Cultures in ConflictCultures in ConflictChapter 17Chapter 17

Native Americans Control the Native Americans Control the WestWest

►By By 18661866 most American Indians had most American Indians had been removed from eastern Texas. been removed from eastern Texas. However, many tribes still roamed However, many tribes still roamed west Texas.west Texas.

► Federal soldiers left western Texas to Federal soldiers left western Texas to fight in the Civil War, leaving the fight in the Civil War, leaving the western regions western regions vulnerable to attackvulnerable to attack..

► Settlers in West Texas were Settlers in West Texas were defenselessdefenseless, and some moved , and some moved easteast to to safer areas.safer areas.

Native Americans Control the Native Americans Control the WestWest

► To To prevent further attacksprevent further attacks, federal , federal soldiers were stationed in West Texas.soldiers were stationed in West Texas.

► Forts were builtForts were built too far apart too far apart, and , and there were not enough there were not enough soldierssoldiers to to prevent Indian attacks.prevent Indian attacks.

►American Indians had advantages American Indians had advantages because they knew the because they knew the territoryterritory

The Search for Peace The Search for Peace

► In 1867 the In 1867 the Treaty of Medicine Lodge CreekTreaty of Medicine Lodge Creek was signed. Terms of the Treaty included:was signed. Terms of the Treaty included:

1- American Indians agreed to live on 1- American Indians agreed to live on reservationsreservations in Indian Territory (present-in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). day Oklahoma).

2- Federal government would provide2- Federal government would provide food food and suppliesand supplies, but, but

3- Federal troops would not be allowed on 3- Federal troops would not be allowed on

ReservationsReservations..3- Indians would agree to stop making3- Indians would agree to stop making raidsraids

on Anglo American settlements.on Anglo American settlements.

The Search for Peace The Search for Peace

►Many federal agents assigned by Many federal agents assigned by President GrantPresident Grant were were QuakersQuakers, who , who did not believe in did not believe in violenceviolence..

►Quaker Quaker Lawrie TatumLawrie Tatum, the agent in , the agent in Indian Territory, worked to Indian Territory, worked to educateeducate the Plains people in agriculture so the Plains people in agriculture so they could live in the Anglo world.they could live in the Anglo world.

The Peace Policy Fails The Peace Policy Fails

►Peace did not come to western Peace did not come to western Texas because many Texas because many Native Native American leadersAmerican leaders did not sign the did not sign the treaty.treaty.

►About one-half of theAbout one-half of the ComanchesComanches and many and many KiowasKiowas refused to move refused to move to reservations.to reservations.

The Peace Policy FailsThe Peace Policy Fails

►Kiowa chief Kiowa chief SatantaSatanta insisted that West insisted that West Texas belonged to the Texas belonged to the Comanches and Comanches and Kiowas.Kiowas.

►Known as the Known as the “Orator “Orator of the Plains”of the Plains”. . .. . .

► he believed that he believed that without the buffalo, without the buffalo, they could they could not survive not survive on reservations.on reservations.

The Peace Policy Fails The Peace Policy Fails

►Comanche chief Comanche chief Quanah ParkerQuanah Parker, , son of Peta Nocona and Anglo son of Peta Nocona and Anglo American woman Cynthia Ann American woman Cynthia Ann ParkerParker

►Cynthia had been captured by Cynthia had been captured by Comanches as a child; her son Comanches as a child; her son Quanah, spent 10 years Quanah, spent 10 years raiding raiding Anglo settlers Anglo settlers trying to stop the trying to stop the spread of Anglo settlements.spread of Anglo settlements.

Cynthia Ann Cynthia Ann ParkerParker

Quanah Quanah ParkerParker

The Peace Policy EndsThe Peace Policy Ends

►The Peace Policy The Peace Policy failed and the failed and the Native American Native American raids raids continued.continued.

►General General William T. William T. Sherman Sherman went to went to West Texas to West Texas to investigate. investigate.

The Peace Policy EndsThe Peace Policy Ends

►SatantaSatanta was sent to the state was sent to the state prison at Huntsville. He found prison at Huntsville. He found prison life intolerable and is prison life intolerable and is believed to have killed himself.believed to have killed himself.

► The peace policy was then The peace policy was then abandoned, and the army began a abandoned, and the army began a campaigncampaign to destroy Native to destroy Native American camps and force them American camps and force them onto reservations. onto reservations.

Native Americans DependNative Americans Dependon the Buffaloon the Buffalo

►Native Americans feared the Native Americans feared the decreasingdecreasing numbers of buffalo numbers of buffalo would end their way of life.would end their way of life.

►Native Americans used Native Americans used every part every part of the buffalo, including skins, of the buffalo, including skins, horns, and sinews horns, and sinews

Buffalo Herds Are Buffalo Herds Are SlaughteredSlaughtered

►The buffalo slaughter began in the The buffalo slaughter began in the 1870s, and by 1873 the 1870s, and by 1873 the herdsherds north north of Texas were gone. Hunters then of Texas were gone. Hunters then began moving onto the Texas began moving onto the Texas plainsplains. .

Buffalo Herds Are Buffalo Herds Are SlaughteredSlaughtered

►A A lawlaw was proposed in the Texas was proposed in the Texas legislature to protect the buffalo, legislature to protect the buffalo, but General but General Philip SheridanPhilip Sheridan, , commander of the U.S. military of commander of the U.S. military of the Southwest, helped to defeat the the Southwest, helped to defeat the bill.bill.

►Without the buffalo for food, Without the buffalo for food, clothing, shelter, and other clothing, shelter, and other necessities, the Native Americans of necessities, the Native Americans of the Plains could not survive, so they the Plains could not survive, so they struck back to save their struck back to save their cultureculture..

The Attack on Adobe WallsThe Attack on Adobe Walls

►In June 1874 Quanah Parker led In June 1874 Quanah Parker led several hundred warriors from several hundred warriors from fivefive Native American nations in an Native American nations in an attack on a buffalo hunters’ camp attack on a buffalo hunters’ camp at at Adobe Walls.Adobe Walls.

►28 men and 1 woman in camp took 28 men and 1 woman in camp took up a defense in a saloon and 2 up a defense in a saloon and 2 stores in the town. They held the stores in the town. They held the off the Native American attacks off the Native American attacks losing only 3 men.losing only 3 men.

The Attack on Adobe WallsThe Attack on Adobe Walls

►Enraged by their inability to defeat Enraged by their inability to defeat the buffalo hunters Quanah Parker the buffalo hunters Quanah Parker and the other warriors and the other warriors retreatedretreated..

►Joined by many Native Americans Joined by many Native Americans on reservations, the on reservations, the PlainsPlains people people spread across 5 states and spread across 5 states and territories, killing territories, killing 190 190 Anglo Anglo Americans in 2 months.Americans in 2 months.

The Red River CampaignThe Red River Campaign

►President President GrantGrant put the army in put the army in charge of Native American affairs charge of Native American affairs in West Texas.in West Texas.

►About 4,000 Comanches, Kiowas, About 4,000 Comanches, Kiowas, and Cheyenne spread their camps and Cheyenne spread their camps into into canyonscanyons and valleys in the and valleys in the Texas Panhandle.Texas Panhandle.

The Red River CampaignThe Red River Campaign

►The first battle of the The first battle of the Red River Red River campaign was fought in late campaign was fought in late August 1874. August 1874.

►The army did not halt the search The army did not halt the search for Native Americans’ camps until for Native Americans’ camps until the following the following springspring..

The Battle of Palo Duro The Battle of Palo Duro CanyonCanyon

►The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon, on The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon, on September 28, 1874, was the most September 28, 1874, was the most decisivedecisive battle of the Red River battle of the Red River campaign.campaign.

►By early November most of the By early November most of the Native American bands had Native American bands had given given up up and were headed toward and were headed toward reservations.reservations.

The Battle of Palo Duro The Battle of Palo Duro CanyonCanyon

►After the Red River campaign, After the Red River campaign, Native Americans Native Americans rarely rarely were seen were seen on the prairies of Central and West on the prairies of Central and West Texas.Texas.

► KickapooKickapoo and and ApacheApache warriors, warriors, however, continued their struggle however, continued their struggle for a few more years in the border for a few more years in the border country along the Rio Grande.country along the Rio Grande.

I’m just a I’m just a Buffalo SoldierBuffalo Soldier in the in the heart of America,heart of America,

►Native Americans called the Native Americans called the African African American troops American troops "buffalo soldiers," a "buffalo soldiers," a title of great respect. title of great respect. Experienced campaigners, Experienced campaigners, skilledskilled

in warfare on the frontierin warfare on the frontier The army recognized their The army recognized their couragecourage.. Nineteen buffalo soldiers received Nineteen buffalo soldiers received

Medals of HonorMedals of Honor from Congress for from Congress for service in the U.S. Army during the service in the U.S. Army during the wars in the American West. wars in the American West.

Buffalo Soldiers Buffalo Soldiers

► Between 1528 and 1890: Between 1528 and 1890: 9595% of Texas % of Texas Indians died Indians died

► 1821-18441821-1844

o 30,000 Anglo and Hispanic settlers in 30,000 Anglo and Hispanic settlers in TexasTexas

o 15,00015,000 Plains Indians Plains Indians

► By 1860, By 1860, o there were less than there were less than 8,000 8,000 Indians, Indians, o and 600,000 Anglo settlers in Texas. and 600,000 Anglo settlers in Texas. o The Texans further had access to The Texans further had access to

repeating repeating rifles rifles and and revolversrevolvers. .

Time of Sadness for Time of Sadness for Native Americans Native Americans

►Ambitious ranchers took advantage Ambitious ranchers took advantage of the lack of law and order to of the lack of law and order to expand their expand their landslands and herds of and herds of cattlecattle. .

►Many Many poorer poorer people, especially people, especially those of Mexican heritage, lost those of Mexican heritage, lost their lands and were their lands and were mistreatedmistreated in in other ways. other ways.

►In many cases it was difficult to In many cases it was difficult to determine the true ownership of determine the true ownership of cattle. cattle.

West Texas ExpansionWest Texas Expansion

►Anglo American Anglo American settlers poured into settlers poured into western Texas immediately after the western Texas immediately after the removal of the Native Americans. removal of the Native Americans.

► They settled along They settled along transportationtransportation routes and quickly built new towns. routes and quickly built new towns.

► The The railroadsrailroads being built west from Fort being built west from Fort Worth and Temple brought farming Worth and Temple brought farming communities to lands that only a few communities to lands that only a few years before had been the home of the years before had been the home of the Comanche. Comanche.

West Texas ExpansionWest Texas Expansion

West Texas ExpansionWest Texas Expansion

► Large amount of Large amount of land land availableavailable

► Large supply of wild Large supply of wild longhornlonghorn on the on the Texas Texas frontierfrontier

►Demand for beef Demand for beef in the northern and in the northern and eastern United Stateseastern United States

► Longhorns were worth Longhorns were worth $40 a head $40 a head in in northern city packinghousesnorthern city packinghouses