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Culture:Cultural Diversity and Conformity
• Culture consists of all the shared products of human groups.
• These products include both physical objects and the beliefs,
values, and behaviors shared by a group.
• Diversity exists between cultures and within a culture.
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Components of Culture
Culture is both learned and shared.ALL cultures have certain basic components
1. Technology2. Symbols3. Language4. Values5. Norms
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Culture
Material Culture
The physical objects that people create and use.
Nonmaterial Culture
Abstract human creations: beliefs/values, family patterns, language, political and economic systems, rules, skills, and work practices
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“Culture for Sale!!”:What does our stuff say about us?
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Examples of Material Culture• Food• Clothing and Adornment of the Body• Tools and Weapons• Housing and Shelter• Transportation• Personal Possessions• Household Articles
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Buried Treasure Activity
• For the item you selected to place in the time capsule, identify the following:– Role in society, use, purpose, etc.– Rules associated with item– Change agent? How has the item changed
culture or behavioral patterns?
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Components of Culture
Culture is both learned and shared.ALL cultures have certain basic components
1. Technology2. Symbols3. Language4. Values5. Norms
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Technology
Culture consists of not only physical objects but also the rules for using those objects.
Using items of material culture, particularly tools, requires knowledge of various skills which is part of nonmaterial culture
Example: an understanding of how silicon chips work, knowledge of computer languages, and the ability to surf the internet are all skills related to the computer (a material culture item)
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Symbols
The use of symbols is the very basis of human culture.
A symbol is anything that represents something else.
Word, gestures, images, sounds, physical objects, events, or elements of the natural world.
ALL cultures communicate symbolically.
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ANYTHING THAT CARRIES A PARTICULAR MEANING RECOGNIZED BY PEOPLE WHO SHARE CULTURE
• REALITY FOR HUMANS IS FOUND IN THE MEANING THINGS CARRY WITH THEM– THE BASIS OF CULTURE; MAKES LIFE POSSIBLE
• PEOPLE MUST BE MINDFUL THAT MEANINGS VARY FROM CULTURE TO CULTURE– WHY AMERICANS ARE AT TIMES CALLED “UGLY”
• MEANINGS CAN EVEN VARY GREATLY WITHIN THE SAME GROUPS OF PEOPLE– FUR COATS, CONFEDERATE FLAGS, ETC.
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Language
The organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system
Formal language—written and spokenInformal language—slang, texting, accents, regional
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A SYSTEM OF SYMBOLS THAT ALLOWS PEOPLE TO COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER
• CULTURAL TRANSMISSION– PASSING ON CULTURE
• SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS– WE KNOW THE WORLD ONLY IN
TERMS OF OUR LANGUAGE
– i.e. self• NON-VERBAL LANGUAGE
– BEWARE OF USING GESTURES
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Values• Language and symbols are important
partly because they allow us to communicate our values to one another.
• Values are shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable
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Influences kind of culture created• American Values – Sometimes a
contradiction–EQUALITY –ACHIEVEMENT AND SUCCESS–INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM
HOW DO WE SHARE OUR VALUES WITH MEMBERS OF SOCIETY?
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Public Service Announcements
• Prevent Forest Fires
• Register to Vote
• Rock the Vote
• Humane Society: Fight against Dog Fighting
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Norms•All groups create norms to enforce
their cultural values•Norms are shared rules of conduct
that tell people how to act in specific situations
•Norms are expectations for behavior, not actual behavior
•Some norms apply to everyone in society, others are applied selectively
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• TYPES– FOLKWAYS
• LESS SERIOUS OFFENSES• PREFERRED BEHAVIOR
– MORES• MORALLY SIGNIFICANT
– TABOOS• EXTREMELY SIGNIFICANT
– Laws • Formalized norms
LAWS ARE NORMSWHICH CAN BEENFORCED BYAGENTS OF THESTATE.
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SOCIAL CONTROLMEANS BY WHICH MEMBERS
OF SOCIETY ENCOURAGE CONFORMITY
FORMAL SANCTIONS
• Rewards/punishments given by formal organization– Positive – promotions, raises,
bonuses
– Negative: fines, low grades, termination
INFORMAL SANCTIONS• Spontaneous expressions of
approval/ or disapproval given by an individual or group– Positive: smile, praise,
– Negative: frowns, scolding, ignored
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Cultural Universals
• Copy the T-chart to the right onto p. 6 of your packet. Choose one of the countries from your Culturegrams activity.
• Choose four of the cultural universals and identify one example for each culture.
U.S.Your choice
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DIVERSITY IN CULTURE
• DIVERSE NATION: BUILT ON IMMIGRATION
• ONE OF THE MOST MULTICULTURAL COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD
– Ethnic Diversity• MELTING POT OR MOSAIC
– Economic Diversity• Class structure
– Age• Youth Culture
DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF CULTURE– HIGH CULTURE
• CULTURAL PATTERNS FOUND WITHIN A SOCIETY’S ELITE GROUPS
– POPULAR CULTURE• PATTERNS THAT ARE WIDESPREAD
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• SUBCULTURES– GROUPS WHOSE CULTURAL PATTERNS SET THEM APART
FROM WIDER SOCIETY– ACCEPT PRIMARY NORMS AND VALUES OF MAINSTREAM
• RELIGIOUS CULTS, INNER-CITY TEENS, COWBOYS, THE AMISH, FARMERS,
• COUNTERCULTURES– GROUPS WHOSE CULTURAL PATTERNS ARE AT GREAT
ODDS WITH WIDER SOCIETY– REJECT MAINSTREAM NORMS AND VALUES
• RADICAL MILITIA GROUPS, THE KLAN, THE SKINHEAD GROUPS
THERE ARE TIMES WHEN CULTURAL DIVERSITY ISGOOD FOR A SOCIETY, AS WELL AS TIMES WHEN
IT SEEMS TO WORK AGAINST “THE GRAIN”
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Responses to Cultural Variation
Ethnocentrism• Judging other cultures
based on the norms of our own culture
• Can lead to culture clash (conflict between cultures)
Cultural Relativism • Use their cultural standards
to judge
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Postville: When Cultures Collide
• As you watch the film:– Components of Culture
• Create a chart with 3 columns and 4 rows. • Each each row label with a component of culture (symbols, language,
values, norms)• Each column label with one of the ethnic groups in Postville (Anglo-
American/white mid-westerners, Orthodox Jews, and Hispanic)• Identify examples from the film of the component of culture you
identify
– Cultural Encounters• As you watch the film, identify examples of the following:
– Ethnocentrism– Culture clash– Cultural change
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5-Minute Warm-up
• Make a list of 15 things, both material and nonmaterial, that you value.
• Rank each item (#1 is the most important to you and #15 is the least).
• You’ve been given $1000. Decide how you much of your money you will spend on each item. You may spread out your money or put it all on one item.
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Quick Fire:Changes in America
• Task:–Identify one major change in American
culture during the last hundred years.• What is the change? (before and after)• What was the reason for the change?
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• Cultural diffusion
• Cultural diffusion is the spreading of culture traits from one society to another
• Today it can happen almost instantly
• Cultural lag
• Cultural lag is the time it takes for nonmaterial culture to “catch up” to changes in material culture
• Cultural leveling
• Cultural leveling is a process by which cultures become more and more alike
• Some suggest it is the first step toward a global culture
Cultural Change
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• DISCOVERY - UNDERSTANDING HAS INCREASED
• INVENTION - CREATING NEW CULTURE
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The Adaptive American CultureThe long history of immigration to the United States has resulted in an
American culture that embraces values, behaviors, and material culture from
other cultures around the world.
Cultural Diversity and Sociology
• Latino influence is especially strong as Hispanics are the largest minority group
• Influences food, clothes, and cars available
• Latino holidays are celebrated
• Spanish-language advertisements are common
• South Asians are becoming a larger and larger portion of U.S. population
• Pakistani and Indian food has quickly become more popular
• Bollywood movies are popular
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How important is work in the American value system?
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• Nationalism• Patriotism• Science and rationality• Racial and group superiority• Education• Religion• Romantic love
Other Core Values
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While the United States has a set of core values, new
values or changed values are sometimes noted.
• Leisure• Physical fitness• Youthfulness• Self-fulfillment• Environmentalism• Progress
New Values
Our Changing Values
• Some scholars see self-fulfillment as a healthy new value, while others view its extreme, narcissism, as detrimental to society as a whole.
Self-fulfillment and Narcissism
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Values in the U.S.• Create a collage of images that represent the
eight core values of American culture.• You may include photos from magazines or your
own illustrations. You’ll only have 20 minutes to choose the eight images for your collage.
• On the back of the collage, for each of the American values,– In your own words, define the value and write a one
sentence summary of your rationale for choosing the image. How does it represent the value?