Cue Der No de Ingles

8/11/2019 Cue Der No de Ingles

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Francisco VR

Ingles Apuntes


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Contents

Clases engVid: Adam

The Sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

S V O (subject+verb+object) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3S V sC (subject+verb+subject-complement) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3S V A(C) (subject+verb+complement) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Gramatica Lingualia

Somebody, someone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Anybody, anyone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Everybody, everyone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Nobody, no one . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Irregular Plural Spelling Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Irregular Plural Spelling Part 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6What + a + adj + noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Present Perfect Tense Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Past Simple Tense Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Present Perfect vs. Past Simple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Equality Adjectives Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Equality Adjectives Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Something . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Anything . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Nothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Everything . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Short Answer BE Negative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Compare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Other comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Introduction to Future Perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Future perfect affirmative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Future perfect negative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Future perfect interrogative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Non-defining relative clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Non-defining relative clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Second Conditional Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Second Conditional Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/// . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Comentarios tiles en Duolingo [modificados o ampliados]

"He is worse!" Traduccin: l es peor! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Speak vs Talk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14


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Clases engVid: Adam


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The SentenceThe sentence

Clause(s+v)Indepedent Dependent(subordinate)

S V OS V sCSVC(A)

S V O (subject+verb+object)

El objeto siempre responde acerca del verbo, completa el significado del

vervo preguntando, por ejemplo:Existen dos tipos de objetos: Direct object [do]- What? who(m)? Inderect Object [io]- to/for what?/whom?Transitive verb - must take an object

Ejemplos:1. I want


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The Sentence 4

Figure 0.0.1.


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Gramatica Lingualia


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Somebody, someone

We use indefinite pronouns to refer to people without saying exactly whothey are. We use pronouns ending in -body or -one for people. We always usea singular verb with the indefinite pronoun. Remember to use some when theverb is in the affirmative. Examples:

There is somebody there. I can see someone. Somebody help! They are going to tell someone.

Anybody, anyone

Remember to use any when the verb is in the negative or the interrogative. Negative examples

There isnt anybody there. I cant see anyone.

Interrogative examples: Can you see anybody?

Are they going to tell anyone?

Everybody, everyone

When referring to all people without being specific we use everybody oreveryone. Examples:

Everybody is there. I can see everyone. Everybody helps. They are going to tell everyone.

NOTE: Although everyone refers to a group of people, we still use a singularverb with indefinite pronouns.

Nobody, no one

When the indefinite pronoun is the subject of a negative clause, we usenobody or no one (NOT anybody or anyone). Examples:

Nobody is there. No one is helping. Nobody came.

NOTE: The spelling no-one is also correct.

Irregular Plural Spelling Part 2

For singular nouns ending in consonant + -Y, cross out -Y and add -IES. Examples:

Lorry - Lorry + -ies = Lorries. Baby - Baby + -ies = Babies.

Irregular Plural Spelling Part 3

For singular nouns ending in -F OR -FE, replace -F or -FE with -VES. Examples:

Scarf - Scarf + -ves = Scarves.


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Loaf - Loaf + -ves = loaves.

What + a + adj + noun

We use the following construction to express surprise in both a negative andpositive way when the adjective begins with a consonant. What + a + adj +

noun! Examples: What a big dog! What a long banana! What a terrible accident! What a bad voice your mother has!

NOTE: We always need a noun for exclamations with what.

Present Perfect Tense Comparison

The Present Perfect is used in sentences where the time is not specific. Examples:

I have eaten an egg. He hasnt seen that film. Have you been to the gym?

NOTE: If the time phrase refers to a time which has not finished yet, we stilluse the present perfect. I have been shopping twice this week. (=This week hasnot finished yet).

Past Simple Tense Comparison

The Past Simple is used in sentences where the time is clear. Examples:

I ate an egg for breakfast this morning. He didnt see yesterday.

Did you go to the gym on Tuesday?

Present Perfect vs. Past Simple

Here are some examples of the two tenses and how they differ.PRESENT PERFECT PAST SIMPLE

I have been to England. I went to England last year.Laura has phoned her mum. Laura phoned her mum this afternoon.

The exams have finished. The exams finished last week.

Equality Adjectives Part 1

We have already learnt about comparative and superlative adjectives, nowwe are going to learn to describe adjectives which are equal.

We use the following structure:AS + ADJECTIVE + ASThis structure can be used for affirmative, negative, and interrogative sen-

tences. Examples:

Paul is as tall as John. You werent as happy as her. Are they as clever as us?


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Equality Adjectives Part 2

The as+adjective+as structure can change, but only in negative sentences.In those cases, we use the following structure:SO + ADJECTIVE + AS

Examples: Paul isnt so tall as John. You werent so happy as her. They arent so clever as us.

NOTE: This is a formal structure which is not very common nowadays. It ismostly used in written English rather than spoken English.

Something

We use indefinite pronouns to refer to things without saying exactly whatthey are. We use pronouns ending in -thing. We always use a singular verb withthe indefinite pronoun.

Remember to use some when the verb is in the affirmative. Examples:

There is something there. I can see something. I can feel something. They are going to say something.

Anything

Remember to use any when the verb is in the negative or the interrogative. Negative examples:

There isnt anything there. I cant see anything.

Interrogative examples:

Can you see anything? Are they going to say anything?

Nothing

When the indefinite pronoun is the subject of a negative clause, we usenothing (NOT anything). Examples:

Nothing is here. Nothing is helping. Nothing came in the post.

Everything

When referring to all things without being specific we use everything. Examples:

Everything is there. I can see everything. I can feel everything. They are going to tell us everything.

NOTE: Although everything refers to a group of things, we still use a singularverb with indefinite pronouns.


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Short Answer BE Negative

Questions answered with NO have a short answer form in English.Structure: No + first two words of the question in the negative contractionform. Examples:

Is he English? No, he isnt.

Are they sleeping? No, they arent.If the second word is a noun, it is replaced by the pronoun in the shortanswer.

Is Peter English? No, he isnt. Are Jack and Jill sleeping? No, they arent.

Compare

We can use the word like to make a comparison. It is most common toprecede like with one of the five senses and the verb be.The work like is followed by either a noun or a pronoun. Examples:

Your kitchen smells like an old sock. It looks like its going to rain. I feel like Im going to be sick.

Other comparisons

In addition to like we can also make comparisons with the words as thoughand as if . They mean the same as like and are also followed by either a nounor a pronoun. Examples:

Your kitchen smells like chocolate. It looks as though its going to rain. I feel as if Im going to be sick.

Introduction to Future Perfect

When we want to talk about an action that will be finished in a particularmoment in the future we use the future perfect tense. Analyse this example andcheck this chart to help you:

The concert at the Madison Square Garden will have finished when you arriveto New York City.

Past The concert started at 7 p.m.Present The concert is taking place right nowFuture The concert will finish at 10 p.m.

As your train will arrive at 10:30 p.m. we say that the concert will have finishedby then.Note: As this is a perfect tense, we need the auxiliary have and the participle

form of verbs. Time expressions are normally used with the future perfect tense.

Future perfect affirmative

The structure of the future perfect affirmative is: Subject + will have + pastparticiple + object.Note the use of time expressions.


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Examples: Mariana will have completed her degree by the year 2015. I will have written the letter in an hour, come back then. Chris and Aaron will have watched four movies by the time Camryn

arrives. She thinks that Ryan will have worked in three different companies before

Laura gets back from Australia.

Future perfect negative

When we want to use the future perfect in the negative form, we need toadd not after will as in the simple future.Subect + will not (=wont) + have + past participle + object.

Examples: Eleanor wont have completed her degree by the year 2015. Dan wont have prepared his novel by the time his editor asks him. Its snowing a lot so her flight wont have landed by the time we get to

the airport. There are problems with that actress so I guess she wont have signed a

contract .

Future perfect interrogative

When we want to use the future perfect in the interrogative form, we needto change the word order. Will + subject + have + past participle + object + ?

Examples: Will Eleanor have finished her degree by the year 2015? Will you have written the letter in an hour? Will Chris and Aaron have watched four movies by the time Camryn

arrives?

Will the flight have landed by the time we get to the airport?

Non-defining relative clauses I

We have already seen how to use relative pronouns such as which, who,that or whose in defining relative clauses such as He is the man who wrote thefamous book. Now we are going to see non-defining clauses. This type of clausegives us extra information about what is being said in the main clause. Have alook to these two examples and check the change in the meaning. Punctuationis very important because non-defining clauses always appear between commas.

a) Defining relative clause: Nathaniel is a surgeon who lives next to me.Allthe information is given in the main clause.

b) Non-defining relative clause: Nathaniel, who is a surgeon, lives next to me.

We have an extra clause that could be omitted (Nathaniel lives next to me).This clause that is giving extra information is placed between commas.

Examples: Eleanor, who is an important businesswoman, is coming for Christmas

holidays. King Lear, which is a play written by William Shakespeare, is really

entertaining.


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All flights from Sydney Kingsford Smith airport to Ayers Rock airport,which now cost 399, are delayed due to the thunderstorm.

Non-defining relative clauses II

When we use non-defining relative clauses we can find differences in meaning.

Analyse these two examples.

a) Defining relative clause: The travellers who were left at the airport werelater taken to the hotel.When we read the sentence, we understand that someof the passengers were left at the airport but others were taken to the hotel first.

b)Non-defining relative clause: The travellers, who were left at the airport,were later taken to the hotel.When we read the sentence now, we understandthat all the travellers were left at the airport and later taken to the hotel.

We have an extra clause that could be omitted (Nathaniel lives next to me).This clause that is giving extra information is placed between commas.

Analyse the difference in the meaning of these examples: The pens which were used by Morgan had a great quality. (Some pens) The pens, which were used by Morgan, had a great quality. (All pens)

Second Conditional Part 1

The second conditional is used to explain: If something unlikely or impossiblehappened, then the result would be...Structure:

If + past simple , conditional would...

Examples: If I won the lottery, I would buy a Ferrari. If Everton got to the final, wed go to Wembley. If they didnt have children, they would travel around the world. If you had room, youd adopt that puppy.

NOTE: This structure can also be reversed: I would buy a Ferrari if I won thelottery


Would isnt the only option for a second conditional. Other conditionalindicators can also be used, such as:

CouldMightShouldEtc.

Examples: If you won the lottery, you Could buy a Ferrari. If you won the lottery, you Might buy a Ferrari. If you won the lottery, you Should buy a Ferrari.


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I, he, she, and it can all take the verb ?were? in the second conditional.

Some people believe this is the only correct answer when in fact, ?was? or?were? are interchangeable.

Examples: If I were you, I wouldn?t eat that. If he were here, he would say the same thing. If she weren?t your sister, you wouldnt like her. If it were a little bit warmer, we could sit outside.

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Examples:


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Comentarios tiles en Duolingo

[modificados o ampliados]


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"He is worse!" Traduccin: l es peor!

Pyluki: Para decir "es el peor" debes usar el sustantivo "worst". "worst"puede ser (segn se use):

un adjetivo superlativo, "it was the worst winter for 20 years" un adverbio superlativo, "the worst-dressed man in England"

un sustantivo, "the worst" - un verboPor otra parte "worse" puede ser (segn se utilice):

un adjetivo comparativo, "his essay is worse than yours" un adverbio comparativo, "I sang worse than he did or than him" un sustantivo, "its a change for the worse"

El ejemplo del ejercicio dice "l es peor" "he is worse", aunque carece decontexto est claramente haciendo una comparacin, "t eres muy malo!...l espeor!! Cuando t cambias el orden de la estructura, tambin ests cambiandoel sentido: "(l) Es el peor" "He is the worst", cambia tanto en ingls como enespaol.

Espero no haberte liado mucho. Saludos

Speak vs Talk

Chuuscoo: Mejor respuestaEleccin del que hace la pregunta Scruffy Poohc-ito respondida hace 4 aos Speak vs Talk I would like to speak to you. Directo y formal. Segn el tono empleado,

podra intimidar un poco. I would like to talk to you. Directo y menos formal. Hace falta forzar el

tono bastante para que intimide. I would like to speak with you. Da la idea de consultar formalmente con la

otra persona. I would like to talk with you. Da la idea de charlar informalmente.El verbo "to speak" significa "hablar" en el sentido de emitir sonidos inteligibles

dentro de un lenguaje comprensible. El verbo "to talk" significa "hablar" en elsentido de mantener una conversacin.Fjate en las frases siguientes y cmo algunas suenan absurdas.

You need to speak louder. - Necesitas hablar ms alto. You need to talk louder. - Necesitas conversar ms alto.Im trying to teach dolphins how to speak. - Estoy intentando ensear a losdelfines a hablar. Im trying to teach dolphins how to talk. - Estoy intentandoensear a los delfines a conversar.

Los verbos "to speak" y "to talk" se solapan mucho. Existen muchos casosen los cuales son perfectamente intercambiables. Sin embargo, hay otros muchoscasos en los cuales no. Como regla general, siempre considera que "speak" esformal y ms en el sentido de "dirigir la palabra a una persona o grupo depersonas". El verbo "to talk" evoca una sensacin de menos formalidad, ms

en lnea con conversar, charlar o hablar por hablar.

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