CultureCultureThe way of life of a group of people The way of life of a group of people who share beliefs and similar who share beliefs and similar customscustoms

2 Kinds of culture:2 Kinds of culture:

Material culture – things people make; Material culture – things people make; food, clothing, art, architecture, food, clothing, art, architecture, technologytechnology

Nonmaterial culture – things that are Nonmaterial culture – things that are necessary for society, but not objects necessary for society, but not objects – religion, language, government – religion, language, government systems, patterns of behavior, systems, patterns of behavior, education systems & attitudes about education systems & attitudes about the roles of men & womenthe roles of men & women

Cultural DiffusionCultural Diffusion

Spreading of knowledge, skills, and ideas Spreading of knowledge, skills, and ideas from one group or individual to another. from one group or individual to another. Examples: trade, migration, warExamples: trade, migration, war

Cultural ConvergenceCultural Convergence

Occurs when skills, arts, ideas, habits, Occurs when skills, arts, ideas, habits, and institutions of one culture come in and institutions of one culture come in contact with those of another culture. contact with those of another culture.

Things blendThings blend

Cultural DivergenceCultural Divergence When there are restrictions on a culture When there are restrictions on a culture

from outside influences.from outside influences. Repressive governments often restrictRepressive governments often restrict

Movement into and out of the countryMovement into and out of the country Transportation & communication (radio Transportation & communication (radio

transmissions, newspapers, internet, etc.) into a transmissions, newspapers, internet, etc.) into a countrycountry

Culture HearthsCulture Hearths

Where civilizations began and spread.Where civilizations began and spread. Mesopotamia – between the Tigris and Mesopotamia – between the Tigris and

Euphrates Rivers, IraqEuphrates Rivers, Iraq Nile River Valley – along Nile River, EgyptNile River Valley – along Nile River, Egypt Indus River Valley – along Indus River, Indus River Valley – along Indus River,

PakistanPakistan Shang – along the Yellow River, ChinaShang – along the Yellow River, ChinaAlso – Ganges (India) and Mesoamerica Also – Ganges (India) and Mesoamerica

(Mexico) a little later.(Mexico) a little later.

Social GroupsSocial Groups A group that works together to meet the A group that works together to meet the

basic needs (food, water, and shelter) of basic needs (food, water, and shelter) of a society.a society.

The most important social group is the The most important social group is the family.family.

Major elements of cultureMajor elements of culture

Language is #1 unifying forceLanguage is #1 unifying force GovernmentGovernment EconomicsEconomics Social groups Social groups

Language FamiliesLanguage Families Diverse languages with similar roots.Diverse languages with similar roots. We share the same language family – We share the same language family –

Indo European as Germany, Mexico, and Indo European as Germany, Mexico, and most of India.most of India.

See map page 81See map page 81

AcculturationAcculturation Adapting some traits from other cultures Adapting some traits from other cultures

into your own cultureinto your own culture

Ethnic GroupsEthnic Groups People who share a common language, People who share a common language,

history, and place of origin (or a history, and place of origin (or a combination of these traits)combination of these traits)

5 major religions – 5 major religions – sometimes called 5 “Great” sometimes called 5 “Great” religions.religions.

BuddhismBuddhism ChristianityChristianity HinduismHinduism IslamIslam JudaismJudaism

World ReligionsWorld Religions See map on page 82See map on page 82

EthnocentrismEthnocentrism Belief in the Belief in the

superiority of one’s superiority of one’s own ethnic group.own ethnic group.

When taken to When taken to extreme – can be extreme – can be racism.racism.

MigrationMigration Movement of people from place to placeMovement of people from place to place

Push FactorsPush Factors Factors that would promote migration AWAY Factors that would promote migration AWAY

from an area (famine, war, poverty)from an area (famine, war, poverty)

Pull FactorsPull Factors Factors that would promote migration TO Factors that would promote migration TO

an area (jobs, better schools, family)an area (jobs, better schools, family)

Population DistributionPopulation Distribution Pattern of human settlement – where do Pattern of human settlement – where do

people actually livepeople actually live Main factor in distribution is geographyMain factor in distribution is geography Population DENSITY does not take into Population DENSITY does not take into

consideration uneven settlement consideration uneven settlement patterns.patterns.

Culture RegionCulture Region An area that includes many different cultures that An area that includes many different cultures that

have certain traits in common (economic systems, have certain traits in common (economic systems, religion, government systems, and social groups)religion, government systems, and social groups)

See map on page 83 for our text. We will use:See map on page 83 for our text. We will use: US & CanadaUS & Canada Europe & RussiaEurope & Russia Latin AmericaLatin America Southwest Asia & North AfricaSouthwest Asia & North Africa Africa South of the SaharaAfrica South of the Sahara South AsiaSouth Asia East and Southeast AsiaEast and Southeast Asia OceaniaOceania

CivilizationCivilization Highly organized, city-based society with Highly organized, city-based society with

and advanced knowledge of farming, and advanced knowledge of farming, trade, government, art, and science.trade, government, art, and science.

Agricultural / Neolithic Agricultural / Neolithic RevolutionRevolution

10,000 years ago, humans began 10,000 years ago, humans began growing crops on permanent settlements.growing crops on permanent settlements.

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Late 1700s AD – industrialization and Late 1700s AD – industrialization and

mass production. Factories and mass production. Factories and machines replaced agriculture.machines replaced agriculture.

Started in Britain because of availability Started in Britain because of availability of iron ore, coal, and workersof iron ore, coal, and workers

Information RevolutionInformation Revolution End of the 1900s (20End of the 1900s (20thth Century) Century) Computers began to make it possible to Computers began to make it possible to

store huge amounts of information and store huge amounts of information and send it instantly around the worldsend it instantly around the world

Computers aided humans in jobsComputers aided humans in jobs

DemographicsDemographics Study of human population statisticsStudy of human population statistics

ZPG – Zero Population ZPG – Zero Population GrowthGrowth

When birth rates and death rates are When birth rates and death rates are equal.equal.

This is the goal of developed nations.This is the goal of developed nations.

Doubling TimeDoubling Time The amount of time it will take for a The amount of time it will take for a

population to double in sizepopulation to double in size At current rate – the world will have 12 At current rate – the world will have 12

billion by 2050billion by 2050