dude?2011installation flags, brackets, colors, markersvariable dimensionsCourtesy of the artist.
45
ANASTASIA RYABOVA (B. RUSSIA)
In 2011, Ryabova combed the streets of Moscow, placing fruit and vegetables in empty flagpoles that she happened upon, and pho-tographing each. The street action confronts the state sponsored position of a Russian flagpole, which is functional and used to display symbols of power and ceremony. In Moscow, it is illegal to display an oppositional banner, as well as any other flag not mentioned in a calendar of official state holidays. Here, fruits and vegetables poetically challenge the allotted territory of this state ideology. Onlookers can read their whimsical position as a naïve gesture of transgression, and an expression of uncensored artistry.
For Vertical Reach, Ryabova presents a related series of sculp-tures constructed from empty steel flagpoles bolted together. In their new configurations, their original identity as found flagpoles is not apparent. Rather, they more closely resemble conceptually driven minimal artworks. Ryabova worked with the Artspace ove Skype to place each flagpole in a location and configuration that responded to the larger exhibition. The flagpole at the entrance-way, installed at eye level, resembles a surveillance camera. The large tangle of flagpoles in the center, mounted high on the wall, disintegrates into abstract prettiness.
Anastasia Ryabova
46 Gregory Sholette
Our Barricades/Barrier in a Valise2014/2015mixed media assemblagedimensions variableCourtesy of Station Independent Projects, New York, NYwith special thanks to the artist, Chris Esposito, and Matt Greco.
47
GREGORY SHOLETTE (B. UNITED STATES)
Sholette is a New York based artist, writer and curator, and a founding member of the Political Art Documentation/Distribution (PAD/D: 1980-1988) and REPOhistory (1989-2000). He created Our Barricades as a multi-faceted art intervention for and about the 99%. The work thinks about how people can defend them-selves against a state of instability experienced by many union workers, underemployed “creatives,” day laborers, and undoc-umented immigrants. The work takes a conceptual cue from urban struggles and DIY barriers recently constructed out of tires in the city squares of Istanbul, Oaxaca, New York, and Ukraine. Historically, barricades are made from whatever’s at hand: pav-ing stones, tires, ice, plywood, trash, books, and even artworks, bound together to prevent unwanted incursions by more power-ful forces.
Gregory Sholette
48 David Ter-Oganyan
Untitled (V. Putin) 2005/2015from the Portraits of Russian Government seriesdigital print on paper50 x 40 centimeters each
49
DAVID TER-OGANYAN (B. RUSSIA)
This facial composite of Russian President Vladimir Putin was made with police-sketch software that allows users to pick from several mix-and-match categories of facial features to create a fictional portrait. The software is designed to help victims make general portraits of their aggressors, and deliberately does not generate a realistic portrait in order to allow room for identifiers to have faults in their memory.
The artist asked a police officer to make this portrait based off of an existing photograph. The act casts Putin as a criminal and “wanted man,” but the condemnation is part critical and part satire. The artist asked Artspace to translate from Russian the following text for the artwork’s wall label: Warning! This man is armed and extremely dangerous. If you see him, you are asked to destroy (him) right away!
The hyperbolic language and serial presentation references the single-minded portrayal of Putin in US media. The four posters also reference Putin’s four elected terms in office.
David Ter-Oganyan
50 Mariya Vlasova
Squishy Lenin: Rubber2015silicone rubberdimensions variable
Lenin Balancing: PLA2015digital printdimensions variable
51
MARIYA VLASOVA (B. RUSSIA, LIVES IN UNITED STATES)
For the past three years, Vlasova has researched what she calls “monument rotations” in post-Soviet cities. Her research started in Central Asia, where she focused on a pedestal in Bishkek, the capi-tal of Kyrgyzstan. Since the collapse of the Soviet regime, the city’s main square has borne three different monuments, each new face marking a shift in state authority.
In late 2014, Vlasova’s research resulted in a film essay. Titled Mon-uments and Other Things that Change, the film’s point of departure is a single found photograph of a monument to Lenin in Bishkek. The statue that sits atop the pedestal is cropped from the frame, but the puddle catches Lenin in its reflection. Untitled, and without a date or an author, the image foreshadowed the imminent collapse and the dismantling of many other Lenin statues from the post-Sovi-et milieu.
The turning point in Vlasova’s research came when Lenins started falling all over Ukraine during the Euromaidan protests in late 2013, like they did in the 1990s. At the same time, Russians renovated Lenins that had previously been dismantled or vandalized in the late 1980s, and resurrected them onto the pedestals in their main squares. Recalling the action of Lenin’s simultaneous rise and fall hundreds of miles away, the found Bishkek photograph drove Vlaso-va to hold the Lenin monument in her hand. She recalls, “I wanted to create an object that retained the original’s monumental qualities, the grandiose pose and chiseled texture, but one that could be dis-mantled, moved, and erected in a pose that was slightly balanced.” The result is a four inch 3D print version that can be placed any-where on the gallery floor, with the instructions to mount it upside down.
In commemoration of an emotional period of time, for the larger population of Crimeans living abroad, Vlasova cast this stress-ball in the likeness of Lenin. It is meant to be playful, nostalgic, and tragi-cally useful. Visitors to the show were invited to handle the object and squish as needed.
Mariya Vlasova
52 Artur Żmijewskiv + Yael Bartana
Demonstration Against War in Gaza (Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel) January 17, 2009single channel video projection, color, sound4:50 minutesCourtesy of the artists, Galerie Peter Kilchmann, and Culture.pl.
53
ARTUR ŻMIJEWSKI (B. POLAND) + YAEL BARTANA (B. ISRAEL)
As socially committed artists, Artur Żmijewski and Yael Bartana have collaborated on several video projects, always combining protest, video and documentary footage. This one, created in response to the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, was originally slated to be presented at the Haifa Museum of Art’s History of Violence exhibition, but was rejected by the curators for being an example of “ordinary documentary-ness,” lacking “artistic values.” Żmijewski and Bartana’s work here begs the question when is it art? by blurring the lines between art and social en-gagement and presenting protest as meaningful drama, worthy of being presented in a gallery setting with minimal artifice. Żmi-jewski’s method is exemplified by his large project Democracies (2009–12), composed of 25 short video films documenting footage composed of various public opinions, meant to define a new ideal of socially committed art via documentary means.
Artur Żmijewski + Yael Bartana
54
THAnK YQU
Artspace would like to thank all of the artists and organizers who participated in Vertical Reach, as well as its concurrent exhibi-tion Heads Will Roll: Selections from the Artspace Flatfile Col-lection and Beyond, and the affiliated Yale conference, “Political Violence and Militant Aesthetics After Socialism.”
This exhibition and catalog would not have been possible with-out very generous support from The Campus Project at Culture.pl, The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, and Yale University. We are especially grateful to Paweł Potoroczyn, Pau-lina Shearing, Ewa Bogusz-Moore, Alicja Wieczorkowska, Marta Jazowska, and everyone at the Adam Mickiewicz Institute for their help, guidance, support and friendship.
Sarah Fritchey and Martha Lewis would particularly like to thank Marijeta Bozovic, Assistant Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures at Yale University, for her tireless enthusiasm and imagination in partnering with us for the exhibition and inclu-sion in the Yale conference; PhD candidate Ingrid Nordgaard for her thorough and sensitive research presented in the timeline, “A History of Protest: 1945-Present;” Cayla Lockwood for laying out the timeline with an ever-mindful graphic design; and PhD can-didates Maria Hristova and Roman Utkin for helping to organize the conference.
We would also like to thank RASTER Gallery for overseeing the loan of Zbigniew Libera’s Final Judgement for its US debut, and Galerie Peter Kilchmann, Lokal_30, Galerie Transit, and François Ghebaly Gallery, for helping us to secure international loans. We are grateful to Larissa Babij and Robert Storr for their early guid-ance.
Thank you to artists Jeanne Criscola and Joan Fitzsimmons for preparing a performative dinner, after the opening reception
55
based on their recipe project, and chef Nadine Nelson for pre-paring a local and global spread at the conference. Thanks also to RJ Julia Booksellers for sponsoring our book club, and to Café Nine for hosting “Another Protest Song: Karaoke with a Mes-sage.” Thank you to the visiting Russian poets Pavel Arseniev, Keti Chukhrov, and Aleksandr Skidan, who read their works at Artspace; and to Anastasiya Osipova and Matthew Whitley for performing a version of their publication Barbarians in the Green Room.
We could not have installed Vertical Reach without the technical expertise of Scott Schuldt and Grey Freeman; the generous loan of audio visual equipment from Lani Asuncion; and support from all of the Artspace staff, interns, volunteers and board members, especially Helen Kauder, Shelli Stevens, Katie Jurkiewicz, Mary Colwell Halley, Jerome Harris, Tyler Cofrancesco, Shawn Larson, Colin McCarthy, Zoe Dobuler, and Olivia D’Amicis. Thank you to John Groo for documenting Vertical Reach, and to Alexis Zang-hi for editing this text. We extend a special thank you to Anne Bobroff-Hajal for her vibrant contribution to the Crown Street window.
50 Orange St.New Haven, CT 06510203-772-2709artspacenh.org
The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts
56
Top row (left to right): Maria Hristova, Marijeta Bozovic (standing), Anastasiya Osipova, Aleksander Skidan, Keti Chukhrov, John Roberts, Martha Wil-lette Lewis, David Livingston (cardboard replica of the artist ) .
Bottom row: Matthew Whitley, Dragan Kujundzic, Ingrid Noordgard, Sarah Fritchey .
57
YEVGENIA BELORUSETS (UKR)
CHTO DELAT? (RUS)
ZUZANNA JANIN (POL)
NIKITA KADAN (UKR)
ZBIGNIEW LIBERA (POL)
DAVID LIVINGSTON (USA)
LAURA MARSH (USA)
ANGEL NEVAREZ + VALERIE TEVERE (USA)
ANASTASIYA OSIPOVA (UKR) + MATTHEW WHITLEY (USA)
PUSSY RIOT (RUS)
ANASTASIA RYABOVA (RUS)
GREGORY SHOLETTE (USA)
DAVID TER-OGANYAN (RUS)
MARIYA VLASOVA (RUS)
ARTUR ŻMIJEWSKI (POL)+ YAEL BARTANA (ISR)
50 Orange StreetNew Haven, CT
