Cultural Identity Dr. W. Terrell Jones Vice Provost for Educational Equity The Pennsylvania State...
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Transcript of Cultural Identity Dr. W. Terrell Jones Vice Provost for Educational Equity The Pennsylvania State...
Cultural Identity
Dr. W. Terrell JonesVice Provost for Educational EquityThe Pennsylvania State University
www.equity.psu.edu
Six Observations
1. All of us have multiple identities, some of which we may identify with more than others.
2. We often experience contradictory urges or needs for a sense of belonging or "fitting in" as well as a feeling of uniqueness or specialness.
3. Some differences or identities exact a higher and/or different price for the bearer in a particular societal, historical, or situational context.
Six Observations continued
4. Some individuals have a choice of becoming recognized as members of a particular identity or choosing to remain anonymous.
5. Individual identities are always changing and developing.
6. The development of an individual identity does not preclude the development of shared goals and purpose.
Summary of Some Characteristics of White Racial Identity Ego Statuses
Adapted from J.E. Helms, 1992
Types of Ego Status
General Description Behavioral-Cognitive Dimensions
Contact Naiveté, obliviousness to sociopolitical implications to race
Has difficulty consciously thinking of self as White; claims to be color-blind and thinks it a positive attribute
Disintegration Disorientation and confusion
First conscious acknowledgement of the value of being White; awareness of racial moral dilemmas is salient
Summary of Some Characteristics of White Racial Identity Ego Statuses
Adapted from J.E. Helms, 1992
Type of Ego Status
General Description Behavioral-Cognitive Dimensions
Reintegration Endorsement of White superiority and supremacy is guiding theme
Displaced anger and hostility toward people of color is in the forefront; identity is maintained by increasing White privilege
Adapted from J.E. Helms, 1992
Type of Ego Status
General Description Behavioral-Cognitive Dimensions
Pseudo-independence
Intellectualized acknowledgement of implications of racial-group membership; feels responsible for “helping” the less fortunate groups become more like Whites
Attempts to resolve racial tensions by feeling guilty; believes that racism is not personally relevant if one has a friend of color; contends that racism is engaged in only bad Whites
Summary of Some Characteristics of White Racial Identity Ego Statuses
Summary of Some Characteristics of White Racial Identity Ego Statuses
Adapted from J.E. Helms, 1992
Type of Ego Status
General Description Behavioral-Cognitive Dimensions
A search to define and abandon personal racism and to define a nonracist White identity
Attempts to help Whites understand their role in perpetuating racism; tries to build a network of nonracist Whites
Autonomy Racial humanism; internally defined nonracist identity; valuing of racial diversity
Seeks opportunities to increase the diversity in his or her life; does not force White culture on others
Immersion and emersion
Five Functions of Identity
1. Buffering Function Refers to those actions that allow for psychological protection and self-defense against everyday encounters with racism
Serves as a shield against unavoidable or unsuspected racist encounters
Can also be applied or used in ways that block or limit opportunities for development and growth
Five Functions of Identity
2. Bonding FunctionRelates to the degree to which a person derives meaning and support from affiliation with or attachment to people of one’s race and one’s culture
Five Functions of Identity
3. Bridging FunctionRefers to abilities associated with being comfortable moving back and forth between one’s own culture and that of another
A person with this function can experience high levels of comfort and joy with opportunities to learn about other cultures and in sharing with and educating others
Five Functions of Identity
4. Code-switching FunctionAn ability to temporarily accommodate to norms and regulations of a group, organization, school, or workplace
A natural defense for situations where other groups express uneasiness with different norms and values
Five Functions of Identity
5. Individualism FunctionAn expression of one’s uniqueness
One’s individual personality allows one to act in a race-neutral fashion in accord with individual norms, likes, and dislikes
Racial/Ethnic Identity Development Models and StatusesFrom Cross, 1971, Atkinson, Morten, and Sue,
1989, 1990, and Helms, 1992
Negro-to-Black
Minority Identity
Development
Composite Description
Pre-encounter Conformity Minimization of membership or denigration of one’s own as well as other visible racial and ethnic groups*; idealization of Whites and White culture
Encounter Dissonance Disorientation and confusion regarding own-group and majority-group affiliation and appreciation
* Refers collectively to Asian, Black, Native, and Hispanic Americans of color
Racial/Ethnic Identity Development Models and StatusesFrom Cross, 1971, Atkinson, Morten, and Sue,
1989, 1990, and Helms, 1992
Negro-to-Black
Minority Identity
Development
Composite Description
Immersion and emersion
Resistance and immersion
Idealization of one’s own visible racial and ethnic group* and physical and psychological withdrawal into one’s own group; rejection and denigration of “Whiteness”
Introspection Search for more rational group self-definition and more balanced intergroup relations
* Refers collectively to Asian, Black, Native, and Hispanic Americans of color
Racial/Ethnic Identity Development Models and StatusesFrom Cross, 1971, Atkinson, Morten, and Sue,
1989, 1990, and Helms, 1992
Negro-to-Black
Minority Identity
Development
Composite Description
Internalization Integrative Awareness
Positive sense of visible racial and ethnic group* self, capacity to value and respect other racial and ethnic groups
Internalization and commitment
Recognition of shared oppressions with broad range of societal groups and the will to promote change
* Refers collectively to Asian, Black, Native, and Hispanic Americans of color
Cultural Identity
Dr. W. Terrell JonesVice Provost for Educational EquityThe Pennsylvania State University
www.equity.psu.edu