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![Page 1: Cumulative Radiated Emissions From Metallic Broadband Data Distribution Systems Dr I D Flintoft Dr A D Papatsoris Dr D Welsh Prof A C Marvin York EMC Services.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/5697bfa31a28abf838c9664a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cumulative Radiated Emissions From Metallic Broadband Data
Distribution SystemsDr I D Flintoft
Dr A D PapatsorisDr D Welsh
Prof A C Marvin
York EMC Services Ltd.University of York
![Page 2: Cumulative Radiated Emissions From Metallic Broadband Data Distribution Systems Dr I D Flintoft Dr A D Papatsoris Dr D Welsh Prof A C Marvin York EMC Services.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/5697bfa31a28abf838c9664a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Scope
Sky Wave
Ground Wave
Space Wave
200 km 1500 km5 km0 km
ionosphere
3-30 MHz
0.1-3 MHz
average UK ground
London
0.1-30 MHz
Romesuburban rural
Near Field
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Contents
• Overview of PLT and xDSL technologies
• Modelling methodology
• RF launch models and measurements
• Sky wave propagation of PLT & VDSL
• Ground wave propagation of ADSL &VDSL
• Spectrum management
• Conclusions
![Page 4: Cumulative Radiated Emissions From Metallic Broadband Data Distribution Systems Dr I D Flintoft Dr A D Papatsoris Dr D Welsh Prof A C Marvin York EMC Services.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/5697bfa31a28abf838c9664a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Spectrum and Technologies30 kHz 300 kHz 3 MHz 30 MHz
Low Frequency (LF) High Frequency (HF)Medium Frequency (MF)
Ground Wave
Sky Wave
ADSL (25 kHz-1.1 MHz) VDSL (1.1-30 MHz)
DPL (2.9 & 5.1 MHz)
Space Wave
![Page 5: Cumulative Radiated Emissions From Metallic Broadband Data Distribution Systems Dr I D Flintoft Dr A D Papatsoris Dr D Welsh Prof A C Marvin York EMC Services.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/5697bfa31a28abf838c9664a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Power Line Telecommunication (PLT)
• Propriety systems
• PowerNET: 9-95 kHz (EN50065)
• Digital Power Line (DPL)
• Frequencies: 2.2-3.5 & 4.2-5.8 MHz
• 2 Mbit/s channels demonstrated
• Uses low voltage (LV) network
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Mains Network Topology
Secondary Substation
Transformer
250 m
Primary Substation
Transformer
50 single phase services off each distributor
Medium Voltage (MV)
Network
To High Voltage
(HV) Network
Low Voltage (LV) Network
= Data Terminal
DPL Cell
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Physical Structure Of LV Network
• Underground and overhead distribution
• Armoured cable• Conditioning units (CU)
may be used
data port
LV network
internal mains
network
Conditioning Unit (CU)
Armoured Cable
CU
substation
CU
LV network
MV network
data network
Network
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Input Power For A DPL Cell
• DPL cell – coherently excited segment of network
• Physical channel shared by all users in cell• Multi-user access scheme: TDMA• Power spectral density from terminal
= –40 dBm/Hz = 1 mW in 10 kHz bandwidth
• 10 kHz = typical HF AM radio bandwidth
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Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL)
• Overlay technology enabling broadband services on telephony metallic local loop
• Symmetric and asymmetric upstream/downstream data rates
• Data rates up to 50 Mbit/s (VDSL)• CAP, QAM, DMT modulation techniques
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Telecommunications Network
cross connect
cross connect
MDF
exchangefootway
junction box
underground drop
overhead drop
underground distribution
overhead distribution
4 km
1.5 km
300 m
50 m
= Data Terminal
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xDSL VarietiesTechnology Deployment Frequency POTS
Splitter
Cable
ADSL FTTEx 25 kHz - 1.1MHz Yes single pair
ADSL Lite FTTEx 25 kHz - 552 MHz No single pair
VDSL FTTCab 0.3 - 30 MHz Yes? single pair
SDSL FTTEx DC – 784 kHz No multi pair
HDSL FTTEx DC – 784 kHz Nomulti pair & single pair
FTTEx = Fibre To The Exchange, FTTCab = Fibre To The Cabinet
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Physical Structure• Bundles of unshielded twisted pair
(UTP)• Designed for POTS – up to a
few kHz• Cable balance – degrades with
frequency• Network balance – interfaces• Splitters• Three wire internal cabling
Balance of UTP
(New cable under controlled conditions)
0 2 4 6 1 0F req u en cy (M H z)
8 0
6 0
4 0
2 0
0B
alan
ce (
dB)
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Input Power For xDSL
ADSL VDSL (FTTCab)
Downstream Upstream Downstream Upstream
Frequency
(MHz)0.138 - 1.104 0.138 - 0.276 1.104 - 10.0 1.104 - 10.0
PSD (dBm/Hz)
-36.5 -34.5 -60 -60
Power in 10 kHz (mW)
2.2 3.5 0.01 0.01
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Modelling Methodology• Identify coherently excited network
elements• Determine the radiative characteristics of
these network elements• Construct an effective single source for
cumulative emissions – pattern & power• Use these effective sources in propagation
calculations
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RF Launch Models
• Numerical Electromagnetics Code
• Sommerfeld-Norton lossy ground model
• Common-mode current model
• Predict antenna gain and radiation efficiency of the network elements
• Underground cables not considered these will be conservative estimates
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Network Elements
xDSL
PLT
Overhead Drop (Splitter)
Overhead Drop (No Splitter)
N Storey Building (N=1,2,…, 10)
House Main Ring Street Lamp
3N m
6 m
10 m
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Antenna Patterns For xDSL
• At low frequencies (ADSL) patterns are omni-directional
• Model using an effective short vertical monopole -1.5
-1.3
-1.1
-0.9
-0.7
-0.5
-0.3
-0.1
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Azimuth (Degrees)
Fie
ld S
tre
ng
th (
dB
uV
/m)
Drop 1
Drop 2
Storey 2
Storey 5
Storey 10
Normalised gains at 1 MHz
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Validation Measurements
• Measurements on UTP aerial drop cable
• Balanced and unbalanced connections
• Results used to calibrate the NEC launch models
Receiver
Coaxial cable feed
Balun
6 m
Plastic pole 100 load
POTS UTP
130 m
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Measured Balance Parameters
Frequency
(MHz)
Measured Efficiency
(dB)
NEC Efficiency
(dB)
Effective Balance For NEC Model (dB)
Unbalanced Connection
Balanced Connection
Unbalanced Connection
Balanced Connection
2.2 -55 -79 -19 36 60
3.0 -46 -74 -17 29 57
4.3 -47 -87 -14 33 73
5.9 -40 -79 -11 29 68
7.0 -30 - -10 20 -
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Cumulative Radiated Power
• Digital data transmission is a random process which can be modelled as a noise source
• Cumulative field from incoherently excited network elements calculated by noise power addition (REC. ITU-R PI.372-6)
• Phase effects ignored
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Sky Wave Propagation
• Time of day
• Time of year
• Transmitter antenna power
• Transmitter antenna pattern
• Transmitter antenna position
• We have considered transmission on a February evening
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ITS (Institute For Telecommunication Sciences)
HF Propagation Software• Package caters for area coverage or point to
point predictions
• Allows choice of several propagation models: ICEPAC, VOACAP, REC533
• We chose to use REC533 model based on advice from RAL and the ITU
• Launch power and antenna pattern
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Cumulative DPL Antenna Pattern
enclosing hemisphere
Source patterns shown as hemispheres
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DPL Source Power For London
• Power in 10 kHz bandwidth: 1 mW
• Area: 2500 km2
• Size of DPL cell: 0.28 km2 (diameter 600 m)
• Total number of cell: 2500/0.28 8925
• Total input power: 8925 1 mW = 8.9 W 40 dBm
• Antenna gain: –15 dB
• Total radiated power: 40 – 15 = 25 dBm
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Coverage Of London At 5.1 MHz
London cumulative antenna Isotropic antenna
0
Subtract 15 dB to read true
dBV/m, .i.e. for 15 dBV/m read 0 dBV/m
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Cumulative DPL Sky Wave From Many Urban Areas
• Since the coverage from each urban area is Europe wide we need to sum the field from many urban areas
• Major sources over UK would be the Ruhr area of Germany, London, Birmingham and Manchester
• Total field over UK due to these major sources plus other major UK cities is predicted to be between 5 and 11 dBV/m
• Established ITU noise floor is 8 dBV/m (rural area)
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• Drop model without internal cables• Average of 1000 homes per km2
• 25 % technology penetration• Antenna gain of –25 dB (corresponds to
20 dB cable balance parameter)• Terminal input power –60 dBm/Hz or
–20 dBm/10kHz• Total radiated power 13 dBm (20 mW)
VDSL Source Power For London
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Coverage Of London At 8 MHz
Subtract 27 dB to read true
dBV/m, .i.e. for 15 dBV/m
read -12 dBV/m
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• Sum powers from major UK cities and Ruhr area of Germany
• Cumulative field over UK at 8 MHz is –6 dBV/m in 10 kHz bandwidth
• Established ITU noise floor is 8 dBV/m (rural area)
• 10 dB lower than DPL
Cumulative VDSL Sky Wave From Many Urban Areas
![Page 30: Cumulative Radiated Emissions From Metallic Broadband Data Distribution Systems Dr I D Flintoft Dr A D Papatsoris Dr D Welsh Prof A C Marvin York EMC Services.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/5697bfa31a28abf838c9664a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Groundwave Propagation Theory (1)
• Sommerfeld (1909), Norton (1936, 1937)
• (V) fields >> (H) fields
• A(d,f,,) for (V) polarised fields
• Attenuation factor calculated according to ITU-R P.368, originally developed by GEC
),,,,( onpolarisatifdAd
PFME r
t
![Page 31: Cumulative Radiated Emissions From Metallic Broadband Data Distribution Systems Dr I D Flintoft Dr A D Papatsoris Dr D Welsh Prof A C Marvin York EMC Services.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/5697bfa31a28abf838c9664a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Groundwave Propagation Theory (2)
• The E-field formula applies to a linear short (h<<) radiative element
• NEC used to determine the equivalent FMPt of radiative structures associated with xDSL
• Calculations done for upstream and downstream mode of transmission
• Radiation patterns omnidirectional for ADSL
• Balance, attenuation of UTPs
![Page 32: Cumulative Radiated Emissions From Metallic Broadband Data Distribution Systems Dr I D Flintoft Dr A D Papatsoris Dr D Welsh Prof A C Marvin York EMC Services.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051401/5697bfa31a28abf838c9664a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Calculation strategy of cumulative emissions (1)
• Electric fields Ei from uncorrelated individual sources add incoherently, i.e.,
• A: area enclosing all radiating sources in m2
• pi: percentage of building type associated with ith radiating source
• Di: density of installations per unit area
• Mpi: fraction of market penetration
• Li: fraction of installed lines used concurrently
m
iiipiii ELMDpAE
1
2
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Calculation strategy of cumulative emissions (2)
• Step 1. Definition of radiating medium, A=25km2
• The RSS summation, lends itself to an active spreadsheet implementation
m
iiipiii ELMDpAE
1
2
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Calculation strategy of cumulative emissions (3)
• Step 2. Definition of makeup of city buildings
Di Mpi i Lui
pi density max line market radiative subscriber concurrent concurrent
[%] lines/ m2 number penetration element lines usage % line use
5,00% 0,005 6250 20,00% drop1 1250 10,00% 125
31,00% 0,008 62000 20,00% drop1 12400 10,00% 1240
41,00% 0,006 61500 20,00% drop1 12300 10,00% 1230
17,00% 0,003 12750 20,00% drop2 2550 10,00% 255
1,70% 0,002 850 20,00% storey1 170 10,00% 17
2,50% 0,002 1250 20,00% storey2 250 10,00% 25
1,00% 0,003 750 20,00% storey3 150 10,00% 15
0,50% 0,004 500 20,00% storey4 100 10,00% 10
0,20% 0,005 250 20,00% storey5 50 10,00% 5
0,10% 0,010 250 20,00% storey10 50 10,00% 5
146350 29270 2927
Percentage of 2 storey buildings
Percentage of 3 storey buildings
Percentage of 4 storey buildings
Percentage of bungalow houses
Percentage of semi-det. houses
Percentage of detached houses
Percentage of 1 storey buildings
Percentage of terraced houses
Makeup of radiating area
Percentage of 5 storey buildings
Percentage of 10 storey buildings
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Calculation strategy of cumulative emissions (4)
• Step 3. Specify reference radiating efficiencies, balance and attenuation at frequencies of interest for upstream and downstream transmission
1,0
Rad CF Att PSD Frequency BalancedB [dB] [dBm/ Hz] [MHz] [dB] drop1e drop2e storey1e storey2e storey3e storey4e storey5e storey10e0 10 -36,5 0,1 50 0,006391 0,00586 0,001769 0,006632 0,012668 0,020294 0,029506 0,099175
0 12 -36,5 0,2 50 0,024381 0,022364 0,006746 0,025278 0,048256 0,077249 0,112219 0,37559
0 14 -36,5 0,4 50 0,091679 0,084213 0,025357 0,094806 0,180598 0,28848 0,418136 1,384081
0 16 -36,5 0,6 50 0,197467 0,181758 0,054553 0,203306 0,386215 0,615251 0,889444 2,904588
0 18 -36,5 0,8 50 0,339397 0,313297 0,093527 0,347179 0,65749 1,044215 1,505028 4,834889
0 20 -36,5 1,0 50 0,516229 0,47834 0,141679 0,523571 0,988036 1,563975 2,246684 7,08051
Pt/ Pin, [%]
ATU-C customer end Cable length
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Calculation strategy of cumulative emissions (5)
• Step 4. Define the appropriate transmission spectral mask, i.e., for ADSL PSD=-34.5dBm/Hz (upstream 138-276 kHz), PSD=-36.5dBm/Hz (downstream 138-1104 kHz).
• Step 5. Calculate the unattenuated electric field for each radiative element, i.e.,
attbalancePP
PP ref
xDSLinref
in
trad
)()/(1 kWPFMmmVE rad
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Calculation strategy of cumulative emissions (6)
• Step 6. Calculate the appropriate electric field correction factor for each radiative element.
• Step 7. Evaluate the total electric field by performing the RSS summation over all xDSL installations.
).300/)/(log(20)( 1 mmVEdBCF
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Test cases and results ADSL(1)• Case 1. A=25 km2, bal=40dB, Mpi=20%, Lui=10%
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
1 10 25 50 75 100 200 300 400 500
Distance, [km]
AT
U-R
ele
ctri
c fi
eld
, [d
Bu
V/m
]
100 kHz 200 kHz
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
1 10 25 50 75 100 200 300 400 500
Distance, [km]
MD
F e
lect
ric
fie
ld, [
dB
uV
/m]
400 kHz 600 kHz 800 kHz 1 M Hz
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Test cases and results ADSL(2)• Case 2. A=25 km2, bal=30dB, Mpi=50%, Lui=10%
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
1 10 25 50 75 100 200 300 400 500
Distance, [km]
AT
U-R
ele
ctri
c fi
eld
, [d
Bu
V/m
]
100 kHz 200 kHz
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
1 10 25 50 75 100 200 300 400 500
Distance, [km]
MD
F e
lect
ric
fie
ld, [
dB
uV
/m]
400 kHz 600 kHz 800 kHz 1 M Hz
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Test cases and results ADSL(3)
• Balance– Radiation levels
increase by a margin equal to the balance difference in dB.
– E(bal2)=E(bal1)+bal, bal= bal1 - bal2
• Market Penetration– E(M2)=E(M1)+M,
M=10log(M2/M1)
• Distance– -20 dB/decade for
f(100kHz - 400kHz)
– -25 dB/decade for f(600kHz - 800kHz)
– -30 dB/decade for f(1000kHz)
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Summary of results for ADSLSmall city
(York)Large city
(Leeds)Freq.
[MHz]Typ. Opt. Typ. Opt.
0.1 27.67 7.67 35.45 15.45
0.2 26.91 6.91 34.69 14.69
Small city(York)
Large city(Leeds)
Freq.[MHz]
Typ. Opt. Typ. Opt.
0.4 28.44 8.44 36.22 16.22
0.6 24.86 4.86 32.64 12.64
0.8 21.20 1.20 28.98 8.98
1.0 17.94 -2.06 25.72 5.72
• Emission electric fields resulting from cumulative ATU-R upstream and MDF downstream transmissions at distance 1km away from the effective emission centre.(M=20%, L=10%, Typical bal=30 dB)
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Graph of current noise floor, ITU-R P.372
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
0,03 0,30 3,00 30,00
Frequency, [MHz]
No
ise
ele
ctri
c fi
eld
, [d
Bu
V/m
]
Winter Summer Spring Autumn
• Median noise electric field at a receiver with bandwidth 10kHz at 12 noon in a residential location in the central UK.
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ADSL and current noise floor
• No likely change to the established median electric noise field for the well balanced city (bal=50 dB) model at d>1km away from the MDF centre.
• For the typically balanced city model ADSL fields are predicted above the current noise floor (cnf)– ATU-R field > cnf by 5dB - 10dB at d<2km
– MDF field > cnf by 10dB - 20dB at d<3km
• For distances > 10km, ADSL<cnf
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Summary of results for VDSLSmall city
(York)Large city
(Leeds)Freq.
[MHz]Typ. Opt. Typ. Opt.
1 21.43 11.43 27.46 17.46
2 20.67 10.67 26.70 16.70
4 17.97 7.97 24.00 14.00
6 14.39 4.39 20.42 10.42
8 10.73 0.73 16.76 6.76
10 7.07 -2.53 13.50 3.50
Small city(York)
Large city(Leeds)
Freq.[MHz]
Typ. Opt. Typ. Opt.
1 17.94 7.94 23.96 13.96
2 17.18 7.18 23.2 13.20
4 11.52 1.52 20.50 10.50
6 10.90 0.90 16.92 6.92
8 7.24 -2.76 13.26 3.26
10 3.98 -6.02 10.0 0.0
• Emission electric fields resulting from cumulative NT-LT upstream and LT-NT downstream transmissions at distance 1 km away from the effective emission centre. (M=20%, L=20%, Typical bal=20 dB.)
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VDSL and current noise floor• No likely change to the median electric noise field
for the well balanced small city (bal=30 dB) model at d>1km away from the emission centre.
• For the typically balanced city model VDSL fields are predicted above the current noise floor (cnf):– NT-LT field > cnf by 10dB - 20dB at d<1.5km– LT-NT field > cnf by 5dB - 15dB at d<1.5km
• For distances > 5km, VDSL<cnf.• Radiation diagrams of radiative elements give rise
to significant space wave component.
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Spectrum management issues• AM broadcasting in band 6 (MF)
– For ‘good’ quality reception• 88dBV/m, 74dBV/m, 60dBV/m for typical
city/industrial, city/residential and rural/residential areas, respectively.
– AM transmitter serving designated metropolitan area enclosed by a 50km radius in UK.=15, =10mS/m, Pt=10kW • PR=30dB, thus interfering field 44dBV/m• xDSL(d>1km)< 44dBV/m, but Gaussian in nature
– For rural locations near xDSL fields important
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Spectrum management issues• Digital MF broadcasting
– DRM consortium preliminary specification• Narrow bandwidth (max 10kHz), thus:
– very efficient source coding scheme [MPEG-4 AAC]
– multi-carrier modulation to overcome multipath, Doppler, [OFDM]
– high state linecode modulation scheme, [QPSQ, 16QAM, 64QAM depending on service requirements]
• Protection ratios:– AM interfered with by DM, [f/kHz=0, PR=36dB]
– DM interfered with by AM, [f/kHz=0, PR=0dB]
– DM interfered with by DM, [f/kHz=0, PR=15dB]
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Spectrum management issues• Digital MF broadcasting
– DRM consortium preliminary specification• Carrier-to-noise ratios:
• C/N of 24dB for BER=1x10-5 is at least required.
CHANNELMODEL
CHANNELTYPE
PROPAGATIONMODE
C/N FORBER=1X10-4
Channel 1 AWGN Ground Wave,LF, MF
14.9
Channel 2 Ricean withdelay
Ground Wave,MF
16.0
Channel 3 USConsortium
Sky Wave, HF 22.7
Channel 4 CCIR poor Sky Wave, HF 21.7
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Spectrum management issues
• Power savings of 4-8dB can be made by DM transmitters, for same daytime coverage.
• xDSL(d<1km)>C/N, near xDSL ?
• assessment of xDSL mux and mod techniques
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Spectrum management issues• AM transmitters to be phased out by 2020
– Lower PR could be used, 10-15 dB less than the currently assumed for AM, thus:
• reduced radiation of digital transmitter power
• much quieter EM environment
– If xDSL>planned interference value:• DM power must increase (financial implications?)
• concerted actions of broadcasting authorities to restore the service
• xDSL near fields at remote locations?
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xDSL and aeronautical services
• Services likely to be affected are:– Radiolocation & mobile communications
• NEC simulations show a significant space-wave propagation component for f>1MHz– most radiation is directed towards elevation
angles ranging between 30 and 60 degrees
• Space wave stronger than ground wave
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xDSL and government services• Services likely to be affected are:
– Military mobile communications in HF• low data rate systems work even 8 dB below
ambient noise in a 3 kHz receiver bandwidth• 9.6 kbps and above data rates at 3 kHz bandwidth
are standardized requiring a minimum 33 dB C/N ratio
• 3 - 5MHz, critically important for short/medium length communications paths at night when other HF frequencies do not work
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Conclusions (1)
• Active spreadsheet tool for RA• Preliminary calculations suggest:
– AM and DM broadcasting may be unfavourably affected
• xDSL(d<1km) & selected areas• xDSL near fields need to be assessed• lower PR for DM mean very low power Tx resulting
to a much quieter EM environment, fossil fuel savings and reduction in greenhouse gases
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Conclusions (2)• Preliminary calculations suggest:
– Aeronautical services may be unfavourably affected
• xDSL(d<1km) & selected areas• Further study is needed
– cumulative space wave emissions– technical and operational characteristics of aeronautical
NDBs, current and future mobile communications
– Government services may be unfavourably affected
• Mobile communications• Further study is needed
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Conclusions (3)• It is therefore provisionally suggested that
xDSL emissions should be contained at a maximum level of 20dB above the established radio noise floor near the effective radiation centres (d=1km). (For the UK lower values than those in the ITU-R P.372 can be used.)