Curah Jantung (Cardiac Output)

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    Curah Jantung (C ar d i ac O u t p u t ) ,Alir Balik Vena (V en o u s R et u r n )

    dan Pengaturannya

    SuhendiwijayaBagian Fisiologi FK Unswagati

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    Sasaran Belajar

    Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan :

    Mekanisme Alir Balik Vena(Venous Return)

    Mekanisme Frank - Starling

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    Cardiac Cycle (Siklus Jantung)

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    Cardiac Pump Cycle - Terminology

    Systole (to contract) :

    1. Chamber Muscles are active

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    . ventricular pressure increases circumferentialshortening ejection

    3. Remember, the ventricle does not completely empty, the

    residual volume = ESV

    4. This is measured by CONTRACTILITY

    5. This is affected by- Function of Muscle

    - Initial Volume (PRELOAD)

    - Initial Pressure (AFTERLOAD)

    Thus, the stroke volume (SV) = EDV - ESV

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    Cardiac Pump Cycle - Terminology

    Diastole (to expand) :1. Ventricular filling occurs, flowing down a pressure

    gradient from the vena cavae and pulmonary veins

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    . usc es n t e c am er wa s are re axe

    3. Volume at the end of the filling phase = EDV

    4. Diastolic (resting) pressure develops as the walls are

    stretched and elastic structures in the walls tend to

    recoil.

    The pressure at the end of this process = EDP

    5. This relationship is measured by COMPLIANCE6. This is affected by

    - Connective Tissue- Venous Pressure- Venous Resistance

    Preload

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    Basic Myocardial Muscle Mechanics

    Preload : Passive load that establishes the initial muscle

    length of the cardiac fibers prior to contraction

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    er oa : um o a oa s aga ns w c e e myocar afibers must shorten during systole. (aortic

    impedance, arterial R, PVR, intraventricular P,

    mass and viscosity of blood in the great arteries)

    Contractility : Speed and shortening capacity at a given

    instantaneous load (inotropy)

    Diastolic Compliance : The ability to fill at a given diast. P

    Heart Rate : Frequency of contraction

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    Konsep Preload dan Afterload

    Preload(Beban Awal)

    - derajat regangan ketika otot tsb mulai

    berkontraksi

    - Tekanan diastolik akhir(End-diatolic

    Pressure)

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    Konsep Preload dan Afterload

    Afterload(Beban Akhir)

    - beban yang di lawan oleh kekuatan

    kontraksi otot

    - Tekanan di dalam arteri yang berasal dari

    ventrikel

    -berhubungan dengan tekanan sistolik- tahanan perifer

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    Curah Jantung

    Metode Pengukuran :

    - F l o w m e t er elektromagnetik

    -

    a. Metode langsung Fick

    b. Metode pengenceran indikator(Indicator

    Dilution Methode)

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    Curah Jantung

    Curah jantung (cardiac output): jumlah darah yg dipompa olehtiap ventrikel dalam waktu 1 menit dan jumlah darah yangmengalir dalam sirkulasi

    Pada orang dewasa (istirahat) 5 L/menit; meningkat sesuai

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    g e u u an Curah jantung (CO) = Isi sekuncup (SV) x denyut jantung per

    menit(HR)

    Isi sekuncup (stroke volume) : volume darah yang dipompaventrikel tiap denyut.

    Setiap berdenyut, ventrikel memompa 2/3 volume

    ventrikel;- jumlah darah yang dipompa : fraksi ejeksi- sisa darah yang masih ada di ventrikel setelah sistol berakhir:

    volume akhir sistol (ESV = end systolic volume)- jumlah darah yang dapat ditampung ventrikel sampai diastol

    berakhir: volume akhir diastol(ESD = end diastolic volume)

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    Faktor Yang MempengaruhiCO

    Metabolisme basal tubuh

    Aktifitas fisik

    Umur

    Ukuran tubuh

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    Faktor Yang MengontrolCO

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    Faktor Yang MengontrolCO

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    Cardiac Output (Curah Jantung)

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    CO

    Cardiacoutput

    (ml/min)

    =

    HR

    Heart rate

    (beats/min)X

    SV

    Strokevolume

    (ml/beat)

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    A Simple Model of Stroke Volume

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    Factors Affecting Heart Rate

    Autonomic innervation

    Cardiac reflexes

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    one

    SA node

    Hormones

    Epinephrine (E), norepinephrine(NE), and thyroid

    hormone (T3) Venous return

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    Factors Affecting stroke volume

    EDV

    Frank-Starling principle

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    Preload

    Contractility

    Afterload

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    PengontrolanKerja Jantung

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    All of these factors are tightly interrelated

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    Aliran Balik Vena (V en o u s R et u r n )

    Sirkulasi perifer yang mempengaruhi yang

    mempengaruhi aliran darah ke dalam

    Peran mekanisme Frank-Starling :

    Energi kontraksi setara dengan panjang

    awal serat otot jantung

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    How are changes in the cardiac

    volumes related to cardiac output andvenous return ?

    Loading Volume

    (from veins)

    Because veins are high

    compliance vessels, pressure

    drops slightly

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    Stroke Volume

    HR x (EDV ESV) = CO70 x (120 60) = 4200 ml/min

    Therefore, a pressure gradient

    develops (flow)

    Because arteries are low compliance

    vessels, there is a large increase in

    pressure as blood is ejected

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    A Summary of the Factors

    Affecting Cardiac Output

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    Multi-System Interactions

    Autnonomous

    Nervous

    Sysetm

    Respiratory

    System

    (thoracic

    pressure)

    Hormonal

    System

    (Epinephrine,

    Insulin)

    contractilityresistance

    arterial pressure

    venous pressure

    venous return

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    3

    Cardiac

    Electrical

    System

    Cardiac

    Mechnical

    System

    ascular

    Mechnical

    System

    action potentials blood flow

    preload, afterloadpacemaker ra e compliance

    Electrocardiogram

    Echocard

    iogram/Doppler

    Phonocardiogram

    Pressure

    wave

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    Keterbatasan Curah Jantung

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    Keterbatasan Curah Jantung

    Jantung Hiperefektif

    - Perangsangan saraf

    - Hipertrofi otot jantung

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    Jantung Hipoefektif

    - Blok A. Koroner

    - Penghambatan perangsangan saraf jantung

    - Gangguan irama dan frekuensi- Penyakit katup jantung

    - Hipertensi

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    Curah Jantung Patologis

    H ig h O u t p u t

    - Penurunan tahanan perifer total

    - Beriberi

    - Fistula arteriovenosus

    - Hipertiroidisme

    - Anemia

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    Curah Jantung Patologis

    L o w O u t p u t ,ada 2 kategori

    1. kelianan an men ebabkan efektifitaspompa jantung turun rendah sekali

    2. kelainan yang menyebabkan aliran balik

    vena turun sangat rendah

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    Low output akibat pompa jantung lemah

    Infark miokard

    Penyakit katup jantung berat

    Miokarditis

    Tamponade jantung

    Kekacauan metabolisme jantung

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    Low output akibat v e n o u s r e t u r n yang

    rendah

    Penurunan volume darah

    Dilatasi vena akut

    Penyumbatan vena-vena besar

    Berkurangnya masa jaringan, terutama

    berkurangnya masa otot rangka

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    Homeostasis KardiovaskulerDalam Sehat dan Sakit

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    Hipotensi Postural

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    Perubahan Sirkulasi Sistemik

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    Peradangan dan Penyembuhan Luka

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    Syok

    Perfusi jaringan yang tidak adekuat disertai

    curah jantung yang tidak adekuat baik secara

    Macam Syok :

    a. Syok Hipovolemik

    b. Syok Distributif, Vasogenik, atau

    Resistensic. Syok Kardiogenik

    d. Syok Obstruktif39 Suhendiwijaya, VI/2009

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    Syok Hipovolemik

    Perdarahan

    Trauma

    Pembedahan

    Luka Bakar

    Dehidrasi : Muntah atau Diare

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    Syok Distributif

    Pingsan (syok neurogenik)

    Anafilaksis

    Sepsis

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    Syok Kardiogenik

    Infark Miokard

    Gagal Jantung Kongestif

    Aritmia

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    Syok Obstruktif

    Tension Pneumotoraks

    Emboli Paru

    Tumor Jantung

    Tamponade Jantung

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    Syok Distributif

    Pingsan (syok neurogenik)

    Anafilaksis

    Sepsis

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    Hipertensi

    Peningkatan Tekanan Darah yang menetap

    Hipertensi Sistemik

    Hipertensi Paru

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    Gagal Jantung

    Disfungsi Sistolik :

    - Kontraksi ventrikel melemah

    - Isi sekuncup berkurang

    - Peningkatan vol akhir-sistolik ventrikel

    - Fraksi ejeksi menurun

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    Gagal Jantung

    Disfungsi Diastolik :

    - elastisitas ventrikel berkurang

    - mengurangi pengisian ventrikel selama

    diastol

    - menyebabkan kongesti vena

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    Gagal Jantung

    Kor pulmonale

    Gagal jantung kongestif

    Gagal jantung curah tinggi

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