Culture and History II: Menara Maybank Report

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGNBachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture [B. Sc. (Hons) Arc.]

March Intake - Semester 2, 2015

Architectural Culture & History 2 (ARC60303)Project 2 - Building Analysis Report

MENARA MAYBANK

Group members : Philia Chua Yi Sian [0318936] : Ryan Kerry Jee Jin Yiing [0318715] : Tan Sheau Hui [0319235] : Ong Euxuan [0319050]

Lecturer : Ms. Siti Balkish Roslan

X

Table of Contents

No. Component Main topics Pages

1 Group Introduction 2 - 5

2 Individual -Philia Chua Yi Sian

[0318936]

Site Context Analysis 6 - 18

3 Individual -Ryan Kerry Jee Jin Yiing

[0318715]

Architectural Layout Analysis 19 - 42

4 Individual -Tan Sheau Hui

[0319235]

Architectural Style 43 - 46

5 Individual -Ong Euxuan[0319050]

Architectural Elements 47 - 63

6 Group Building Construction & Technology

64 - 83

7 Group Conclusion 84

8 - Reference List 85 - 87

ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY 2 (ARC 60303) PROJECT 2 2 | P a g e

1.0 INRODUCTION Group Component

This final project for Architecture Culture & History 2 (ARC 60203) requires as a group of 4 -

5 to select a building situated around the Klang Valley which celebrates modernism. These

findings and architectural study and analysis are to be documented in the form of a report.

The building that we have chosen is Menara Maybank, Kuala Lumpur.

1.1 Brief Description of the Building (GmbH, 2015)

Building name : Menara Maybank/Maybank Tower

Alternative name : Malayan Bank Headquarters

Location : 100 Jalan Tun Perak, Pudu, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Architect : Hijjas Kasturi Associates

Taisei Construction Co. Ltd.

Function : Banking office


1.2 Brief History of the Building

Completed in 1987, this 50-storey building serves as the headquarters of Malayan Banking

Berhad (or Maybank). It is the largest bank and financial group in Malaysia (as of 2010) with

more than 400 domestic branches and 90 international branches and offices. Before the

construction of the Petronas Twin Towers in 1995, Menara Maybank was the tallest building

in Kuala Lumpur, nearly half the height of Petronas Twin Towers. Even though this is no

longer the tallest building in the city, it still remains a prominent part of the city's skyline.

(Wikimapia.org, 2015)

1.3 General Layout of the Building

Ground floor plan layout and spatial distribution.


Typical floor plan layout and spatial distribution for the floors above Menara Maybank

Spatial distribution and layout of Menara Maybank as seen from elevation & cross section view of the building.


2.0 SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS By: Philia Chua Yi Sian (0318936)

2.1 BUILDING ACCESSIBILITY

2.1.1 Surrounding Road Conditions

Map above identifies the location of Menara Maybank & surrounding roads.

The surrounding roads of the building are all well paved. The three main roads

surrounding the building include Jalan Raja Chulan, Jalan Pudu Lama and Jalan Tun Perak.

The roads are often busy hence, widths of the roads are moderate and consist of 2-3 lanes

each, with a clear 2-way traffic.


The streetscape around Menara Maybank includes greenery, acting as a divider

between the vehicle lanes and pedestrian walkways. Ample streetlamps are provided.

2.1.2 Modes of Transportation


According to on-site observations, there are various modes of transportation

available for the people (mainly workers) in order to reach Menara Maybank, mainly by

cars, motorcycles and even bicycles.

Other than that, workers/visitors can also reach the tower via public transportations

which includes busses such as Rapid KL or GO KL (free bus service), LRT or taxi.


For starters, a bridge connecting to the Urban Transformation Centre (UTC), by

which the well-known Pudu Sentral is located can be conveniently found right opposite

Menara Maybank, which caters for scheduled bus rides across the peninsular.

Red line in the map indicates the railway line while the yellow box shows the pickup/drop-

off points for public transportations.

2.1.3 Walkability


According to on-site observations and experiences, the walkability rate of Menara

Maybank is very high and efficient. Indirectly due to public transportations hence form the

factor of immense pedestrians being around the building.

With that said, pedestrian pavements are provided along the surrounding roads of

Menara Maybank, all well-maintained.


Other than that, pedestrian crossings and bridges are also provided to increase the

walkability and safety of the surrounding area. The building is accessible within walking

distance north of Plaza Rakyat Station of Rapid Rail. (Wikipedia, 2015)

2.1.4 Entry Points of Building


Site plan of Menara Maybank which indicates the entry points of the building.

Entry points 1 and 2 are from Jalan Tun Perak, Entry points 3 and 4 are from Jalan

Raja Chulan and Entry point 5 is from Jalan Pudu Lama.

Entries leading from Jalan Tun Perak into the buildings.

The entry points from Jalan Tun Perak are the main entry points of the building.

Comparatively, the other 3 entry points are tucked away which are commonly serves as the

loading/unloading bay.


2 entries from Jalan Tun Perak which diverges into 2 locations around the building.

The main entry points from Jalan Tun Perak splits from one road into 2 entry points.

Entry Point 2 is designated for season whereas Entry Point 1 will lead straight towards the

main reception area with security guards on standby.

Entry Point 3 & 4 located at the sides and the rear of the building.

Entry Point 3 allows vehicles to enter from Jalan Raja Chulan which only permits to

season parking. Entry Point 4 which also connects to Jalan Raja Chulan serves as an entry

point designated as a loading/unloading bay. Parking spots for bikes are also designated

next to this entry point.


Entry Point 5 which is located at the east side of the building.

Entry Point 5 which is connected to Jalan Pudu Lama, a guard house is placed right at

the border of the compound leading towards Entry Point 5 for safety and traffic purposes.

2.2 RELATIONSHIP OF BUILDING TOWARDS SURROUNDING

2.2.1 Surrounding Buildings


Major buildings surrounding Menara Maybank.

Various types of buildings can be found around surrounding this area including shop

houses, education buildings, transportation hubs, hotels, entertainment buildings, religious

buildings and museums. 2 noted buildings are chosen to be further presented in this report.

2.2.1 (a) Pudu Sentral cum UTC (Urban Transformation Centre)


b

a

Year built : 1980s (Wonderful Malaysia, 2007-2015)

Building type : Transportation hub & public services & amenities

Address : Hentian Puduraya, Puduraya, 53100, Kuala Lumpur.

Description : Pudu Sentral (formerly known as Puduraya) is the biggest and most centrally

located bus station of Kuala Lumpur. On 23 September 2012,

a portion of Pudu Sentral has been renovated and the Urban

Transformation Centre was implemented for the city of Kuala Lumpur.

2.2.1 (b) Muzium Telekom

Year built : 1994 (Telekomuzium Malaysia, 2014)

Building type : Museum


Address : Jalan Raja Chulan, 50200 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Description : On 3rd June 1994, Muzium Telekom was officially opened to public, both

local and international tourists. (Telekomuzium Malaysia, 2014) The

museum (also known variously as Muzium Telekom, Telekomuzium and

Muzium Telekomunikasi Negara) traces the history of telecommunications

in Malaysia from 1870s up to the present times.

2.3 LANDSCAPING

The landscaping approach towards Menara Maybank blends well with the

surrounding as the slopes slanting towards the main building are covered with greenery.

Trees and bushes are also planted around the open public areas next to the building itself,

responding to the landscaping seen along the surrounding roads of the building.

Due to the topography of the actual site (Bukit Mahkamah), Menara Maybank is

seen to be built on top of a hill, a raised wall with fencing is which segregates the compound

area from the pedestrian pavements.


According to on-site observations, trees are planted in front of the building to

provide shade for passengers while waiting for public transports. Tiled steps which are also

part of the building extends out and acts as seating terraces.


Towards the south of the building, an entrance is seen leading up (due to the

presence of slope) to an open area planted with trees and bushes. From the pathway

towards the east, they are greeted with a beautiful sculpture by Latiff Mohidin named

“Keris”. The sculpture is situated among a water feature, which flows from the garden to the

hawker center called ‘Laman’.

Another sculpture can be seen at the south end of the building named ‘Segerak -

One Movement, 1 Malaysia’ which is sculpted by the famous artist, Yusof Ghani.


Landscaping surrounding the main entrances of the building.

Other landscaping efforts can be also spotted from the main entrance. A strip of

shrubs are planted along the middle section of the escalators leading towards the main

entrance. Other than that, well-trimmed bushes can be seen surrounding the building.

The image above sees the overall greeneries available surrounding the building. The blue

shaded area indicates the hawker centre ‘Laman’ whilst the two red dots indicates the 2

sculptures mentioned.

2.4 RESPONSE TO CLIMATE

2.4.1 Climatic Conditions

Menara Maybank is located in Jalan Tun Perak, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur.

It adopts the same climatic conditions as Kuala Lumpur in general, as it is situated among

the region.

Kuala Lumpur only has 2 seasons - wet or dry, with most downpours and

thunderstorms occurring in the morning. (World Weather Online, 2015) Kuala Lumpur

experiences two monsoon periods, from March to April and from October to November,

with the latter being the worst of the two. (World Weather Online, 2015)


2.4.2 Design of Building to Suit the Climate

Hijjas Kasturi’s design which responds to the climate includes the iconic roofing at its

main entrance. The multi-layered roofing design is used to maximize the ventilation

circulation through the building (Kijewski-Correa, 2012).

Besides, the Maybank building is shrouded by native palms, trees and shrubbery,

enhancing the cooling effects of the building through the use of natural elements and

landscaping.

Interior design in regards to suit climatic conditions.

The interior of the building is fully air-conditioned. Despite having stripped windows

running down the full length of the building, the windows are shaded with the usage of

sheer curtains to minimize the heating within the building. Furthermore, materials used to

counteract with tropical heat includes the building’s marble flooring and travertine slabs.


3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS By: Ryan Kerry Jee Jin Yiing (0318715)

3.1 CIRCULATION TO USE

3.1.1 Free Plan

Ground floor plan which sees minimal obstruction to retain a free flowing plan.

Menara Maybank retains itself as one of the country’s modern building. The ground

floor plan identifies the minimal usage of obstructing structures along the plan. The

partitions, walls and other seemingly circulatory-obstructing elements are either designed

kept within the centre of the entire floor or towards the sides of the building.


Circulation flow within the Menara Maybank’s ground floor.

This free plan design implemented benefits the circulation flow within the building.

Without obstructing partitions and walls allow mass mobility which permits occupants to

revolve the entire floor easily.

A typical floor plan of the tower block which signifies a free plan.

The structures and layout for the floors above are similar. The implementation of

free flowing plan is retained through implying it onto the floors above. An entire floor of

roughly 75% is usable and accessible to the occupants, forming a modern-trait building.


3.1.2 Points of accessibility

Circulation is crucial to provide multiple access points to a large number of

occupants and thus easing the heavy circulation within the building for each and every floor.

Main entrances leading to the main lobby and banking booths (left) and event hall (right).

Speed gates restrict the accessibility of public towards the vertical central core which leads

to the floors above.


Diagram indicating ground floor access points.

The abundant access points ease convenience of occupants throughout the building.

Certain access points are restricted to the public and only permitted for authorized

personnel. The red lines from the diagram indicate the accessible points for the public.

These points grant access to the main banking hall, main lobby, event hall, numismatic

museum and also banking offices.

The blue lines indicate points of restriction to the public, which lead towards

personnel offices, departmental offices and the central core.

Main banking hall of Menara Maybank.

A non-obstructed space echoes the characteristic of modern building, enhancing free

circulation of space.

Main banking halls where 2 main flights of stairs are located strategically flanking both sides.


The circulation to use space is enriched through implying various means of

accessibilities. As indicated in the diagram, two main flights of stairs are implemented,

hence increases points of accessibility and prevents congestion to access the elevated

banking offices on the floors above.

Typical floor plan (i)

Diagram (ii) with segregation of space.

Typical floor plan (i) shows the central core which accommodates the elevator access

towards the upper floors. Diagram (ii) further shows the convenience of the articulation

within the space (intersecting passages) internally, minimizing the usage of additional


corridors and maximizing connectivity. This conjoins 2 of the main squares of the floor plate

internally, eases circulation from within.

3.1.3 Positioning priority of key access points

2 main flights of stairs located inside the vertical core while another placed at the main entrance. (Stairs are marked in red)

Stairs are incorporated within the vertical core, creating paths for occupants during

peak working hours and not only restricted to the usage of elevators, and conveniently

placing stairs at the two corners of the vertical core, flanking the elevators. The stairs also

serves as fire escape routes.


Fire escape stairs are constructed at the main entrance, a more visible location.

Width and dimensions of the stairs are taken into consideration to allow more occupants to

circulate around easily.

2 main flights of stairs located inside the vertical core, with 2 additional fire escape stairs which concealed the corner walls.


(a)

An exterior view of (a).

The additional 2 flights of fire escape stairs are implemented onto the corner walls to

enhance the efficiency of the circulation, as they maximize the circulation between different

parts of the building.

3.2 ORGANIZATION ANALYSIS

2.2.1 Spatial Organization (a) Spatial planning(b) Private & public(c) Repetition of geometry

2.2.2 Building Massing Analysis - Additive & subtractive forms2.2.3 Spatial Function & Purpose (a) Spatial usage

(b) Person-container relationshipBreakdown of subcategories to be explained further in detail.

3.2.1 Spatial Organization

The basic layout of the tower is 2 intersecting squares, with the overlapped portion

directly and conveniently serving as the vertical central lift core. (McGillick, 2006).


3.2.1 (a) Spatial Planning

The original form of Bukit Mahkamah, was retained with 3 basement levels

excavated to mass accommodate parking bays. (McGillick, 2006).

Site plan which shows how the structure is incorporated to the sloppy site while minimizing its visual and structural impact toward the existing site.

Half of the site was dedicated to public usage, accommodating gardens and a hawker

centre. The structure occupies less than half of the site; the rest are landscaped for public

use. (McGillick, 2006). A single tower configuration is visually less impactful while retaining

more of the existing landscape on site.

Surrounding landscape is retained and enhance with greater variety of new landscaping.


A simple diagram indicating how the structure sits atop on a sloped site visually.

An elevation showing the utilization of site character which is incorporated onto the design of the building.

The slope area is being utilized by constructing the main access way - the escalator

passageway which leads occupants onto the ground floor, located on top of the hill-slope

context.


3.2.1 (b) Private & Public

Private & public spaces are important in any buildings so as to create clear and

distinctive transitions between different spaces while retaining the internal privacy of the

occupants.

Analytical diagram which identifies different spaces which are equally distributed according to public, private along with transitional spaces within the ground floor & the

floors above.

(i) Ground floor of Menara Maybank

Main implementations seen are the vertical core and a portion of the banking hall

which are segregated from the public.


(i) (ii)

These private spaces are designed to be either concealed within the inner parts of

the building (central vertical core) or at the sides of the building which are less accessible for

public. (departmental offices)

Left: Main lobby with departmental offices (Semi-public); Center: Main lobby with banking

booths - (Public); Right: Event hall (Semi-public)

Semi-public spaces such as departmental offices and event hall open limited access

to the public. Despite that, these are also offices for certain personnel and hence restricting

certain parts of it from public access, thus making it a semi-public space.

Main banking hall - Ground floor (Public); 1st floor (Private)


Departmental offices (Private) on the 1st floor of the banking hall.

The main banking hall is segregated to public and private spaces. The departmental

banking offices on the 1st floor restricts access to only authorized personnel as it is a private

workspace for personnel, while the rest of the area remains public.

Main lobby strip (Public) which is flanked by the banking booths and the departmental offices on both sides.

Main lobby strip, a public area designed spaciously to accommodate mass public and

serves as a waiting area.

(ii) Floor s above within Menara Maybank

Floors above also reflect the segregation of space according to semi-public and

private spaces. As seen from (ii), the green zone indicates semi private space, accessible for

all personnel but access is restricted from public. The vertical central core is a more private

zone as it only permits access to certain executive personnel.


The diagram shows the distribution of floors according to public and private spaces.

It is distinctive that the privacy of spaces increases as it ascends.

3.2.1 (c) Repetition of geometry


The tower emerges from intersecting squares which tapers upwards. This

implementation onto the floor plan is practical as it allows simplified planning of the interior

office space where the overlapped zone of the 2 main squares conveniently occupies the

central lift core. The 2 overlapping squares are said to increase the number of elevations,

further reducing the visual impact of the tower’s size. (Correa, 2002).

Due to the simple geometric shape and form, the interior is rather simplified and

wastage of space are kept to the minimal. Almost all tenanted areas are free from

obstructions, making Menara Maybank efficient for a large building. (McGillick, 2006).

The vertical core, further segregated into 4 quarters of squares.

The façade also implements geometric forms - stripped mullions, zig-zag patterns of

the horizontal structural transfer girders, geometric shapes and patterns.


Geometry as seen from the interior which is affected by the exterior façade.


Structural details also implements geometry onto metal trusses for roofing.

It comprises of multiple intersecting squares, arranged alternately.

The implementations of geometry reflects repetition through the roof plan. Indicated

in yellow are the main building block formed via combination of repeated sizing of 2

squares. This overlay forms the square indicated in green which accommodates the vertical

central lift core. The blue squares sit over the main entrance (staggered and layered) and

the main banking hall (North Side).


Ground floor plan (left) which affects the roof plan & the typical floor plans (right) for the floors above shows the same coherence of repetition modularity of geometric square

shapes.

Repetition of vertical strips which fabricates itself onto the façade of the building.

The repetition of vertical strips fabricates all facets of the building. The repetitive

elements are broken by the horizontal structural transfer girders which implements another


side of repetition by repeating elements such as geometric triangular patterns to fabricate

its facet.

3.2.2 Building Massing Analysis

Masses of blocks which forms the main form of the building as viewed from different elevations.

Menara Maybank’s design, inspired by the sheath of a ‘Keris’, the main form

comprises of combination of cuboids with sloped roofing above and slope walls at the base

of the building.

Combination of 2 main masses which forms the main building as a whole.


The main access points of the tower are at the two corners of the structure that

feature a space formed from the combination of the structure's two blocks, covered by

tiered triangular roofs. (Wikipedia, 2015).

A simple diagram showing the implementation of additive and subtractive forms which forms the main form of the building - a sheath-like form.

Combination of form - the addition of a triangular prism creates a flat rooftop (helipad).


Subtractive form can be also identified through the plan view of the building as large

masses of forms are subtracted from the main building block.

Additive forms as seen from ground floor plan view that fabricates the façade.

Additive forms are also implemented onto the façade. Repetitive vertical masses of

forms (vertical mullions) fabricates the façade, retaining natural lighting while provide

shades to the interior.


3.2.3 Spatial Function & Purpose

3.2.3 (a) Spatial Usage

As indicated in the ground floor plan (left) and the typical floor plan (right) shows the

spatial area which are designed according to each individual purpose and function. The

spatial area is designed larger for public area as compared to a private area to cater mass

amount of occupants.


Spatial functions are also being emphasized throughout the entire tower of the

building. As indicated in the cross section of the building, the size of floor area decreases as

it ascends to the floors above. These are indirectly affected by the interior function and

purpose of the space.

3.2.3 (b) Person-container relationship

A more public space within the bank is designed with a double volume height, as to visually

make it more spacious.


Axonometric view identifying the different volumetric spaces as implemented onto the ground floor.

Single volume person-container relationship which indicates a more private space.

Double volume person-container relationship which indicates a more public space.


4.0 ARCHITECTURE STYLE ANALYSIS By: Tan Sheau Hui (0319235)

4.1 Influences of Modernism towards Both Buildings

During the post-colonial period when Malaysia gained independence, quite a

number of colonial architecture buildings founded by the British (mixture of Mughal and

British style incorporated in Sultan Abdul Samad Building during the colonial period) were

not favoured by local architects. On the contrary, the combination of both Islamic and Malay

culture elements appeared to be an ideal design with the aim to articulate national identity.

(Ho, Asst Prof Dr. Hasan, Dr. Noordin, 2005) Some of the local architects started making

effort to convey Malaysian identity into architecture by using structures and elements of

traditional buildings. These approaches influenced the architectural style and design of

Menara Maybank, including its massing, which are inspired by local elements.

Menara Maybank adopted several similarities in terms of architectural style

compared to the pure modern architecture in the west. Nineteenth-century architects

attempted to disguise its purpose, diminish its height and decrease its aesthetic presence,

creating early characteristics of International Style. On the other hand, the Daily News

Building in New York by architects Raymond Hood and John Mead Howells was among the

early western skyscrapers which Menara Maybank shared similar components with.

Menara Maybank (left) alongside New York Daily News Building (right).


4.2 Architectural Design of Building Massing

With Daily News Building and Menara Maybank being tall towers, planning was

critical as space wastage multiples with every floor. (McGillick, 2006) Initially the building

forms were planned as simple, rectilinear forms with absence of ornamentations to allow

maximum functionality and space efficiency.

Hood experimented the massing by cutting and adding sections to the building in the

schematic process resulted in zig-zag pattern of setback on its façade (Zay, 2009); while

Hijjas made possible almost all the tenanted areas column-free allowing 75 percent of

usable gross area and massing was shaped to ensure varied perspectives from different

angles, giving it a sculptural quality. (McGillick, 2006) Both architects portrayed their final

concept with utmost efficiency and dimensionality.

Exterior Menara Maybank (left) & Daily News Building (right)

4.3 Architectural Design of Façade

On the exterior, Daily News Building and Menara Maybank both applied vertical

stripped windows to emphasize verticality and provide ornamentations, of which Hood used

double-hung windows made of painted steel (Zay, 2009); Menara Maybank with vertical

glass mullions ingeniously crafted with zigzag transfer girders to repetitive themes which at

the same time perform as a structural role. (McGillick, 2006) These elements portray strong

influences in regards to modernistic building characteristics.


Verticality enhanced through the façade of both buildings which shows strong modernism spirit.

4.4 Local and Cultural Influences

Hijjas Kasturi deliberately developed design in relation to the form and images of the

past for Menara Maybank. Approaching the use of metaphor, the building form of Menara

Maybank was designed to resemble the image of a sheath of a Keris of Hang Tuah, the

traditional Malay dagger of the legendary Malay hero. Keris is a symbol of Malay heritage

and a myth of Malay uniqueness and magical power. (Wan, 2002) The double-edged tip of

the dagger was applied in Menara Maybank, made visible from many points around the city.

Building form inspired by Keris of Hang Tuah


Different elevations from different angles

The design of Menara Maybank was much influenced by the themes of traditional

local housing adapting to tropical climate. The high peaked roof of traditional Malay houses

was designed to provide shade and protection from heat and rain, as well as to provide

ventilation. (Lim, 2011) These housing were elevated on stilts and their walls were

incorporated with vertical detailing. (McGillick, 2006)

Roof design of the entrance

Theme adopted from Malay traditional housing.


5.0 ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS ANALYSIS By: Ong Euxuan (0319050)

5.1 Roof

5.1.1 Building Roof (Flat Roof, Slanted/Angled Roof)

Slanted roof of Menara Maybank as identified in the images above.

The Maybank Tower has a roof plan that consists of two overlapping squares which

interlocks one another at one of each corners. Each of the two blocks features a roof and a

lower base that slant at a direction opposite its other block, while the midsection stands in a

perpendicular angle. (Emerson, 2010)

Roof plan of Menara Maybank which indicates the 2 main squares overlapping each other.


Diagrams indicating the built form of roofing of Menara Maybank.

5.1.2 Front Entrance Roof

The front entrance provide climatic protection to the escalators that lead up to the

main foyer. The form of these roofs follow Malay vernacular forms. (Yat, 2013)

These gabled roof stack upon one another and its repetitive roofing has strong

aesthetic accents that represent our country’s architectural style.


Mentioned roofing as seen from elevation view and from the sketch of a plan view.

This roof used a lightweight material and were supported by steel trusses to allow

ventilation and sunlight, the entrance roofs of Menara Maybank were erected and

supported by sturdy posts by both sides, allowing pedestrians to walk through the middle.


These implementations are seen implied onto the canopy roofing (left) and roofing leading to the main entrance.


5.2 Comparative Case Studies (Roofing)

The Daily News Building has a flat roof deck, which was uncommon for skyscrapers

during that era. The building started a trend for flat roof, and it was then copied by several

other skyscrapers built after it. (“New York Attractions”).

Its razed roof concept adopted by the architect of the building, Richard Hood has

produced many ‘sub-roofs’ on different directions of the building. The floor plans of the

floors vary, with roof decks on certain floors.

5.2.1 Roof Comparisons:

The Daily News Building and Menara Maybank have several similarities in terms of their

form and roofs.

Both buildings were roofed on the sides of the building: Menara Maybank has a sloped roof

base, while The Daily News Building has a short flat roof. Both have a wide base, to

accommodate press and customers.

The Daily News Building was one of the first in modern architecture to have a flat roof, and

Menara Maybank had adopted the same element to add an extended flat roof over the

combined sloping roofs for a helipad.


5.3Façade

5.3.1 Fenestration

The four sides of the building have vertical strips of dark glass. (Damien, 1999). Strip

windows are used widely during modernism. (Ford, 2003). Rows of neatly aligned metal

framed windows of equal height and spacing are used. The windows are narrow, and are

separated by pillars that restricts the view on each side.


Diagonal transfer girders can be seen one third and two thirds up the building, and

are designed with zig-zag motif as a structural solution, that coincidentally recalls the

frequent triangular motif of batik. The Maybank Tower is located near low-rise buildings,

thus, these elements help to reduce the visual bulk of the tower. (Damien, 1999).


5.4 Comparative Case Studies (Façade)

The façade of the Daily News Building in New York is made up of modern

architectural style, with a hint of Art Deco style. The long columns of windows is one of the

most important elements defining the tower, giving it its verticality. (Landmarks

Preservation Commission, 1981).

5.4.1 Front Entrance Comparisons:

Both buildings are of modern style, but the front entrance of the Maybank Tower

has a distinctive Malay vernacular style, while the Daily News Building has an Art Deco style.


5.4.2 Fenestration Comparisons:

The façade of both the Maybank Tower and the Daily News Building are

characterized by their bold verticality and repetitive vertical strip windows. Both built in the

modernism period of each country, they both own a flat, bare façade. (Fletcher, 2009.)

The window stripes the Daily News Building are decorated with ornamented

spandrels. It also emphasizes on their irregularly placed masses of wall. It has a zig-zag

pattern of setbacks and massing, making its all four sides different with different number of


storeys. Menara Maybank has diagonal transfer girders with zig-zag motif that are frequent

triangular motif of batik. (Damien, 1999).

5.5 Doors and Windows

5.5.1 Doors

5.5.1.1 Entry points

Most of the entrances of the Maybank Tower are made up of clear glass that allows

people and visitors to be able to look into the building. The sliding doors used for most of

the entrances are linear sliding doors. The sliding door located at the main entrance are

automatic, sensor-operated sliding doors. They are located at areas with high traffic (main

entrance).


Other less-frequently used entrances (back entrance), use glass swing doors. These doors

are sturdy and strong with thick black frames, located at low-traffic areas.


5.5.1.2 Balai Seni

Swing doors are installed for the entrance into Balai Seni. The doors are of four

wooden panels, with geometric motifs. The two doors in the middle swings open inwards to

both sides.


5.5.2 Windows

5.5.2.1 Exterior Windows

Maybank Tower features narrow, vertical strips of strip windows on the outside,

with narrow windows, and these windows are separated by pillars between them.

The building has a slanted base, giving the first few floors of the building slanted

walls and windows. From the inside, the slanted windows form a beautiful geometry with

the floors inside.


5.5.2.2 Interior Windows: Offices

Horizontal, ribbon windows are also used on the interior of the Maybank Tower.

Ribbon windows are commonly seen in modern buildings. Menara Maybank is one of

Malaysia’s earliest building that adopted modernism. These windows are placed by the

offices of the building to allow great lighting while still maintaining privacy of these office

rooms.


5.6 Staircases

5.6.1 Exterior (Double-stepped staircase)

The staircase used outside are wide with different heights of steps. These staircase

are designed to double as seating. High riser steps are used, and are incorporated into

traditional staircase to one side of the thoroughfare, allowing convenient climbing of stairs.


5.6.2 Interior

Aspects like the intensity of usage and location for staircase constructions are

believed to be taken into account when the types of staircase are being designed. The form

and location of these staircase have a direct impact on convenience and functional usage of

the staircase.

In the main banking hall, straight staircases with intermediate landing was used. The

staircase lead up to a second floor, and comes down from another identical staircase from

across the hall.

The second floor that these staircases in Menara Maybank led to is a low-ceiling

floor. These straight stairs are only feasible only in low ceiling floors due to its limit in height

of flight. Despite its high comfortability, these straight flights takes up a lot of space during

construction.


A curved, large radius spiral staircase that resembles a P shape.

This staircase is located beside a disabled access elevator.

This area has a low traffic and is not convenient for frequent use, generally unfit for fast

climbing. Located at such a confined area, it is believed to have been built for easy access in

a limited space.


6.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Group component

6.1 Roofs

6.1.1 Menara Maybank: Front Entrance Roof

The roofs used are gable roofs, and they are being supported by steel trusses that are

composed of ball-and-socket joints. Unlike vernacular Malay houses, these roofs are mainly

made up of zinc cladding for its roof, and steel for its structural post.

Its form and structural details are somewhat similar to the vernacular Malay roofs. Both

supported by strong posts on both sides.

Steel trusses are used. These are complex space frame trusses, supported using the

ball-and-socket joints. These trusses are used without the need for internal load bearing

support. They can also be used as design elements or artistic accents.

These trusses, along with the tiered gable triangular roofs then supported their

weight onto steel posts on both sides of the walkway.


These trusses are known as space trusses. They are 3D trusses with a form.

Connected with ball-and-socket joints, these trusses used to support the entrance roof were

obtained by adding steel bars to existing joints and joining all members to a point.

These space trusses contribute to load carrying capacity and are also believed to be

prefabricated, can be easily transported and assembled on site.


These space trusses have a regular grid pattern which contrasts with the color of the

dark brown cladding.

The load is then distributed evenly onto the steel posts that are located at both sides

of the roof. Glass panels were lined at the sides to accommodate pedestrian space in

between that leads right up to the foyer entrance of the building.


6.1.2 Menara Maybank: Roof

The roof was structured using steel frame and reinforced concreted. The sloped

roofs are casted along with the walls and slabs to form its structure. This concrete is

embedded with steel reinforcement bars to strengthen the structure.


6.1.3 Case Study: Daily News Building, New York City

The roof plan of The Daily News Building shows the topmost rooftop, as well as the

other sub roof decks. In red, the exposed roofs (rooftop and roof decks) are shown.


Unlike Menara Maybank, The Daily News Building in NYC was built out of a steel

structure. Most of the façade was built and enhanced aesthetically with the usage of sturdy

spandrels that helped support the structure.

The roof structure was believed to have been built out of steel as well, by connecting

a steel girder to the column of the structure. Reinforced concrete was then poured onto the

steel roof structure on top of the steel beams and girders. Concrete tiles are then added for

aesthetic purposes.

The columns for the front of building, were joint with the girders for the top of the

building with end plate connections.


6.2 Superstructure

6.2.1 Construction Technology - Menara Maybank

Superstructure that are included in the building technology implemented onto

Menara Maybank are perimeter columns incorporated with spandrel (a), horizontal

structural transfer girders (b) and also tube in tube technology (c).

6.2.1 (a) Perimeter Columns

The perimeter column concept is based on the idea that a building can be designed

to resist lateral loads by designing it as a hollow cantilever perpendicular to the ground. In

the simplest incarnation of the tube, the perimeter of the exterior consists of closely spaced

columns that are tied together with deep spandrel beams through moment connections.

This assembly of columns and beams forms a rigid frame that amounts to a dense and

strong structural wall along the exterior of the building. (Wikipedia, 2015)


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandrel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever

A close up portion of the perimeter columns in detail.

A close up installation of a portion of the perimeter columns along with slab flooring.


(a)

Detailed drawing indicating the installation of (a) which shows the joineries.

The perimeter columns are different as it is only installed internally which in this case

suspended onto the vertical core. The external portion I further reinforce using vertical

support structure.

Detailed drawing indicating the installation of perimeter columns onto the vertical core and supported by the outer vertical structure as a whole.


This framing is designed sufficiently strong to resist lateral load, thereby allowing the

interior of the building to be simply framed for gravity loads. Interior columns are

comparatively few and located at the core. The distance between the exterior and the core

frames is spanned with beams or trusses and intentionally left column-free. This maximizes

the effectiveness of the perimeter tube by transferring some of the gravity loads within the

structure to it and increases its ability to resist overturning due to lateral loads. (Wikipedia,

2015)

6.2.1 (b) Horizontal Structural Transfer Girders

A transfer girder is a beam which carries a heavy load, typically a column. It is used

to transfer the load of a column above to two separate columns below. This is often needed

in cases where different or larger column spacing is needed (Quora, 2014).

The 2 floors (horizontal girders) housing structural and mechanical works allow wind

to seep through partially, reducing wind load.

6.2.1 (c) Tube in Tube Construction

This technology is also known as hull and core, these structures have a core tube

inside the structure, holding the elevator and other services, and another tube around the

exterior. The majority of the gravity and lateral loads are normally taken by the outer tube

because of its greater strength. (Wikipedia, 2015)


The slip-formed core shows the usage of tube in tube technology in the sense that

the slant walls, forming the exterior tube lean against the interior tube which houses the

vertical central lift core.

Overall construction technology


6.2.2 Construction Technology - New York Daily News Building

The main superstructure construction technology that are included in this particular

building are curtain walls fabricated onto the facade (a), columns cover over spandrel

system (b) and also lateral bracing of masonry to spandrel beams system (c).

6.2.2 (a) Curtain Walls

A curtain wall is the façade element that forms the weather barrier for the building

without supporting the structure. It can have many different aesthetical appearances, but

typically has narrowly spaced vertical and horizontal mullions with glass, stone, metal, or

composite panels. When designed properly, it is beautiful and highly functional in keeping

the elements exteriorly and the temperate environment interiorly.

Implemented during the mid-1930s, new technology such as metal and glass curtain

wall paneling system became the norm in public building in the US. Different types of

curtain wall include the stick system, unit panel system, unit mullion system, column cover

and spandrel systems, and point-loaded structural glazing systems. (Buildings.com, 2015)

The significance of the curtain walls implemented onto this particular building are glass with

insulated glazing, interior air-conditioning, and insulation technology which helped solve the

heating and cooling issues interiorly that accompanied large areas of vision glass.


6.2.2 (b) Column Cover and Spandrel System

The Daily News Building implements the column cover and spandrel system as its

main structural and support system which emphasizes the structural module of the building.

The few main components included in this system are column covers, spandrel panels and

glazing units. The mode of assembly are mostly on-site installation.

A close up view of the column over spandrel system as seen from the façade of the mentioned building.


6.2.2 (c) Lateral Bracing of Masonry to Spandrel Beams

Isometric detail of the mentioned technology.

The walls of Daily News Building are typically supported at each floor line and at the

roof line, whereby if the walls are independent of the steel structure and are designed to

span vertically masonry must be anchored to the spandrel beam.

This mean of construction technology also emphasizes wind load acting on the

masonry wall. Joint reinforcement bonds the brick Wythe to the concrete masonry Wythe,

which creates a positive bond. Wind loads are transferred from the brick Wythe to the

concrete masonry Wythe and through the anchor to the steel beam. This connection

laterally braces the masonry wall to the spandrel beam. Anchorage to the steel columns is

not required for this type of design. (Masonry Construction, 2007)


Plan and sectional details of the mentioned construction technology extracted from the case study building.

6.3 Building Materials - Menara Maybank

The main materials implemented in Menara Maybank are steel and concrete (a)

mainly for structural support, glass for mullioned windows (b) which fabricates the façade

and stone or masonry (c) .


6.3.1 (a) Steel and Concrete

The main building materials used for structural support were steel and concrete both

interior and exteriorly. Reinforced concrete has high compressive strength, long service life

with low maintenance cost which can be casted to take the shape required; making it widely

used in structural components in most modern buildings. (Advantages and Disadvantages of

Reinforced Concrete, 2014) Steel framings are easy to install and is cost effective, durable

and corrosion resistance.(CSB, 2010) Concrete was applied in exterior flooring, walls and

vehicles pathways while steel are also used for fences and gates apart from structural

support.

6.3.1 (c) Stone & Masonry

Stone and masonry walls (left) and floorings (right) implemented throughout Menara Maybank’s interior.

The interior walls are fabricated with travertine tiles which are visually appealing,

easily installed, (Crystalrlombardo, 2015) while cooling the interior. Marble has a smoother


surface compared to unmanufactured travertine thus is suitable for flooring which is easily

cleaned.

6.3.1 (b) Glass

Glass panels implemented onto the façade of Menara Maybank.

The inter-layer lamination consists of a resin that provides substantial strength

against brittle fractures of the glass plates. (Gaetz, 2012) For a skyscraper, applying glass

materials on the exterior allow natural lightings to enter the interior thus creating

spaciousness, forming a reflective stunning external view.

6.3.2 Materials used for interior

Focusing on the interior of Menara Maybank, asbestos sheets are used for ceilings

interiorly. It is fire resistant with good thermal insulation which are suitable for the tropics

despite its durability and cost.

Materials for staircases varied in the buildings depending on the usage and

placement; some were marble tiles similar to the floorings with aluminium railing while

several other stairs were mild steel flooring covered with rubber sheet.


Marble tiles furnished stairs (left); mild steel furnished stairs (right).

6.3.3 Materials used for parking bays

Outdoor and basement parking bays are paved with tiles and mosaics which requires

low maintenance and hence allowing the design of the floorings’ design to be assorted.

Executive parking bays cladded with patterned mosaic in front of the drop off zone.

Parking bays for motorcycles are paved with concrete floorings with painted metal

railing installation for safety measure purposes.


6.3.4 Paint

The color composition in modern architecture are often characterized in a simplistic

manner. Almost all of the surfaces of Menara Maybank are coated in white paint. Modern

architects considered white as refined taste, as the approach during the period only focused

mainly on functionality with minimal ornamentation.

6.4.1 New York Daily News Building, United States of America, Building Materials

The main materials implemented in the New York Daily News Building, US are steel

(a) mainly for structural support as well and masonry (b) mainly for aesthetics and solidity.

Besides, masonry are the norm of modernistic building in the US back in those days

6.4.1 (a) Steel

Example of image using steel and building’s main structural support.

From the exterior, steel framing were used for structural support, similar to Menara

Maybank. Steel framing forms the main skeletal structure of the building as mentioned in


6.2.2 (b). Steel framing are implemented also with the reason being that steel are sturdy

and tough being structural reinforcement which can withstand great tensile strength and

load bearing.

6.4.1 (b) Masonry

Types of masonry implemented onto the façade and interior furnishing of the mentioned building, granite stones and faced bricks.

The components of façade of the Daily News Building was made using granite blocks

(Robins, 1989) as it is easily available and strong. Other usage could be found on the main

entrance on the north front, where a three-story high, five-bay-wide polished granite block

with a large inscription at the top was placed.

The western front too has a large polished granite slab as it showed an antique

appearance which was suitable for decorating the entrance of a tall building while most of

the exterior are composed with tall slender bands of white brick alternating with window

bays in which the windows are separated by patterned panels of reddish-brown black brick.


7.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this report has provided a vivid insight to us in terms of the principle,

ideas and contributing factors of Modern Architecture in the Klang Valley, particularly in

relation to our building of choice, Menara Maybank. Through on-site experience and

extensive research, our understanding of the influence of Modernism towards the buildings

in Malaysia has deepened substantially.

Various learning outcomes have also been successfully achieved through the process

of preparing this report, including allowing us to be able to document architectural heritage

in the form of writings, descriptive diagrams and photography. Through the effort of all the

members in our team, a cohesive portrayal of information is achieved with the use of clear

and concise methods stated previously.

Last but not least, we have learned to appreciate the beauty of architecture and how

Modernism has set a new course in redefining the skyline of our beloved country. Having

the chance to document one of the key buildings which has become the stepping stone to

how Malaysian architecture is today has truly been an experience worth recording.


REFERENCE LIST - Asian Architecture Info,. (2015). Menara Maybank, Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved 12 November 2015, from

http://www.asianarchitecture.info/Building/189/Menara-Maybank.php - Batumalai, K., profile, V., & Batumalai, K. (2009). Mystical Temples of Malaysia: Sri Ganesar Court Hill Temple,

Pudu (Kuala Lumpur). Mysticaltemplesofmalaysia.blogspot.in. Retrieved 12 November 2015, from http://mysticaltemplesofmalaysia.blogspot.in/2009/01/sri-ganesar-court-hill-temple-pudu.html

- Book.readyotels.com,. (2015). The Marque Hotel | Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved 12 November 2015, from

http://book.readyotels.com/id-487247.html - Confucian.edu.my,. (2015). 尊孔校史. Retrieved 12 November 2015, from

http://confucian.edu.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=63 - Ganapati.perso.neuf.fr,. (2015). temples, abodes of Ganesh, hindu god, worldwide. Retrieved 12 November

2015, from http://ganapati.perso.neuf.fr/anglais/tslesganesheng.html - Kijewski-Correa, T. (2015). Retrieved 12 November 2015, from

http://www3.nd.edu/~tkijewsk/written_record.pdf - Malaysia-traveller.com,. (2015). Telekom Museum, Kuala Lumpur - Muzium Telekom. Retrieved 12 November

2015, from http://www.malaysia-traveller.com/telekom-museum.html - Muziumtelekom.com.my,. (2015). Telekom Museum Malaysia. Retrieved 12 November 2015, from

http://www.muziumtelekom.com.my/index.html - Mydin.com.my,. (2015). About Mydin - Mydin. Retrieved 12 November 2015, from

http://www.mydin.com.my/mydin/about-mydin - Segi.edu.my,. (2015). SEGi College Kuala Lumpur | SEGi University Group. Retrieved 12 November 2015, from

http://www.segi.edu.my/en/campus/segi-college-kuala-lumpur - Wikipedia,. (2015). Chinese independent high school. Retrieved 12 November 2015, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_independent_high_school - Wikipedia,. (2015). Kris. Retrieved 12 November 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris - Wikipedia,. (2015). Maybank Tower (Kuala Lumpur). Retrieved 12 November 2015, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybank_Tower_(Kuala_Lumpur) - Wikipedia,. (2015). Pudu Sentral. Retrieved 12 November 2015, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudu_Sentral - Wonderfulmalaysia.com,. (2015). Pudu Sentral (Puduraya) central bus station in Kuala Lumpur | Wonderful

Malaysia. Retrieved 12 November 2015, from http://www.wonderfulmalaysia.com/puduraya-central-bus-station-kuala-lumpur.htm

- Worldweatheronline.com,. (2015). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Weather Averages | Monthly Average High and

Low Temperature | Average Precipitation and Rainfall days | World Weather Online. Retrieved 12 November 2015, from http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Kuala-Lumpur-weather-averages/Kuala-Lumpur/MY.aspx

- Buildings.com,. (2015). Curtainwall: Not Just Another Pretty Façade. Retrieved 13 November 2015, from


http://www.wonderfulmalaysia.com/puduraya-central-bus-station-kuala-lumpur.htm

http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Kuala-Lumpur-weather-averages/Kuala-Lumpur/MY.aspx

http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Kuala-Lumpur-weather-averages/Kuala-Lumpur/MY.aspx

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudu_Sentral

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybank_Tower_(Kuala_Lumpur)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_independent_high_school

http://www.segi.edu.my/en/campus/segi-college-kuala-lumpur

http://www.mydin.com.my/mydin/about-mydin

http://www.muziumtelekom.com.my/index.html

http://www.malaysia-traveller.com/telekom-museum.html

http://www3.nd.edu/~tkijewsk/written_record.pdf

http://ganapati.perso.neuf.fr/anglais/tslesganesheng.html

http://confucian.edu.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=63

http://book.readyotels.com/id-487247.html

http://mysticaltemplesofmalaysia.blogspot.in/2009/01/sri-ganesar-court-hill-temple-pudu.html

http://www.asianarchitecture.info/Building/189/Menara-Maybank.php

http://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/3433/title/curtainwall-not-just-another-pretty-fa%C3%A7ade.aspx

- Commons.wikimedia.org,. (2015). Category:Daily News Building - Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 13 November 2015, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Daily_News_Building

- Docomomo-us.org,. (2015). Daily News Building | docomomo united states. Retrieved 13 November 2015, from http://www.docomomo-us.org/register/fiche/daily_news_building

- M. Ali, M., & Sun Moon, K. (2015). Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Retrieved 13 November 2015, from http://sydney.edu.au/architecture/documents/publications/ASR/Structural%20Developments%20in%20Tall%20Buildings.pdf

- MasonryConstruction,. (2007). Lateral Bracing of Masonry to Spandrel Beams. Retrieved 13 November 2015, from http://www.masonryconstruction.com/brick/lateral-bracing-of-masonry-to-spandrel-beams.aspx

- Mishra, G. (2012). High Rise Structures. The Constructor. Retrieved 13 November 2015, from http://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/high-rise-structures/5/

- Skyscraper.org,. (2015). The Daily News Building. Retrieved 13 November 2015, from http://www.skyscraper.org/EXHIBITIONS/FAVORITES/fav_dailynews.htm

- 6 MAJOR PROS AND CONS OF TRAVERTINE FLOORING. (2015, March 13). Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://nlcatp.org/6-major-pros-and-cons-of-travertine-flooring/

- 10 Advantages of Metal Ceiling Tiles Over Traditional Materials. (2015). Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://www.doityourself.com/stry/10-advantages-of-metal-ceiling-tiles-over-traditional-materials#b

- Advantages and Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete. (2014, November 1). Retrieved November 13, 2015, from http://surfcivil.blogspot.my/2014/11/advantages-and-disadvantages-of.html

- Advantages of Glass in Modern Architecture. (2012, April 30). Retrieved November 13, 2015, from http://www.thegreenbook.com/advantages-of-glass-in-modern-architecture.htm

- ASBESTOS: FRIEND OR FOE? (2013, October 17). Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://safeandsoundpropertyinspections.com.au/asbestos-friend-foe/

- Color composition features in modern architecture. (2012). Color Research & Application, 37(2), 126-133. Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/col.20657/abstract

- Gaetz, I. (2012, March 3). What material is used for the glass in a skyscraper? Retrieved November 13, 2015, from https://www.quora.com/What-material-is-used-for-the-glass-in-a-skyscraper

- High Rise Structures. (2015, November 5). Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/high-rise-structures/5/

- New York Architecture. Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID014.htm

- Top 5 Advantages of Steel Frame Buildings. (2010, September 23). Retrieved November 12, 2015, from https://capitalsteelbuildings.wordpress.com/2010/09/23/top-5-advantages-of-steel-frame-buildings/

- WHY CONCRETE PARKING LOTS MAKE SENSE. (2015). Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete-parking-lots/why-use-concrete.html


http://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete-parking-lots/why-use-concrete.html

https://capitalsteelbuildings.wordpress.com/2010/09/23/top-5-advantages-of-steel-frame-buildings/

http://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID014.htm

http://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/high-rise-structures/5/

https://www.quora.com/What-material-is-used-for-the-glass-in-a-skyscraper

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/col.20657/abstract

http://safeandsoundpropertyinspections.com.au/asbestos-friend-foe/

http://www.thegreenbook.com/advantages-of-glass-in-modern-architecture.htm

http://surfcivil.blogspot.my/2014/11/advantages-and-disadvantages-of.html

http://www.doityourself.com/stry/10-advantages-of-metal-ceiling-tiles-over-traditional-materials#b

http://nlcatp.org/6-major-pros-and-cons-of-travertine-flooring/

http://www.skyscraper.org/EXHIBITIONS/FAVORITES/fav_dailynews.htm

http://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/high-rise-structures/5/

http://www.masonryconstruction.com/brick/lateral-bracing-of-masonry-to-spandrel-beams.aspx

http://www.masonryconstruction.com/brick/lateral-bracing-of-masonry-to-spandrel-beams.aspx

http://sydney.edu.au/architecture/documents/publications/ASR/Structural%20Developments%20in%20Tall%20Buildings.pdf

http://sydney.edu.au/architecture/documents/publications/ASR/Structural%20Developments%20in%20Tall%20Buildings.pdf

http://www.docomomo-us.org/register/fiche/daily_news_building

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Daily_News_Building



- Zay, B. (2011, October 14). Daily News Building. Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://www.docomomo-us.org/register/fiche/daily_news_building

- 230f2. (1999). Retrieved November 11, 2015, from http://reach-for-the-sky.50megs.com/230f2.htm

- Menara Maybank. (n.d.). Retrieved November 11, 2015, from http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/menara_maybank

- King, R. (2008). Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya: Negotiating urban space in Malaysia. Honolulu: Asian Studies Association of Australia in association with University of Hawaii Press.

- Daily News Building, New York City. (n.d.). Retrieved November 11, 2015, from http://www.aviewoncities.com/nyc/dailynewsbuilding.htm

- Bzay. (2011, October 14). Daily News Building. Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://www.docomomo-us.org/register/fiche/daily_news_building

- Pelli, C. (1982). Skyscrapers. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

- Sahabhudi, F. (2012, October 18). Firrbudi aka Lensahijau: The Establishment of 'Air House' Standard in Tropical Countries : Part 2. Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://lensahijau.blogspot.my/2012/10/the-establishment-of-air-house-standard.html

- Simple connections. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2015, from http://www.steelconstruction.info/Simple_connections

- Davison, B. (2012). Steel designers' manual (7th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

- Bzay. (2011, October 14). Daily News Building. Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://www.docomomo-us.org/register/fiche/daily_news_building

- 230f2. (1999). Retrieved November 11, 2015, from http://reach-for-the-sky.50megs.com/230f2.htm

- Daily News Building, New York City. (n.d.). Retrieved November 11, 2015, from http://www.aviewoncities.com/nyc/dailynewsbuilding.htm

- Korom, J. (2008). The American Skyscraper, 1850-1940: A Celebration of Height (p. 399). Wellesley, Massachusetts: Branden Books.

- Dyesol.com,. (2015). Retrieved 16 November 2015, from http://www.dyesol.com/media/wysiwyg/Posts/2014/4/highrise_glass_building_with_sky_an.jpg

- Img.archiexpo.com,. (2015). Retrieved 16 November 2015, from http://img.archiexpo.com/images_ae/photo-g/89366-3593857.jpg

- Img.sc.chinaz.com,. (2015). Retrieved 16 November 2015, from http://img.sc.chinaz.com/upload/2014/11/18/2014111809203025.jpg

- Intmarble.com,. (2015). Retrieved 16 November 2015, from http://www.intmarble.com/images/products/Crema_Marfil_Marble_tile.jpg

- Mailbricks.com,. (2015). Retrieved 16 November 2015, from http://mailbricks.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/bricks.jpg

- Oldenewenglandgranite.com,. (2015). Retrieved 16 November 2015, from


http://mailbricks.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/bricks.jpg

http://www.intmarble.com/images/products/Crema_Marfil_Marble_tile.jpg

http://img.sc.chinaz.com/upload/2014/11/18/2014111809203025.jpg

http://img.archiexpo.com/images_ae/photo-g/89366-3593857.jpg

http://www.dyesol.com/media/wysiwyg/Posts/2014/4/highrise_glass_building_with_sky_an.jpg

http://www.aviewoncities.com/nyc/dailynewsbuilding.htm

http://reach-for-the-sky.50megs.com/230f2.htm


http://www.steelconstruction.info/Simple_connections

http://lensahijau.blogspot.my/2012/10/the-establishment-of-air-house-standard.html


http://www.aviewoncities.com/nyc/dailynewsbuilding.htm

http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/menara_maybank

http://reach-for-the-sky.50megs.com/230f2.htm


http://oldenewenglandgranite.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/GraniteBlocks3.jpg


http://oldenewenglandgranite.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/GraniteBlocks3.jpg

Culture and History II: Menara Maybank Report

Design

Transcript of Culture and History II: Menara Maybank Report