Cultural Diplomacy Dictionary

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The Institute for Cultural Diplomacy

© 2013

Cultural Diplomacy

DICTIONARY

Edited by

Dr. Kishore Chakraborty

“The Cultural Diplomacy Diconary is aimed at introducing governmental &

diplomac ocials, academics & scholars, young professionals & students,arsts, civil society & private sector representaves, to contemporary and

evolving concepts of cultural diplomacy.”

of The Academy for Cultural Diplomacy

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The ICD Dictionary on Cultural Diplomacy

“The Cultural Diplomacy Diconary is aimed at introducing governmental & diplomac ocials,

academics & scholars, young professionals & students, arsts, civil society & private sector

representaves, to contemporary and evolving concepts of cultural diplomacy.”

The Cultural Diplomacy Diconary items have been gathered from a diverse range of literature,

including English, American, French, Spanish, Chinese and German. The essenal idea was to

compile a list of terms that do not already possess a precise denion, and describe them in a way

that is more relevant to global polics today.

This Cultural Diplomacy Diconary also contains references to inuenal people and organizaons

that have made signicant contribuons to cultural diplomacy and related elds, including Cultural

Studies, Internaonal Relaons, Sociology and Anthropology.

Scope & Limitaons

One of the major challenges faced when researching terms was nding accurate and consistent

informaon. Many of the websites, although inially appearing to be reliable, contain informaon

that was either inaccurate or out of date. This led to some inaccuracies in the inial dras. Some

of the very specic or more basic terms also lacked informaon, which is one of the reasons why

some denions are shorter than the rest.

A further challenge was trying to write denions from an enrely neutral perspecve, since

several terms were oen associated with posive or negave connotaons. Moreover, in an

aempt to provide readers with up-to-date denions of terms and concepts referring to

current issues, developments, and events, we encountered the challenge of researching on-goingacademic debates. The analysis and synthesis of dierent perspecves and approaches on very

complex issues oen led to elds of knowledge not directly relevant, but highly interconnected

with social sciences and cultural studies, highlighng the mulfaceted nature of global systems

and structures.

In order to overcome the above-menoned limitaons, steps were taken to ensure that informaon

was collected from at least 2-3 reliable sources. The denions have been wrien as concisely as

possible and examples have also been provided in relevant cases. Where certain concepts are

linked to various elds of study, they have only been dened in light of their relevance to culture,

development, and internaonal polics.

Introduction

The Cultural Diplomacy Diconary is edited by Dr. Kishore Chakraborty (Director of Research, The

Center for Cultural Diplomacy Studies) who also provided guidance and support for the project. A

dedicated team from the ICD Academy consisng of Danielle May, Davide Rastelli, Elsa Crowther,

Giovanni Tonu, Jakub Cywin’ski, and Vicky Ramsden, under the supervision of Umamah Basit

& Kae Dickmeyer that has been responsible for the entries, the research and t he wring for the

individual entries. Elvira González-Valles has been responsible for the Book Design.

The project has also had help from Ambassador Karl-Erik Norman (Professor at the Center for Cul-

tural Diplomacy Studies) Ana-Maria Bell, Eunyoung Kang and Olli Suominen (M.A. students at the

Center for Cultural Diplomacy Studies). The diconary is aimed at introducing students, academics,

and civil society representaves to contemporary and evolving concepts of cultural diplomacy.

The Diconary is a project conceived by Riman Vilnius, one of the founders of the Instute for Cul-

tural Diplomacy (ICD). This current document is the result of his connuing enthusiasm and interest

in seeing such a diconary to publicaon.

Acknowledgments

Cultural Diplomacy DictionaryEdited by Dr. Kishore Chakraborty


Te Institute for Cultural Diplomacy 2013 www.academy-for-cultural-diplomacy.org Te Institute for Cultural Diplomacy 2013 www.academy-for-cultural-diplomacy.org

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The ICD Dictionary on Cultural Diplomacy The ICD Dictionary on Cultural DiplomacyIndex RIndex

AAcculturation

Acoustic barrier

Adenauer, Konrad (January 5, 1876 - April

19, 1967)

Adorno, Teodor (September 11, 1903 -

August 6, 1969)

Affirmative Action

Air Pollution

Airport ax

All-Under-Heaven

Alliance Francaise (French Alliance)

Alterity

Alternative Dispute Resolution

Americans or the Arts

Amerika Haus (America House)

Anarchism

Anderson, Benedict (August 26, 1936 -)

Anholt, Simon

Annales School (Te Annales School)

Annan, Kofi (April 8, 1938 -)

Anthropology

Anti-Semitism

ApartheidAquiers

Arab Spring

Arendt, Johanna “Hannah” (1906-1975)

Arndt, Richard

Arts

Assimilation

Austerity

BBalance o Power

Baltic Cooperation

Barenboim, Daniel (November 15, 1942 -)

Beijing Consensus

Berger, Peter (March 17, 1929 -)

Bilateralism

Biodiversity

Biotic

Black Arts Movement (BAM)

Black Power

Blue Plan (or Plan Bleu)

Bourdieu, Pierre (August 1, 1930 - January

23, 2002)

Brandt Report

Brandt, Willi (December 18, 1913 - October

8, 1992)

Braudel, Fernand (August 24, 1902 -

November 27, 1985)

Brezhnev, Leonid (December 19, 1906 -

November 10, 1982)

BRICS

British Council

Bureaucracy Buzan, Barry (April 28, 1946 -)

CCanada Council (Te Canada Council or the

Arts)

Cap and rade

Capacity Building

Capital – Cultural

Capital – Intangible

Capital – Social

Index Carbon Footprint

Carrying Capacity

Carrying Capacity (ourism Sites)

Center-Periphery Relations

Cervantes Institute (Spanish Cultural Institute)

Chechnya

Citizen Diplomacy

Civil Rights Movement

Civil Society

Civilian Power

Clash o Civilizations

Climate Change

Coase, Ronald (October 29, 1910 -)

Cold Peace

Cold War

Collective Action

Colonialism

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural

Rights (CESCR)

Common Pool Resource (CPR)

Commons (Te Commons)

Communal Conflict

Complex Interdependence Teory

Conucius (551-479 BC)

Conucius Institute

Constantinescu, Emil (November 19, 1939- )

ConstructivismConsumer Culture

Copenhagen School (Intl. Relations)

Copyright

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

Corrupting Sea (Te Corrupting Sea

Counter Culture

Creative Class

Creative Ecology

Creative Economy

Creative Industries

Creative Industry Mapping

Critical Race Teory (CR)

Culinary Diplomacy

Cultural Anthropology

Cultural Assets

Cultural Citizenship

Cultural Clusters

Cultural Convergence

Cultural Democracy

Cultural Democratization

Cultural Dimensions

Cultural Diplomacy

Cultural Diplomacy under the Ottoman Empire

Cultural Domain

Cultural Expansionism

Cultural Hegemony

Cultural Heritage

Cultural Imperialism

Cultural Invention

Cultural Liberty

Cultural Materialism

Cultural Occupations

Cultural Pluralism

Cultural Policy

Cultural Relativism

Cultural Reproduction

Cultural Revolution (China)Cultural Studies

Cultural ourism

Cultural ranser (or Cultural ransmission)

Cultural Universalism

Culture

Culture as Social Reconstruction

Culture Cycle

Culture Gap

Culture Industry



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The ICD Dictionary on Cultural DiplomacyR RIndex Index

German Book rade

German Book rade Peace Prize

Giddens, Anthony (January 8, 1938)

Gienow-Hecht, Jessica (1964 -)

Glasnost

Gleichschaltung

Global Culture

Global Village

Global Warming

Globalization

Glocalization

Goethe-Institut

Gorbachev, Mikhail (March 2, 1931-)

Great Depression

Green

Green Economy

Green Energy

Green Strategies

Greenhouse Effect

Greenhouse Emissions

Greenwashing

Gross Domestic Product

Gross Value Added

HHabitat

Habitus

Hardin, GarrettHarrison, Lawrence. E

Hegemony

Heritage Site

High Culture

Historical Linguistics

Hostede, Geert (October 2, 1928- )

Holocaust

Horkheimer, Max (February 14, 1895 - July

7, 1973)

Human Civilization

Human Development Index

Human Rights

Human Rights Diplomacy

Human Security

Humanitarian Intervention

Huntington, Samuel P. (April 18, 1927-

December 24, 2008)

Hutu

Hybridity

IIdentity as a Social Construction

Identity Politics

Indigenous & raditional Knowledge

Industrialization

Inormation & Communication echnology

(IC)

Inormation Revolution

Inotainment

Input-Output Analysis

Institut du Monde Arabe (Te Arab World

Institute)

Institute or Cultural Diplomacy (ICD)

Institute or Cultural Relations Policy (ICRP)

Instituto Camões

Intangible Cultural Heritage

Integrated Coastal Zone Management

IntegrationIntercultural or Cross-Cultural Communication

Intergovernmental Organization (IGO)

Internal Colonialism

International Criminal Court (ICC)

International English

International Institutions

International Labour Organization (ILO)

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

International Organization

International Political Economy (IPE)

DDante Alighieri Society

Darur

David-Fox, Michael

DCMS Model

de Beauvoir, Simone (1908-1986)

De Klerk, F.W. (March 18, 1936 -)

Deorestation

Department o Culture, Media and Sports

(DCMS), UK

Détente

Deutsche Akademische Austausch Dienst (DAAD)

Deutsche Kultur International (German Culture

International)

Dialogos

Diaspora Diplomacy

Digital Diplomacy

Diplomacy

Documentation o Intangible Cultural

Heritage

Doha Development Round

Donried, Mark (1978 -)

Dragomans

EEco-commerce

Ecology

Ecosystem

Effluent

Emissions

End o History

Enlai, Zhou (March 5, 1898 – January 8, 1976)

Enlightenment

Environmental Degradation

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Environmentally Protected Areas

Erasmus Programme (European Community

Action Scheme or the Mobility o University

Sudents)

Ethnocentrism

Euro-Mediterranean Agreement

Euro-Mediterranean Countries

Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (or Barcelona

Process)

European Capitals o Culture

European Commission

European Cultural Parliament

European Parliament

European Union

Europeanization

Evidence-Based Policy

Experience Economy

Extinction

Extraterritoriality

FFeminism

First World

Florida, Richard (1957-)

Food Culture

Food Security

Foreign Affairs

Foundation or Art and Preservation in

Embassies (FAPE)Frames

Frankurt Book Fair

Free rade

Friedan, Betty (1921-2006)

Fukuyama, Francis (1952 -)

GGaltung, Johan (October 24, 1930 - )

Gastrodiplomacy

Genocide




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New School o Cultural Diplomacy

Niche ourism

Nixon, Richard (January 9, 1913 - April 22,

1994)

Nobel Peace Prize

Non-Aggression Pact

Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Nordpolitik

Norms

North Atlantic reaty Organization (NAO)

North, Douglass (May 11, 1920- )

Nuclear Prolieration

Nuremberg rials

Nye, Joseph

OObama, Barack (August 4, 1961- )

Olympic Games

One-World Culture

Organization or Economic Co-operation

and Development (OECD)

Orientalism

Oslo Peace Accords

Ostpolitik

Ostrom, Elinor (August 7, 1933- June 12,

2012)

Otherness

Ottoman Empire

PPatent

Peace and Conflict Studies

Peacebuilding

Peaceul Coexistence

Peacekeeping

Peacemaking

Peer-to-Peer Diplomacy

Perestroika

Polemology

Pollution Abatement

Popular Culture

Positive Peace

Post-Colonial Studies

Post-Colonialism

Post-Industrialism

Postmodernism

Power Distance

Power Politics

Power Relations

Power - Collaborative Power

Power - Hard Power

Power - Hegemonic

Power - Smart Power

Power - Sof Power

Power - Virtuous Power

Propaganda

Psychological Warare

Public Diplomacy

Pussy Riot

Putin, Vladimir (October 7, 1952 -)

QQuotas

R

RapprochementReagan, Ronald (February 6, 1911 – June 5,

2004)

Realism

Red Crescent

Red Cross

Regionalism

Religious Fundamentalism

Rome Convention

Rome Statute

Rwanda

International Relations

International Security

International Standard Industrial Classification

Intiada

Irenology

Iron Curtain

Islamophobia

JJapan Foundation

Jazz Ambassadors

Jihad

KKeohane, Robert (October 3, 1941 -)

Kirsch, Philippe (April 1, 1947-)

Kissinger, Henry (May 27, 1923-)

Knowledge Economy

Kristallnacht

LLand Cover

Land Erosion

Landry, Charles (1948-)

Leipzig Book Fair

Leitkultur (Core Culture)

Levant

Lévi-Strauss, Claude (November 28, 1908 - October 30, 2009)

Lingua Franca

Littoral

Lisbon reaty

Low Culture

Luckmann, Tomas (October 14, 1927 -)

MMadame Bensouda (January 31, 1961-)

Malta Conerence

Mandela, Nelson (July 18, 1918 -)

Mansel, Philip (1951-)

Marine Pollution

Marine Reserve

Market Fundamentalism

Marshall Plan

Marx, Karl (May 5, 1818 - March 14, 1883)

Marxist Teory

Mass Media

Mass ourism

Master Kong (551 BC-479 BC)

Mearsheimer, John (December 1947 -)

Mediation in Conflict Resolution

Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP)

Melting Pot

Microenterprise

Migration (Human)

Millennium Development Goals, Te (MDG)

Milosevich, Slobodan (August 20, 1941 -

March 11, 2006)

Modernization Teory

Monnet, Jean (1888-1979)

Moreno Ocampo, Luis (June 4, 1952 -)

Multiculturalism

Multilateralism

Multiplier Coefficients

Multipliers (Economic)

MultipolarizationMutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

NNation Branding

National Parks

National Security

Nationalism

Negative peace

Neorealism (International Relations)

Networks




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Russiche Haus (Russia House)

SSaid, Edward (November 1, 1935- September

25, 2003)

Sanctions

Schein, Edgar (March 5, 1928 -)

Schneider, Cynthia P. (August 1, 1953- )

Second World

Secularism

Security DilemmaSen, Amartya (November 3, 1993- )

Shuttle Diplomacy

Sierra Leone

Silk Road

Social Constructivism

Social Media

Social Networks

Social Perception

Socialism

Socio-demographics

Sociology o Culture

Soil Degradation

Son o Heaven

Sovereignty

Sowell, Tomas (June 30, 1930-)

Spillover Effects

Spivak, Gayatri C. (February 24, 1942 -)

Strategic Culture

Strategic Environmental Assessment

Strodtbeck and Kluckhohn Framework

Structural Analysis

Subaltern

Subaltern Studies

Subsector Analysis

Sudan

Suffrage

Supranationalism

Sustainability

Sustainability Indicators

Sustainable ourism

acit Understanding versus Explicit

Understanding

ao or Dao

echnocracy

Tailand’s Cuisine Diplomacy

Te HagueTe Social Construction o Reality

Tird World

ingyang, Zhao

okyo rials

oynbee, Arnold J. (14 April 1889 – 22

October 1975)

ragedy o the Commons

ransaction Cost Economics

ransculturation

ransnationalism

utsi

utu, Desmond (October 7, 1931 -)

UUnited Nations Conerence on rade and

Development (U NCAD)

United Nations Development Program

(UNDP)

United Nations Environmental Program

(UNEP)

UNESCO Universal Declaration o Cultural

Diversity

UNESCO World Heritage Site

US Foreign Policy

VValue Chain Analysis

Values

Venetian Cultural Diplomacy

Vertical Integration

Vienna Convention

VOKS

WWaltz, Kenneth (June 8, 1924 - )

War Crimes

Warsaw Pact

Washington ConsensusWater Catchment Area

Water Pollution

Water Secur ity

Weber, Max (April 21, 1864 – June 14, 1920)

Weltanschauung (World vie w)

Wendt, Alexander (1958 - )

West-Centrism

West-Eastern Divan Orchestra

Wiesenthal, Simon (1908-2005)

WikiLeaks

Williamson, Oliver (September 27, 1932 -)

World Bank

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

World Oral Literature Project

World Society Perspective

World-Systems Teor y

World rade Organizati on (WO)

X Xenophobia

Xiaoping, Deng (August 22, 1904 - February 19, 1997)

YYalta Conerence

Yellow Peril

ZZapatista Movement

Zedong, Mao (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976)




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The ICD Dictionary on Cultural Diplomacy A

Airport ax: A duty levied on passengers or

passing through an airport and is included inthe air ticket are. Te amount o tax depends

on a number o actors including the popularityo the airport, the size o the aircraf, and

whether it is an international or domesticflight. Airport taxes represent the main

opposing actor to urther decreases in airlineticket prices. Airport taxes are deemed to be

one o the ways o reducing the environmentalcarbon ootprint, greenhouse-based warming

and the environmental degradation attendantto increased tourism, particularly to scenic and

heritage sites.

All-Under-Heaven: All-Under-Heavenis a Chinese Conucian term that originated

approximately three thousand years ago butis still largely unknown in the Western world.

Te concept originated rom the Zhou leadersin China, especially the Duke o Zhou, and

embodies some major political ideas. Teseinclude the belie that a successul solution to

the problems o world politics should revolvearound a universally-accepted system instead

o the use o orce, and that such a system is justified p olitically i it consists o a political

institution that benefits the people o all

nations. Tis universal system should producethe greatest possible level o common well-being and create harmony between all nations

and cultures.

Alliance Francaise (French Alliance): Establishedin 1883, with headquarters in Paris, Alliance

Francaise is an international organization aimedat promoting the French language and culture

in numerous countries around the world.Trough acilitating cultural and linguistic

exchanges, the Institute plays a significant role

in ostering mutual dialogue, and enhancingthe understanding o French/Francophone

perspectives globally.

Alterity: A philosophical term meaning“otherness”. In anthropological and sociological

studies, alterity has come to be used to describethe inevitable process through which divisions

are created in society, when particular people

are excluded on the basis o class, ethnic,religious and individual differences.

Alternative Dispute Resolution: Alternativedispute resolution (ADR) is the act o settling

a matter between two parties without theinvolvement o a third legal party. Tis can

be achieved by various methods o disputeresolution techniques, usually mediation,

negotiation, arbitration and collaborativelaw. ADR has become increasingly popular in

recent years, partly due to the rising litigationcases overloading judicial systems, and many

courts now require some orm o ADR to beundertaken beore a case can be brought beore

a magistrate.

Americans or the Arts: A not- or-profitorganization ocused on cultivating, promoting

and sustaining the arts in the United States.Te Americans or the Arts has served

local communities or over 15 years andremains dedicated to creating opportunities

or Americans to participate in all ormso the arts. Te organization also partners

with a number o local and national artsorganizations, government agencies, business

leaders and individual philanthropists acrossthe country to try and generate meaningul

policies in the creative industry sector. It haspublished several comprehensive studies o the

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Acculturation: Te process o understandingand coming to terms with changes in one’s socio-cultural environment, by making adjustmentsto one’s cultural identity. Acculturation is alsoassociated with intercultural sensitivity, whichallows someone to unction in a bi-culturalcapacity by adopting values rom a second

culture, while retaining one’s own culturalidentity.

Acoustic barrier: An acoustic barrier, alsosound barrier or sound wall, is an exteriorbarrier set up to protect inhabitants wholive in sensitive areas rom noise pollution.Acoustic barriers are most effective when usedto mitigate noise rom roadway, railway orindustrial sources and are ofen used aroundmotorways or industrial estates.

Adenauer, Konrad (January 5, 1876 - April 19,

1967): German politician and the first post-war Chancellor o Germany (West Germany)rom 1949-1963. During his time as Chancellor,Germany went through a post-war transition toachieve prosperity, democracy, stability. He wasalso the first leader o the Christian DemocraticUnion, still one o the most important politicalparties in Germany today. Under the rule oAdenauer, Germany managed to slowly rebuildits position within Europe and the world.

Adorno, Teodor (September 11, 1903

- August 6, 1969): German philosopher,sociologist and musicologist, leading membero the “Frankurt School” o social research,amous or his critique o society which finds itsroots in the works o Marx, Hegel and Freud. Inhis major writings, Dialectic o Enlightenment(1947), Minima Moralia (1951) and NegativeDialectics (1966), he strongly criticizes ascism

and the culture industry. Afer a period o exile

coinciding with the Second World War, Adornoreturned to Germany where he contributed

to the reconstitution o post-war Germanintellectual lie. Along with Max Horkheimer,

he wrote a very influential critique o theculture industry.

Affirmative Action: Reers to policies which

avour people rom different areas o societyin order to increase representation, taking

actors such as race, religion, gender and sexualorientation into account in order to increase

the presence o such groups in business,education and other areas. Affirmative action

policies usually rely on quotas, designating thata certain percentage o participants in business,

government or educational establishmentsmust be o a certain race, gender, etc.

Affirmative action is a controversial practice,with opponents arguing that it devalues the

accomplishments o “minorities”. Some viewaffirmative action as reverse discrimination.

Others see this as a way o preserving minoritycultures.

Air Pollution: Air pollution is the introduction

into the atmosphere o substances in the orm

o particles, gases, etc. that are harmul to theenvironment, humans or other living creatures.Major pollutants introduced by humans into

the environment are sulphur oxides, nitrogenoxides and carbon monoxide. Many policies

have been introduced by governments to limitthe damage air pollution is causing in our

societies. However, one o the major pollutantsis the industrial sector, which is unwilling to

limit its environmental impact as it could havenegative economic results.




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The ICD Dictionary on Cultural Diplomacy The ICD Dictionary on Cultural Diplomacy A A

US cultural industries and their contribution tothe economy. Te President and CEO is RobertL. Lynch.

Amerika Haus (America House): Aninstitution developed immediately aferthe end o the Second World War, with theundamental objective o strengthening theGerman-American relationship. Amerika Haus

is based in Berlin, and serves as a platormor intercultural exchange and transatlanticdialogue, by providing local citizensopportunities to learn more about Americanculture, history, and politics. Over the last ewyears, the institute has hosted various lectures,discussions, and cultural events organizedby the Institute or Cultural Diplomacy, incollaboration with different actors o civilsociety.

Anarchism: A political and social philosophythat sees the state as undesirable, oppressive,and unnecessary. Anarchism is centered onthe belie that no man has the power or rightto control the action o another; anarchists,thereore, reject all orms o coercive controland authority and claim that societies shouldbe based on voluntary cooperation and reeassociation o all members. Tose who oppose

this theory argue that an absence o law wouldautomatically lead to chaos and disorder; inother words, some orm o government isnecessary in order to maintain an egalitarianand civil society. French politician and socialist,Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, was the first person tolabel himsel an “anarchist”. He developed thistheory in his book What is Property? (1840),in which he argued that ownership o land bygovernment and society was a orm o thef,and that workers continue to possess a right oproperly even afer receiving remuneration ortheir labour.

Anderson, Benedict (August 26, 1936

-) : Proessor Emeritus o Internationa lStudies, at Cornell University, and head oits Indonesian program. Proessor Andersonis best known or his extensive writings onnationalism, in particular his book, ImaginedCommunities, which was first published in1983. In this book, he argues that our ideas onational boundaries are elastic and based on

various perceptions o political community.Furthermore, Anderson claims that a nationis a socially constructed community, imaginedby the people who perceive themselves as parto that group.

Anholt, Simon: British independent policycounselor involved in advising governments onhow to apply and develop strategies or improvingthe economy, political institutions, and culturalrelations with other countries. Strategies withinhis interest include national identity andreputation, tourism, security, oreign directinvestment, sustainability, talent attraction,public diplomacy, economic competitiveness,cultural relations, regional integration, exportpromotion, and international events. Anholt isknown or his efforts in shaping the image andreputation o countries. He is usually calledthe “ounder”, “champion” and “instigator” oNation Branding.

Annales School (Te Annales School): Agroup o French historians gravitating aroundthe journal Annales d’histoire économique etsociale and associated with the socioeconomicocus o French historiography in the firsthal o the 20th Century. Te School wasounded by Lucien Febvre and Marc Bloch andsubsequently led by prominent figures such asFernand Braudel. Te Annales School ocuseson pre-modern history and emphasizes socialand economic themes rather than diplomatic

and political ones, viewing actual events asless undamental than t he mental rameworksthat shaped decisions and practices. It has hada great impact on the practice and analysis ohistory, providing a more geographical andpopular accent to history.

Annan, Kofi (April 8, 1938 -): Diplomat romGhana and the seventh Secretary-General othe United Nations (1st o January 1997-31stDecember 2006). While in this position he,alongside the United Nations, received the2001 Nobel Peace Prize or the ounding o theGlobal AIDS and Health Fund which aimedto support developing countries to providesuccessul health care. Annan also acted as theUN Arab League Joint Special Representativeor Syria (23rd February-31st August 2012),which tried to find a resolution to the civilconflict there. However, he resigned his postdue to rustrations about the lack o progress.Annan has also won countless awards andhonours, rom institutions and states aroundthe world.

Anthropology: Te multidisciplinary study othe nature o man, ocusing on the comparison ocross-cultural differences and human behavior.Anthropologists place particular emphasis onparticipant observation and surveying, in order

to collect and compare a wide range o researchdata. Cultural anthropology, which is one othe largest branches o anthropology, is thestudy o cultural variations and the impact osocioeconomic actors on cultures, comparingregional cultural practices with universalhuman nature.

Anti-Semitism: Te term anti-Semitism,originating rom German journalist WilhelmMarr in 1879, describes a prejudice againstand/or a hatred o Jews. Anti-Semitism is

commonly maniested through pogroms whichcan be described as violent riots against Jewishproperty and ofen the Jewish populationitsel. Pogroms have requently been promotedby governments, as was the case during theNazi regime in Germany. An example o apogrom during the Nazi regime in Germanyis ‘Kristallnacht’, a series o coordinated attacksagainst Jews that took place throughoutGermany and Austria on the night o 8November 1938.

Apartheid: Apartheid is an Arikaans wordmeaning ‘the state o being apart’. Te term ismainly used in reerence to the apartheid inSouth Arica, where racial segregation laws wereused to promote white supremacy and the powero the white minority by suppressing the rightso the majority black South Arican population.Apartheid in South Arica officially began in1948 and lasted until 1994, during which timeblack South Aricans suffered widespread abuserom the white Arikaans government andpolice orces and were stripped o many o theirrights, including their citizenship, property andpolitical representation rights. Nelson Mandelawas the renowned Arican reedom fighterand leader o the Arican National Congress(ANC), the rebel group that was instrumentalin overthrowing the apartheid government in

the country.

Aquiers: Aquiers are undergroundlayers o water-bearing permeable rock orunconsolidated materials holding groundwaterthat can be extracted using a water well. Mostland areas on Earth have some orm o aquier,however, these sources o resh water are rapidlybeing depleted by the human population,causing serious problems, especially in coastalareas, where the wells are replenished by saltwater afer reaching a certain level o depletion.




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Arab Spring: Te spontaneous revolutionaryuprisings across the Arab World, propagatedby a number o different actors includingauthoritarianism, political corruption, humanrights violations, inflation, and sectarianism.Te pro-democracy/anti-dictatorial movementoriginated in unisia in 2010, and spread toother countries including Egypt, Libya andSyria. Protests and demonstrations have also

occurred in Jordan, Algeria, Lebanon, Oman,and Iraq. Syria has been one o the mostaffected countries o the Middle East, with aull scale civil war between two actions – theSyrian Opposition Forces and the presidinggovernment o President Assad and theSyrian Army. Even in those countries wheregovernments have been overthrown i.e. Egypt,Libya, and unisia, political chaos and civilunrest continues.

Arendt, Johanna “Hannah” (1906-

1975): German-American political theorist.Although she rejected the label, she is alsothought o as a philosopher in some circles.She taught at several universities and herwork is centered on anti-Semitism, reedom,democracy and the totalitarian state and mind.While covering the Adol Eichmann trial inIsrael she used the phrase “the banality o crime”to describe the criminality o Eichmann and hisilk and this phrase has now passed into commoncurrency as a description o totalitarian horrors.Te Origins o otalitarianism (1951) and TeHuman Condition (1958) are two o her mostamous books.

Arndt, Richard: A renowned Americancultural diplomat, currently residing inWashington D.C. Arndt took up culturaldiplomacy in 1961, and worked or the USInormation Agency (USIA) or 24 years beoreretiring in 1985. Upon retirement, he served

as Diplomat in Residence at the University o

Virginia, and later taught at George WashingtonUniversity. Arndt has served on boards o

many different organizations including theNational Peace Foundation (NPF), Americans

or the Universality o UNESCO (AUU), theFulbright Association (FA), the Council o

International Programs, and the InternationalSociety or Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Interchange (ISECSI).

Arts: In the context o Cultural Diplomacy, artcan be a medium through which intercultural

relations can be shaped. Art can provide a wayby which cultural heritage and identity can

be experienced and interpreted and can alsoprovide a unique space or artists, audiences

and other stakeholders in cultural managementto come together on a neutral platorm. Te

usage o art as a Cultural Diplomacy tool caninclude raising awareness o different cultures,

promoting social cohesion and strengthening

intercultural relations. Despite its importance,it is the subject o little research and is ofen

undervalued as a tool or Cultural Diplomacy.

Assimilation: In sociological and cultural

studies, assimilation describes the process

whereby a subordinate group or cultureorsakes its own customs, values and identity tobecome part o the dominant culture. France,

or instance, supports a model o assimilation

which is very similar to the American “meltingpot” theory. Immigrants are expected to

subscribe to the political values o Frenchsociety in order to become part o a harmonious

whole. Tis is very different to what you willfind in Britain, where different cultural groups

exist alongside each other and continue toretain their individual i dentities and customs.


The ICD Dictionary on Cultural Diplomacy A / B

Austerity: Austerity measures are policiesused by governments to reduce deficit intimes o economic hardship. Tese policiesare usually either tax increases or spendingcuts, or a combination o both. Tey tend tobe implemented afer economic crises suchas recessions when it is likely a governmentwill not be able to honor its debt repayments.Austerity measures are sometimes used as a

condition or an organization or country tolend a government acing financial difficultiesbail-out money. For example, the InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF) and the EU made it arequirement or Greece to impose austeritymeasures beore it loaned money to help itrecover. I austerity measures are too ocusedon short-term growth, they can in act sloweconomic growth and reduce employment.Tey can also lead to a decline in the standardo living, which occurred in Greece and led towidespread protests.

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Balance o Power: In international relationsand diplomacy studies, balance o powerdefines the equilibrium o power that preventsone nation or party rom dominating another.Te idea is that when weaker nations areconronted with a significant external threat,they seek to protect themselves by ormingalliances with stronger countries, or employother tactics to match the power o the otherside. According to the theory, national securityis increased when military capabilities aredistributed equally, so that no one party is ableto override the interests o another. Te termfirst came into use to define the European powerstructure and series o shifing alliances duringthe Napoleonic Wars up until the First World

War. Another example is the Cold War period,when the US and the Soviet Union establishedtheir own spheres o influence, and the nuclearthreat maintained a balance o power betweenthe two super powers.

Baltic Cooperation: Te governments o thethree Baltic states, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania,have in recent decades established ormal

systems o cooperation to acilitate economic,political and social cohesion in the region.In 1991, the Baltic Assembly was created topromote active cooperation among presidents,heads o government, oreign ministers andparliament speakers. All three Baltic countriesare also members o the Nordic-Baltic Eight,or NB8, which works to achieve parliamentarycooperation between the Baltic States and theNordic countries Iceland, Sweden, Norway,Finland and Denmark.

Barenboim, Daniel (November 15, 1942

-): Israeli-Argentine born pianist andconductor. Troughout his career he hasserved as the music director o several majorsymphonic and operatic orchestras and hasmade numerous recordings. He is the currentmusic director o the Berlin State Opera, theStaatskapelle Berlin, and La Scala in Milan.Barenboim is known or his work with the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra, which is an orchestramade up o young Israelis and Arab musicians.He is also a critic o the Israeli occupation oPalestinian territories. He has won numerousprestigious prizes or his work.

Beijing Consensus: An economic developmentramework that represents an alternative tothe Washington Consensus (see WashingtonConsensus). Te Beijing Consensus containsa mixture o state-capitalism and reemarket policies, and acts as a guideline or




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economic reorm or developing countries.Te ramework is mainly supported by Chinaand to some extent Singapore. In January2012, the British economist, John Williamson,described the Beijing Consensus as consistingo five elements, namely incremental reorm,innovation and experimentation, export-ledgrowth, state capitalism, and authoritarianism.

Berger, Peter (March 17, 1929 -): PeterLudwig Berger is an Austrian-born Americansociologist. His best known book, co-authored with Tomas Luckmann, Te SocialConstruction o Reality: A reatise in theSociology o Knowledge (New York, 1966),is considered one o the most influentialtexts in social constructivism – one o theschools International Relations theory – andwas named by the International SociologicalAssociation as the fifh most influential bookwritten in the field o sociology during the20th century. Berger has made many notablecontributions to the study o modernization,laying the oundation or the exploration o theinterplay between political ideology and socialcriticism and the importance o this connectionin understanding modern lie.

Bilateralism: Bilateralism is comprised o

relations between two sovereign states, andnormally reers to political, economic, orcultural ties. Other orms o relations betweenstates are unilateralism and multilateralism,which reers to the execution o diplomacy bya single state or multiple states, respectively.An example o a bilateral relationship is thato Australia and Canada, which share similargovernments and values and have oughtalongside each other on a number o occasionssince WWII as well as having strong trade andeconomic relations. In the same way, India and

Nepal have had a bilateral relationship sinceancient times, a riendly relationship that hasbeen consolidated by a number o treaties.

Biodiversity: Biodiversity describes the variation o lie orms within a given species,ecosystem, or planet. Te biodiversity o Earthtends to be highest near the equator as a result othe warm climate and high primary productivity

in these areas. Rainorests are an example o thisphenomenon. Te period since the emergenceo humans has displayed an ongoing reductionin biodiversity, called the Holocene extinction.At the same time, biodiversity affects humanhealth in a number o ways, and the destructiono the planet’s resources could lead to a negativetrend in human health.

Biotic: Te term biotic describes systemsconsisting o living organisms, or somethingthat is associated with or comes rom a livingorganism. As well as organisms, the wordbiotic covers aspects o a biotic communitysuch as predatory practices, competition andrelationships. Plants, animals, ungi, protistand bacteria are all example o biotic or livingactors.

Black Arts Movement (BAM): Te Black ArtsMovement (BAM) was the artistic branch othe Black Power movement, and was started inHarlem by writer and activist Amiri Baraka. TeBlack Arts Repertory Teatre is a key i nstitutiono the BAM. Tis can be considered one o themost important times in Arican-Americanliterature due to the act that it inspired blackpeople to establish their own publishing houses,magazines, journals and art institutions as wellas leading to the creation o Arican-Americanstudies programs within many universities andinfluenced the world o literature by portrayingdifferent ethnic voices. Te movement made

Arican-Americans become recognized in thearea o arts and literature, restoring diversity inthe arts world.

Black Power: Black Power is a politicalslogan derived rom the name given to variousanalogous ideologies aimed at attaining sel-determination or people o Arican descent.Te movement was especially prominent in

the late 1960s and early 1970s and emphasizedracial pride as well as the creation o blackpolitical and cultural institutions to promoteblack collective interests. Te Black Powermovement also produced and developedartistic and cultural products that embodiedand generated pride in “blackness” and helpedto define an Arican-American identity thatremains contemporary.

Blue Plan (or Plan Bleu): An environmentalregional cooperative ramework within theUnited Nations Environmental Programme’s(UNEP’s) Mediterranean Action Plan, betweenthe 21 states bordering on the Mediterraneanand the European Union. One o the main aimso this ramework is to provide inormationand knowledge about common environmentalrisks and sustainable development issues inthe area, so that inormed decisions can bemade to combat climate change and promoteenvironmentally sustainable policies in theregion.

Bourdieu, Pierre (August 1, 1930 - January

23, 2002): A prominent twentieth centuryFrench sociologist and anthropologist, whodeveloped the terminologies o social, cultural,and symbolic capital. Bourdieu’s main subjecto interest was power relations, and the impacto historical and social structures on worldviewconstruction and dialogue. He is best knownor his book, Distinction: A Social Critique

o the Judgment o aste (1984), in which heargues that our tastes are largely influenced bysocial dynamics including our social position.Bourdieu was a staunch critic o world politicsand the media.

Brandt Report: Te Brandt Report was writtenin 1980 by the Independent Commissionchaired by ormer German Chancellor Willy

Brandt to provide a deeper understanding ointernational development. Te main findingo the report was the conclusion that thereare drastic differences in standards o livingbetween countries in the Northern hemisphereand countries in the Southern hemisphere andthe recommendation that more goods andservices should be transerred rom developednations to developing ones to address thisimbalance. Te report led to the Brandt line,which is an imaginary line used to illustrate theNorth-South divide.

Brandt, Willi (December 18, 1913 - October

8, 1992): German statesman and politician,leader o the Social Democratic Party oGermany rom 1964 to 1987 and Chancellor oWestern Germany rom 1969 to 1974. Brandtwas awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971 orhis efforts towards achieving peace betweenWest Germany and East Germany, ofen called‘Ostpolitik’ which improved West Germany’srelations with East Germany, Poland and theSoviet Union.

Braudel, Fernand (August 24, 1902 -

November 27, 1985): French historian and aleader o the Annales School, which is regardedas the most influential institution o historicalresearch in France afer 1950. Braudel isone o the ew modern historians who hasconsistently emphasized the determiningrole o socio-economic actors in the making




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and shaping o history. His most renownedpublications include Te Mediterranean in theAge o Philip II (1972), and Civilization andCapitalism, 15th–18th Centuries (1979). Hewas instrumental in orienting history to takeinto account the impact o geography and anaccount o everyday lie, as opposed to onlybeing a record o important historical eventsand the lives o kings and political personages.

Brezhnev, Leonid (December 19, 1906 -

November 10, 1982): Te General Secretaryo the Central Committee o the CommunistParty o the Soviet Union, presiding over thecountry rom 1964 until his death. Te SovietUnion’s global influence grew dramaticallyduring the 18 years he was in power, but hisgrip on power has ofen been described as thecause or the era o economic stagnation thatbegan during his presidency, in which seriousproblems were overlooked, eventually leadingto the dissolution o the Soviet Union in 1991.

BRICS: Te term ‘BRICS’ reers to thedeveloping or newly industrialised countries oBrazil, Russia, India, China and South Arica.Particular emphasis is on these countries’ largeand rapidly growing economies, as well as theirincreasing influence on the global stage. Tesecountries presently represent about 3 billionpeople, almost hal o the world’s population.Te group was established in 2009 as BRICand South Arica was officially welcomed in2010. One o the main objectives o BRICS is topromote global economic stability and reormfinancial institutions.

British Council: Founded in 1943, the BritishCouncil ocuses on bringing British languageand culture abroad. Te institute is involvedin our main activities: teaching English,offering international education opportunities,

promoting dialogue through the arts, andsharing the overall British experience. TeBritish Council has over 75 years o experiencein cultural relations, and is one o the largestcultural and language institutions in the worldtoday, with centers in over 100 countries. In2005, the organization received the Prince oAsturias Award or outstanding achievementsin communications and the humanities. Tisaward was shared with five other nationalcultural agencies namely Alliance Francaise, theDante Alighieri Society, the Goethe-Institut, theInstituto Cervantes, and the Instituto Camões.

Bureaucracy: Te term bureaucracy comesrom the French word bureau, meaning desk oroffice, and reers to an unelected group withinan office or institution that implement thatinstitution’s rules, laws and ideas. It can alsoreer to an administration defined by extremeamounts o ‘red tape’ or strict and complexprocedures that need to be circumnavigated inorder to achieve anything and can sometimes bea hindrance to progress within the institution.

Buzan, Barry (April 28, 1946 -): BarryBuzan is associated with the CopenhagenSchool o Security Studies, which emphasizesthe social aspects o security. He has writtenmany books on the subject including People,

States & Fear: Te National Security Problemin International Relations (1983;1991) andSecurity: A New Framework or Analysis(1997) with Ole Waever and Jaap De Wilde.Buzan is also known or the development o theRegional Security Complex theory alongsideOle Waever – a concept that highlights theregional or geographic nature o securityconcerns. Buzan was also the director o theCopenhagen Peace Research Institute between

1988-2002.

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Canada Council (Te Canada Council or the

Arts): A Crown Corporation created in 1957,whose main priority is to promote the study,enjoyment, and production o art-based projectsin Canada. In addition to providing grants and

endowments, Te Council undertakes research,communication, and promotion activities to

support the work o celebrated artists and artsorganizations in the country.

Cap and rade: A market-based approachaimed at constraining the aggregate emissionso pollutant by creating a number o tradableemissions allowances. Tese allowances arethen allocated among firms and businesses,with the possibility or companies that keep

their emissions below the level allotted, tosell their surplus to the ones which require agreater level o pollution in their productionprocess. It is argued that this system o tradableemissions allowance represents an economic

incentive or companies to reduce their negativeenvironmental impact, as well as to developmore sustainable production technologies.

Capacity Building: Te strengthening o

skills, competencies and abilities o a country,which includes improving its institutional,resource, human, scientific, organizational,and technological capabilities. Te goal ocapacity building is to tackle problems related

to policy and methods o development, at theindividual, institutional, and societal levels.Capacity building requires sensitivity topotential limitations and the needs o a countryand its people. Te term capacity building canalso encompass the strategic development o

cultural skills in a country.

Capital – Cultural: Te concept o culturalcapital was articulated by Pierre Bourdieu in the1970s. Cultural capital reers to non-financialtangible and non-tangible assets o a countrythat help to promote economic stability andsocial cohesion. Cultural capital also influencespolitical decision-making.

Capital – Intangible: Te definition o

intangible capital has continued to evolve overthe years. In economics, the term is used todescribe the intangible assets and values thatare the key drivers o economic growth andcompetition. Te concept is closely related tothe idea o a “knowledge-based economy”,as intangible assets are ofen reerred to asintellectual capital i.e. the collective knowledgeor collective intelligence held by a society.

Capital – Social: Although the notion osocial capital was created by Pierre Bourdieu,the theory was largely promoted through theworks o the American political scientist RobertDavid Putnam. Social capital reers to the socialinstitutions, values, customs, interactions,and relationships that construct a ‘social unit’.When devising policies or economic andsocial development, decision-makers pay greatattention to this concept as it is believed thata society can only prosper through sustainablesocial cohesion; in other words, our social tiesorm a vital element o the social abric o ourcommunity.

Carbon Footprint: Te concept o the CarbonFootprint was developed as part o the ecologicalootprint discussion commenced by Rees andWackernagel in the 1990s and is the measureo the total sets o greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions caused by an organization, event,product or person. Greenhouse gas is usuallyproduced through transport, land clearance,




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and the production and consumption o ood,uels, manuactured goods, materials, wood,roads, building and services.

Carrying Capacity: Carrying capacity is aterm gaining prominence in the movementtoward environmental sustainability. It relatesto an understanding that the Earth has a limitedamount o resources and thus society must

recognize the productive capacity o differentregions in an effort to ensure that productiondoes not exceed environmentally sustainablelimits. It measures how many people a landmass can support and also how liestyle choicescan influence standards and levels o land-use.Factors such as diet, agriculture practices andenergy use all affect the carrying capacity levelso a given area.

Carrying Capacity (ourism Sites): “ourismCarrying Capacity” is defined by the Worldourism Organisation as “the maximumnumber o people that may visit a touristdestination at the same time, without causingdestruction o the physical, economic, socio-cultural environment and an unacceptabledecrease in the quality o visitors’ satisaction”.However, there are no studies which supportthis approach to visitor management, as in most

cases any number o visitors creates adverse ornegative impacts.

Center-Periphery Relations: Teory pioneeredby Norwegian sociologist, Johan Galtung.Te Center-Periphery model describes thestructural relationship between an advancedcapitalist/colonial power and surroundingcountries that are less developed. According tothis theory, resources are constantly transerredto the center in order to ensure that the coloniesare always at the same economic level.

Cervantes Institute (Spanish Cultural

Institute): A not-or-profit organizati on

established in 1991. Te Cervantes Institute’sultimate goal is to promote the Spanish

language and Spanish and Hispanic culturesin non-Spanish-speaking countries worldwide.

Te Institute has teaching centers in twentycountries today. Resources and services

are offered to students, teachers, young

proessionals, translators, travellers, and otherindividuals around the world who are interestedin learning Spanish as a second language. Te

headquarters o the Cervantes Institute is inBerlin.

Chechnya: Chechnya, ormally the Chechen

Republic, is a republic in south west Russia,bordering Georgia. Its capital is Grozny and

it has a population o just under 1,300,000people, with Islam being the dominant religion

in the area. Afer the dissolution o the SovietUnion in 1991, the newly established Chechen

Republic o Ichkeria ought or independencerom Russia in the First Chechen War o 1994-

1996. Te Russians were unable to gain effectivecontrol and a peace treaty was signed, giving

the Chechen Republic o Ichkeria de actoindependence. However in 1999, a Chechen

Islamist separatist group invaded the Russianrepublic o Dagestan, prompting a Russian

response leading to the Second ChechenWar. Tis time, Russia was successul and the

Ichkerian regime ell apart, allowing Russia toregain control over Chechnya. oday, Chechnya

is a reasonably stable ederal republic, althoughthere are still some active separatist actions.

Despite the state o relative peace, Chechnyahas been widely criticized or its record o

human rights abuses and corruption within thegovernment.

Citizen Diplomacy: Te phrase “citizendiplomacy” was first coined by Americandocumentary filmmaker, David Hoffman, in1981. It is based on the idea that average citizenshave the right or even the responsibility topromote their country in a positive light, as wellas contribute to the development o a cohesiveglobal community. Citizen diplomats caninclude students, teachers, artists, proessionals,

sportsmen, travellers, and volunteers. Teseindividuals engage in an unofficial capacity,and access indirect channels o influence toacilitate cross-cultural understanding andbuild bridges between peoples and societies.

Civil Rights Movement: Civil RightsMovement is the name given to a politicalmovement or equality beore the law. ManyCivil Rights cases consist o non-violentresistance, while some cases are accompaniedor ollowed by civil unrest or armed rebellion.An example o a Civil Rights Movement isthe Arican-American Civil rights Movementin the United States in the second hal othe 20th Century. It can be described as asocial movement that aimed to outlaw racialdiscrimination against black Americans. Someo the successes o the Aro-American Civil

Rights Movement include the Civil Rights Acto 1964 which banned racial discriminationin employment and public accommodationsituations and the Voting Rights Act o 1965,restoring and protecting black Americans’ voting rights.

Civil Society: An aggregate o many elementsincluding non-governmental organizations,advocacy groups, and the media. Teseinstitutions are usually independent o thegovernment and seek to represent the i nterestso common citizens. Although civil society

generally reers to public participation insociety, it also represents the national ethos,norms and values o a particular community. Ina civil society, principles such as the rule o law,reedom o speech, and independent judiciary,are seen as vital or democracy.

Civilian Power: Te notion o civilian poweremerged in the 1970s to define Europe’s

changing role in the international system.François Duchêne, an adviser to Jean Monnet,one o the major orces behind Europeanunification, described the EU as an entitycommitted to protecting its national intereststhrough economic, political, and culturalcooperation as opposed to the use o militaryorce. In this context, “civilian power” meansthe extent to which a nation’s oreign anddomestic policies are ocused on strengtheninghuman rights, democracy, and rule o law,as well as maintaining peacebuilding effortsthrough international cooperation. Teconcept is closely related to “sof power” asthere is great emphasis on the role o non-stateactors and the ability o nations to overcomeinternational conflicts through integration andinterdependence.

Clash o Civilizations: Teory presented

by American political scientist, Samuel P.Huntington, in 1992. Huntington argued thatin the post-Cold War era, conflicts will arise onthe basis o conflicting cultural and religiousidentities among the world’s population. Hethus identified eight “major civilizations”namely: the Western, the Latin American,the Orthodox, the Muslim or Great MiddleEast, the Sub-Saharan Arica, Te Buddhist,the Chinese, the Hindu, and the Japanese. Tistheory, later expanded in the book, Te Clasho Civilizations and the Remaking o WorldOrder (1996), was conceived in response to




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Fukuyama’s work, Te End o History (1992), inwhich the western liberal values were celebratedas absolute, providing an unchallengedhegemonic ideology in the upcoming twenty-first century.

Climate Change: Climate change reers tosignificant and lasting changes in the statisticaldistribution o weather conditions over p eriods

o time. Climate change can be caused byoceanic or biotic processes, variations in thesolar system, plate tectonics and volcaniceruptions, as well as human-induced alterationso the natural world. Tese human-inducedalterations are considered the current causeo global warming. Climate change is ofenused to describe human-specific impacts, butin act it reers to a lot more than just human-induced alterations to climatic processes andalso includes natural actors that affect theseprocesses.

Coase, Ronald (October 29, 1910 -): British-born, American based economist and Proessoro Economics at the University o Chicago LawSchool. Coase studied at the University oLondon External Programme and Te LondonSchool o Economics. In 1991 Coase receivedthe Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. RonaldCoase is best known or his work on reorm inthe policy or allocation o the electromagneticspectrum, the concept o transaction costs andproperty rights in relation to externalities.

Cold Peace: Cold peace denotes an interstatesituation o relative peace with an undercurrento tensions. Te countries do not pursue an all-out active war but at the same time, diplomaticrelations are strained by political tensions andmutual distrust. One example is the bilateralrelationship o India and Pakistan. Although thecountries have requently engaged in cultural

diplomacy initiatives, and remain committedto the composite dialogue peace process,relations between the two sides have beensour since the countries gained independencein 1947. Another example is provided by therelationship that exists between Egypt andIsrael. Peace exists between the two countries,but it has not been attended by warm relationsinvolving extended cultural exchanges and

trade.

Cold War: Te term first originated ollowingthe Second World War, to describe thegeopolitical and ideological tensions betweenthe then Soviet Union (USSR) and the USA.Te two countries were involved in warare,however due to the deterrent o their nucleararsenals this was not an active war as noweapons were used. Te war was ought mainlythrough proxies, and the nations used a lot opropaganda to broaden their respective sphereso political influence, each propagating itsideological views.

Collective Action: Te use o collect iveresources, knowledge, and efforts in pursuit oa goal or set o goals. In politics or economics,collective action is ofen related to theattainment o public goods and the influenceo external actors on group behavior. Insociology, collective action can be used toexplain the occurrence o social movementsand the actors that cause social integration ornonconormity and conflict. Collective actionis also increasingly being linked to climatechange. According to the Stern Review, a reportproduced by the British Government, globalcollective action is the key to tackle climatechange. As the effects o climate change willimpact each country differently, joint programsare necessary to tackle the problem as a whole.International collective action to tackle climate

change can be acilitated through multinationalrameworks, partnerships, networks, and

organizations as well as mutual understandingo domestic policy goals.

Colonialism: Te policy or practice o

assuming complete control over a territoryor people by an occupying orce or a long

period. Te first use o the expression came

during the European colonial period, whenseveral European powers such as Spain, Britain,Netherlands, France, and Portugal, extended

their national boundaries to geographicallydistant countries in Arica, Asia and the

Americas. Tese oreign powers dominatedand exploited the weaker nations, which had

a different culture and dominant racial orethnic group. An example o colonialism is the

British control o the Indian subcontinent romthe eighteenth century to 1947. One result o

colonialism has been language acquisition. Inmany ormer French colonies such as Burundi,

the Democratic Republic o Congo and IvoryCoast, French is either the official language or

widely spoken across the country. Similarly,in ormer British colonies such as India and

Pakistan, one o the official languages is English.

Committee on Economic, Social and CulturalRights (CESCR): A group o leading analysts

and experts, who monitor the implementationo the International Covenant on Economic,

Social and Cultural Rights. Te Committeewas established in 1985, and monitors the

saeguarding o rights such as the right toparticipate in cultural lie, the right to social

security, the right to education, housing, oodand water, and the right to nondiscrimination

in economic, cultural and social rights amongothers.

Common Pool Resource (CPR): A natural or

human-made resource whose benefit can beenjoyed by an extended number o consumers

and beneficiaries due to the size or characteristico the good. Unlike public goods, CPRs can

ace the problem o congestion or overusebecause they can dwindle. Examples o CPRs

include irrigation systems, fishing grounds,pastures, orests, water, and atmosphere. Te

social agreements established to regulate theconsumption o this type o resource are known

as common property regimes.

Commons (Te Commons): raditionally,the commons have been defined as elements

o the environment such as orests, theatmosphere, rivers, or grazing land that are

shared, used, and enjoyed by all. In the culturalsphere, cultural commons reers to the cultural

resources available to all members o a society,such as film, literature, music and art. Since

these resources are not privately owned, theyare accessible to all segments o society.

Communal Conflict: A communal conflict

is a conflict in which groups that definethemselves using ethnic, national or religious

criteria make a claim against the state or other

political actors. Sources o communal conflictmight include a common homeland, religion,language, race etc. Communal conflicts differ

in size and gravity, as it is a broad term used tocover many ethnic conflicts. An example o a

communal conflict is t hat o modern Sri L anka;since 1983, there has been simmering tension

between the ethno-politically marginalizedamils rom the North and East, whose claim

to a homeland has been rejected by the stateand Sinhala-Buddhists rom the South, who

claim urther territories.




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Complex Interdependence Teory: Tecomplex interdependence theory was developedby Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye. It is based onthe observation that countries that have strongeconomic and cultural ties tend not to go to warwith each other, as has been seen in the increaseo such interdependence between nationsand the corresponding decrease in armedconflicts between developed industrialized

nations. Te complex interdependence theorythereore encourages oreign policy makersand governments to ocus on building tiesand connections through economic systemsand other relationship-building strategiesto increase interdependence between states,reducing the risk o war.

Conucius (551-479 BC): Conucius was aChinese teacher and philosopher whose ideasand teachings still have widespread influencetoday and have spurred the creation o theConucianism Movement. He was a leadingfigure in Chinese politics at the time, beorehis influence grew too great and threatenedthe Empire, leading to his exile. While in exileConucius developed his ideals and beganspreading them around the country duringhis travels. His principles are based around theimportance o amily, morality, relationships, justice and sincerity. Debate continues as towhether Conucianism is actually a religion ora philosophy.

Conucius Institute: China’s main culturalorganization, ounded in 2004 withheadquarters in Beijing. Te programs o theConucius Institute are overseen by the Officeo Chinese Language Council International, anot-or-profit organization affiliated with theMinistry o Education o the People’s Republico China. Tere are 386 Conucius Institutesaround the globe, responsible or promoting the

Chinese language and culture, and contributing

to cultural exchange. Since these institutesare aligned with the government, they usually

operate with local affiliate schools, collegesand universities, providing unding and other

teaching resources.

Constantinescu, Emil (November 19, 1939-

): Emil Constantinescu was the third President

o Romania rom 1996 to 2000. He has hadan illustrious career in both academia and

politics, and is well known or his extensivecontributions to the field o geology. During his

period as President, Constantinescu went aboutquickly reorming the Romanian system and

moving it towards a market-based economy.Furthermore, he attempted to improve

Romania’s global image and its relationswith other countries, and opened the way or

Romania to join the EU and NAO. oday,Constantinescu remains heavily involved in

politics through work or many NGOs, both in

Romania and internationally. He is the currentpresident o the Association o Citizenship

Education and the Romanian Foundationor Democracy, the ounding president o the

Institute or Regional Cooperation and ConflictPrevention (INCOR), and the president o the

ICD Academy or Cultural Diplomacy. He hasbeen a strong advocate o cultural diplomacy

efforts between countries.

Constructivism: Constructivism is a theorywithin International Relations that attempts

to illustrate that all concepts in InternationalRelations are socially constructed and thereore

capable o being altered by human practice.Constructivism is usually associated with

Alexander Wendt, author o Anarchy Is Whatthe States Make o it: Te Social Power Politics

(1992) and since the late 1980s/early 1990s it

has become one o the major schools o thoughtin the area o International Relations.

Consumer Culture: In a consumer culture, theeconomy is purely ocused on the consumption

o goods. According to consumer culture the ory,our social arrangements and relationships are

defined by our spending and buying behaviour;

in such societies, people are taught to viewproducts as part o their liestyle and in this

way, they are encouraged to spend more andmore money. Consumer cultures, thereore, are

driven by materialistic values and the belie thatbuying goods will bring ultimate happiness and

satisaction. In other words, economic growthis purely determined by consumer intentions

and attitudes toward money.

Copenhagen School (International Relations):

Associated with the academics Barry Buzan,

Ole Waever, and Jaap de Wilde, the CopenhagenSchool theory emphasizes the social aspects o

security. It ocuses on key concepts such as therole o sectors, regional security complexes,

and securitization. Te Copenhagen Schooltakes an analytical approach to security studies

and ocuses on the consequences o invoking

security, particularly in relation to non-militaryissues.

Copyright: A legal concept concerning theexclusive right given to the owner o a product

or a fixed number o years, allowing them tocontrol the distribution, reproduction and

access to the material. Copyright can coverliterary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works,

as well as broadcasts, recordings, layouts andtypographical arrangements. Copyright does

not necessarily cover ideas or a work.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Aorm o corporate sel-regulation aimed atmanaging the impact that business activitieshave on different stakeholders, in order toproduce an overall positive impact on society.CSR strategies can be distinguished rom mereprofit-driven strategies, and are usually ocusedon the environment, the welare o consumers,employees, and communities.

Corrupting Sea (Te Corrupting Sea: AStudy o Mediterranean History, 2000): Aco-authored book by Peregrine Horden andNicholas Purcell, analyzing the Mediterraneanarea as a whole over a long period o time. TeCorrupting Sea ocuses on the relationshipsbetween people and their environments inthe region, drawing comparisons betweenPrehistory, Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

Counter Culture: A subculture whose values,principles, and behaviors contrast those o theso called “mainstream” culture. Te term wascoined and defined by Teodore Roszak in hisbook, Te Making o a Counter Culture (1969),which reers to the cultural revolution thatoccurred in the Western World during the 1960sand 1970s. Many socio-political movementso the twentieth century can be identified as

counter-culture, such as the Beat Generation,the Hippie movement and the Lesbian, Gay,Bisexual & ransgender one. As the rise oglobalisation has led to a multicultural globalsociety and created more and more labiledistinctions o mainstream cultures, it hasbecome more challenging to identiy clearlydefined counter-cultures.

Creative Class: Te concept o a creative classwas developed by American social scientistRichard Florida. According to Florida, thecreative class is the driving orce or the




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development o post-industrial cities in theUnited States, comprising about orty millionworkers that Florida divides in two broadsections, the super-creative core and thecreative proessionals. Te super-creative corecomprises around twelve percent o all US jobs, including science, engineering, computerprogramming, research, arts, design and media,while the creative proessionals are knowledge-

based workers, mostly university-educated.

Creative Ecology: A new approach that aimsat stimulating creativity by looking at thelocal environment, and promoting ecologicalliteracy and greater awareness o the role o thearts within society, while contributing to thedevelopment o more sustainable communities.According to J. Howkins (2009), creativeecology represents “a niche where individualsact in a systematic and adaptive way, usingideas to create ideas”.

Creative Economy: A classification ocusedon the dynamic processes o innovation andknowledge creation in certain areas related tobusiness, technology, and marketing. Its maingoal is to provide measurable and competitiveresults in the economic field. wo terms thatare closely associated with Creative Economyare Cultural Industries and Creative Industries(see below).

Creative Industries: Businesses and economicactivities which base their products andproduction processes on the generation oknowledge, inormation, and creativity.According to the UK Government’s Departmentor Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), thesub-categories o these industries includeadvertising, architecture, design, music, radio,television, film, photography, and publishing,among others. Te United Nations Conerence

on rade and Development (UNCAD) has

recognized the creative economy as a drivingsector or emerging countries to integrate with

the high-growth market-areas o the world.

Creative Industry Mapping: Creative IndustryMapping is a tool used to give an overview o

the competitive environment in the creativeindustry and traditional fields such as arts

and crafs. Trough strategic research anddata collection, experts in the field are able to

identiy exogenous actors that are impactingcreative businesses, and subsequently make

recommendations or change in areas suchas export promotion, skills training, and

finance. Creative Industry Mapping alsoallows governments to investigate specific

opportunities and threats to creative i ndustries;in this way, governments are able to identiy

those enterprises which have the potentialor wealth and job generation, and those that

don’t. Te United Kingdom’s Department o

Culture, Media and Sports (DCMS) has beena primary source or this approach through its

publications.

Critical Race Teory (CR): Developed in the

late 70s/early 80s, the Critical Race Teory is the

critical analysis o race and racism rom a legalpoint o view. It argues that racism is ingrainedinto American society and that liberalism and

meritocracy, ofen used to disclaim racism, are

still a problem as they are used as a vehicle orsel-interest, power and privilege o the white

sector o society. CR doubts the constitutionaland legal system’s capacity or change and

agrees with critical theorists and eminists thatthe law is not equal but is instead part o the

ongoing problem with racism in society.

Culinary Diplomacy: Culinary diplomacy is

defined as “the use o ood as an instrumentto create a cross-cultural understanding in

the hopes o improving interactions andcooperation.” Culinary diplomacy can be

divided into public and private culinarydiplomacy. Public diplomacy takes place at

governmental level, as done in the White Housewhen international guests are welcomed, or

in Tailand’s “Global Tai” initiative. Privateculinary diplomacy, on the other hand, reers

to State Dinners and other orms o hosting,and gives a chance or influential leaders to see

eye to eye afer sharing the typical cuisine o acountry. It may seem trivial, but the effects o

private culinary diplomacy do have meaningulrepercussions to world politics.

Cultural Anthropology: Cultural anthro-

pology is a field within the discipline oanthropology which studies the various cultures

o human beings. It analyzes how economic,political and social policies affect cultures

differently and how these cultures have evolvedover time. Most works o cultural anthropology

involve an anthropologist spending prolongedperiods o time with the culture being studied

in order to gain a deep understanding o their

way o lie and the unctions, values, norms andstandards.

Cultural Assets: Cultural assets are the actorsthat contribute to the vibrancy and dynamism

o a particular culture. Te definition o acultural asset is quite broad; they can be solid,

material assets such as churches, galleries,halls and parks, or spiritual actors such as the

varying religious practices o different cultures.Te climate itsel can be a cultural asset, as can

stories passed down over time or the social

values o a culture. All o these elements arecultural assets as they are part o what makeseach culture unique.

Cultural Citizenship: Te notion o culturalcitizenship developed in the 1980s as anapproach with which to examine the socio-cultural identity, political will, and culturalcreations o primarily Latino populations in

the United States. Te term was developed bythe anthropologist Renato Rosaldo who firstused it in the late 1980s to make a case orthe democratization o institutions o highereducation through diversity in the classroom,curricula, decision making and societyin general. Cultural citizenship examinesthe colloquial meanings o alienation andbelonging as they apply to marginalized groupswith respect to the national community. Inthis context, claims to rights made against thestate by subordinate communities arise as aconsequence o degradation and exclusion intheir daily environments but may also resultrom acts o sel-definition and the search oraffirmation. In the early years o the twenty-firstcentury, cultural citizenship has been applied tomodernizing efforts in an international context.

Cultural Clusters: A group o countries which

share the same culture, values and belies. Overthe years, a lot o research has been conducted toidentiy “cluster societies” sharing interculturalsimilarities. Based on results collected byGLOBE in 2002, there are 10 a priori culturalclusters in the world today namely: South Asia,Anglo, Arab, Conucian Asia, Germanic Europe,Latin Europe, Eastern Europe, Latin America,Sub-Sahara Arica, and Nordic Europe. Treeactors are normally used to group countriesin similar clusters: 1) geographic proximity2) mass migrations and ethnic social capital3) religious and linguistic commonality. Other




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actors that may be considered include socio-political development, economic development,and degree o modernity.Cultural Convergence: Reers to the growingcultural unity in today’s world, or the ideathat differences between national culturesbecome smaller over time and a single globalculture is established. One could argue thatcultural convergence is closely related to

‘Americanization’, since the US has had andcontinues to have a strong influence on theculture o other countries. We all watch thesame movies, listen to the same songs, read the

Cultural Diplomacy Dictionary

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