CTI Sponsored Educational...

CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2014 AHR Expo – New York City

January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 1

CTI Sponsored Educational Program

Presented By:Trevor Fontes - Baltimore Aircoil Company

Joe Vadder – Evapco, Inc.


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 2

CTI Mission Statement

To advocate and promote the use of environmentally responsible Evaporative Heat Transfer Systems (EHTS) for the benefit of the

public by encouraging: Education Research Standards Development and Verification Government Relations Technical Information Exchange


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 3

CTI Objectives Maintain and expand a broad base membership of

individuals and organizations interested in Evaporative Heat Transfer Systems (EHTS). Owner/Operators Manufacturers Suppliers

Identify and address emerging and evolving issues concerning EHTS.

Encourage and support educational programs in various formats to enhance the capabilities and competence of the industry to realize the maximum benefit of EHTS.


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 4

CTI Objectives Encourage and support cooperative research to improve

EHTS technology and efficiency for the long-term benefit of the environment.

Assure acceptable minimum quality levels and performance of EHTS and their components by establishing standard specifications, guidelines, and certification programs.

Establish standard testing and performance analysis systems and procedures for EHTS.

Communicate with and influence governmental entities regarding the environmentally responsible technologies, benefits, and issues associated with EHTS.

Encourage and support forums and methods for exchanging technical information on EHTS.


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 5

CTI Certification Program

STD-201 The standard sets forth a program whereby the Cooling

Technology Institute will certify that all models of a line of evaporative heat rejection equipment offered for sale by a specific Manufacturer will perform thermally in accordance with the Manufacturer’s published ratings.

Applies to Mechanical Draft Evaporative Heat Rejection Equipment such as Cooling Towers, Closed Circuit Coolers (and Evaporative Refrigerant Condensers).


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 6

Please visit our website atwww.cti.org


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 7

Publication and Presentation Disclaimer 2012

The information contained in the following publication, paper or presentation is intended for education by the author or presenter, however information given is in no way an

endorsement of the Cooling Technology Institute. The publication, paper or presentation has been reviewed by the

CTI staff and program committee for commercial content, however there may be differing opinions regarding the

content of information. The Cooling Technology Institute accepts no liability for its content.


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 8

Benefits of Water-Cooled Systems vs. Air-Cooled Systems for Air Conditioning Applications

Trevor FontesProduct Marketing EngineerBaltimore Aircoil Company


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 9

Overview

US Energy Policy Energy Comparison Codes and Standards Benefits of Water Cooled Equipment Energy Savings Tips


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 10

U.S. Government commitment to energy independence and reduced greenhouse gas emissions can have a significant impact on HVAC system design.


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 11

U.S. Commitment to Energy Sustainability

For decades it has been clear that the way Americans produce and consume energy is not sustainable. Our addiction to foreign oil and fossil fuels puts our economy, our national security, and our environment at risk.


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 12

The Recovery Act was signed into law on February 17, 2009 and has invested over $90B in the clean energy economy. Development of renewable energy and

clean technologies Smart electric grid and energy efficient

homes, offices, and appliances High speed rail and advanced car

batteries



January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 13


Leadership in Sustainability President Obama signed Executive Order 13514 on

Federal Sustainability, committing the Federal Government, the largest user of energy in the country, to lead by example and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 28% by 2020, increase energy efficiency, and reduce fleet petroleum consumption.


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 14

U.S. Government Plan to Reduce CO2Emissions from Power Plants

Convert to less carbon intensive fuels or non-carbon fuels Taxation of carbon fuels Regulation of emissions for

new plants More research and funding

for renewable energy Reduce energy demand

New energy-saving technologies

Improve efficiency of equipment and systems


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 15

Optimize Energy and Water Costs

Market trends suggest that the demand for energy resources will rise dramatically over the next 30 years: Global demand for all energy sources is forecast to grow

by nearly 56% from 2010 through 2040. U.S. demand for all types of energy is expected to

increase by 11% by 2040. The U.S. Commercial Sector is forecasted to increase by 24% by

2040

Sources: Annual Energy Outlook (DOE-er0383(2014)), International Energy Outlook 2013 (EIA-0484(2013)


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 16

Air-Conditioning Energy Consumption

Air-conditioning systems, 13% of U.S. commercial electricity consumption1, drive many power plant peak loads and have been identified as an energy reduction opportunity.

1. U.S. Energy Information Administrationhttp://www.eia.gov/


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 17

National Weather Trends

Higher Ambient Temperatures1

2012 – Warmest year in US history National warming trend

1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Centerhttp://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/time-series/index.php

Rank Year Temperature1 2012 55.06°F2 1998 54.32°F3 2006 54.31°F4 1934 54.14°F5 1999 53.93°F6 1921 53.83°F7 2001 53.68°F8 2007 53.66°F9 2005 53.64°F

10 1931 53.60°F

Annual U.S. Temperatures


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 18

Effects on Cooling Projects

Customer needs Expanded requirements for total capacity, first cost,

total cost, and reliability of equipment Policy

Increased standards regarding efficiency and capacity Incentives

Municipal and private programs offer rebates and financial incentives for certain types of equipment


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 19

Equipment Selection

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

% o

f Des

ign

Valu

e

Wet Bulb (F)

Design Load vs. Wet Bulb (F)

Temperature increases affect the design load and subsequent equipment selection

The energy efficiency of the equipment is directly correlated to their owning and operating costs


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 20

ParameterWater Cooled

SystemAir Cooled

System

Chiller Efficiency [Full Load] (kW/ton)1 0.6 1.255

Chiller Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton)1 0.4 0.941

System Capacity (Ton) 500 500

Average Capacity (Ton) 290 290

Condenser Pump (HP) 30 --

Cooling Tower Fan (HP) 30 --Hours of Operation [Integrated Part Load Value] 4380 4380

1. Efficiencies based on ASHRAE 90.1-2013

500 Ton System Analysis Parameters


January 21, 2014

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Equations

IPLV = 0.01A+0.42B+0.45C+0.12D A = COP@100%, B = COP@75%, C = COP@50%, D =

COP@25% Chiller Energy Usage = IPLV Efficiency * Weighted Avg Capacity Peak Chiller Demand = Full Load Efficiency * System Capacity Fan Energy = Power (HP) * 0.24 * 0.7457 kW/HP Peak Fan Demand = Power (HP) * 0.7457 kW/HP Pump Energy = Power (HP) * 0.7457kW/HP

Annual Energy = Hours of Operation ∑ Energy Total Peak Demand = Peak Chiller Demand + Peak Fan Demand +

Pump Energy


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 22

Energy Consumption


SystemAir Cooled

SystemChiller Energy Usage (kW) 116 273Condenser Pump Energy Usage (kW) 22 -Fan Energy Usage (kW) 5 -Annual Energy Consumption (kWh for 4380 Hours of Operation) 629,937 1,195,258Peak Energy Demand (kW) 345 628

Water Cooled Advantage: Reduction in annual energy consumption by 47% Peak energy demand reduced by 45%


January 21, 2014

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Total Annual Cost

Water Cooled Advantage: Savings of $44,000 annually Approximately 33% savings on annual operating costs


SystemAir Cooled

SystemEnergy Charge $ 64,883 $ 123,112Demand Charge $ 4,633 $ 8,434Total Annual Electricity Cost $ 69,517 $ 131,545Annual Water Cost (4 cycles of con) $ 9,186Annual Sewage Cost $ 4,047Annual Chemical Treatment Cost $ 4,060Annual Water Related Costs $ 18,332Total Annual Operating Costs $87,849 $131,545


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 24

Total Cost Comparison

Payback Period of 1.2 years Approximating the life span of a water based cooling system

at 20 years, the total water cooled benefit is approximately $820,000

The water cooled system shows a clear financial advantage over the air cooled system

500 Ton SystemWater Cooled

SystemAir Cooled

System

Equipment and Installation Cost $ 242,033 $ 188,200

Total Annual Operating Cost $ 87,849 $ 131,545


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 25

Other Comparative Examples A Comprehensive Comparison of Air- and

Water-Cooled Chillers Over a Range of Climates by Mark Hydeman, PE, FASHRAE1

Water-cooled chillers save significant energy in most climates.

In some climates source water usage equal

1. Seminar #48, Salt Lake City Conference, ASHRAE, 2008


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 26

Other Comparative Examples

PG&E study simulating three sizes of chiller plants in three climatic zones.1 Recommended chilled water plants greater than 300

Tons shall employ water-cooled chillers Resulted in air-cooled equipment restrictions in

California Title 24

1) PG&E Codes and Standards Enhancement Report: Code Change Proposal for Cooling Towers, http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2005standards/archive/documents/2002-04-23_workshop/2002-04-11_COOL_TOWERS.PDF


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 27

Standards Impacting HVAC Systems and Equipment

ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Energy Standards for Building Except Low-Rise

Residential Buildings ASHRAE Standard 189.1

Standard for Design of High-Performance, Green Buildings

California Title 24 California’s Energy Standards for Residential and

Nonresidential Buildings Only 100 tons provided by air cooled equipment for

applications with more than 300 tons of total capacity


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 28

Air-Conditioning System Selection

Large Buildings (> 300 tons) Water cooled systems provide clear-cut economic

and environmental justification. Mid-size Buildings (100-300 tons)

Air cooled systems may offer first cost incentive to sacrifice energy efficiencies of water cooled systems.


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 29

Benefits of Water-Cooled Systems

More energy efficient than air-cooled systems Approximately 47%

Reduced plan area Reduced sound Independently certified performance

Water-CooledAHRI for chillers up to 3,000 tonsCTI for cooling towers

Air-CooledAHRI for chillers up to 600 tons


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 30

Water Cooled Considerations

Installation cost Offset by energy savings

Cooling tower water use Water use at tower is offset by water use at power

plant to create energy 2 gal/kWh1 on average 4.42 gal/kWh1 in the west

Sustainability based projects should evaluate total water usage, including the power plant impact

1. Consumptive Water Use for U.S. Power Production (NREL/TP-550-33905)


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 31

While occupying a total smaller footprint, water-cooled systems require a larger equipment room

Water-cooled systems require treatment to control scale/corrosion and biological growths

Water and chemical costs must be included in a cost analysis of water-cooled and air-cooled systems Water cooled systems recycle 95% of the

total water The remaining 5% is lost to evaporation & bleed

Water Cooled Considerations


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 32

Cooling Tower Water Usage

Water use is proportional to load, time of day, and weather.

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Evap

orat

ion

(USG

PM)

Wet Bulb (F)

Evaporation (USGPM) versus Wet Bulb (F)


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 33

Options to Reduce Water Usage Increase cycles of

concentration Alternate materials of

construction

Use of non-potable sources, such as grey water, recycled water, or condensate collection

Hybrid technology Optimizes water use and

energy use based on load, water availability


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 34

Leveraging Water Cooled Solutions Wet Bulb Depression: Utilize the lowest possible

temperature when cooling. The wet bulb temperature is on average 7°F lower than the dry bulb temperature Lower design conditions

Condenser Water Reset: Supply lower temperature condenser water. For each 1°F decrease, until optimal water temperature is reached, there is a decrease in chiller energy use by up to 3.5%.

Free Cooling: Use a cooling tower to supplement or bypass the chiller during cold weather operation. Reduce cooling system energy use by as much as 40%.


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 35

Energy Saving Tips – Wise Rules to Energy Efficiency

ASHRAE 0.4% Wet Bulb TemperaturesLocation Wet Bulb CWT

Baltimore, MD 78°F 85°FNew York, NY 76°F 83.5°FBoston, MA 75°F 82.7°FLos Angeles, CA 70°F 80.5°FSeattle, WA 66°F 76.0°FDenver, CO 65°F 75.0°F


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 36


ASHRAE 0.4% Wet Bulb TemperaturesLocation Wet Bulb CWT Energy

Baltimore, MD 78°F 85°F 0.57 kW/TRNew York, NY 76°F 83.5°F 0.55 kW/TRBoston, MA 75°F 82.7°F 0.54 kW/TRLos Angeles, CA 70°F 80.5°F 0.53 kW/TRSeattle, WA 66°F 76.0°F 0.49 kW/TRDenver, CO 65°F 75.0°F 0.48 kW/TR


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 37


ASHRAE 0.4% Wet Bulb TemperaturesLocation Wet Bulb CWT Energy Savings

Baltimore, MD 78°F 85°F 0.57 kW/TR Base

New York, NY 76°F 83.5°F 0.55 kW/TR $2K

Boston, MA 75°F 82.7°F 0.54 kW/TR $3K

Los Angeles, CA 70°F 80.5°F 0.53 kW/TR $4K

Seattle, WA 66°F 76.0°F 0.49 kW/TR $6K

Denver, CO 65°F 75.0°F 0.48 kW/TR $9KSavings are based on 500 ton cooling tower with 10°F Range.


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 38

Conclusion

Cooling system evaluations should take the pending impact of energy regulation into consideration.

Water cooled systems provide the most energy efficient systems and can help protect building owners and operators from uncertainties in electricity pricing.


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 39

Water-Energy Nexus

Joe VadderEvapco, Inc.


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 40

Critical Natural Resources

• Water and Energy are both Critical Resources

• Water and Energy Production are Interrelated– Water is needed to produce Energy– Energy is needed to store and

transport Water


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 41

Water Energy Relationship


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 42

Resource Relationship: Water in Energy

• 2003 National Renewable Energy Lab report:

On average 2 gallons of water consumed per 1 kWh electricity generated in the US


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 43

Power Grid Interconnects

Western = 4.42 gal/kWh

Nat’l Avg. = 2 gal/kWh


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 44

Resource Interrelationship: Energy in Water

• 2005 California Energy Commission study:

On average 5 kWh required to produce 1,000 gallons of water


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 45

Water-Energy Nexus?The conflict created by trying to conserve both resources at the

same time


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 46

Water-Energy Nexus

Proposal: Develop a Metric to Evaluate Water-

Energy Tradeoff

Proposal: Develop a Metric to Evaluate Water-

Energy Tradeoff

How does this apply to the Cooling Industry?

Dry Cooling vs. Wet Cooling


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 47

Traditional Supply and Demand

Demand Curve: Price Goes Up Demand Goes Down

Supply Curve: Price Goes Up Supply Goes Up


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 48

Demand Curve for a Critical Natural Resource

Relatively Abundant Natural Capital Elastic Demand

Vulnerable Natural Capital Inelastic Dem

Demand decreases little with increase in price.

Regulation becomes necessary.


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 49

Energy Regulation• ASHRAE Std. 90.1 sets minimum energy

efficiencies for building equipment

Continental US at Night


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 50

• AHSRAE 90.1 Energy Regulation:

Evaporative Cooling is sometimes considered the “green” solution

Energy Regulation


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 51

Energy Regulation & Wet Cooling

• Less energy required- lower fan Hp and lower

condensing temperatures

• Less indirect water used in energy generation


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 52

Water Regulation

Aral Sea –4th Largest Inland Sea

• ASHRAE Std. 191 will set baseline water use for building equipment

1989 2009


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 53

Water Shortages at Lakes Powell

Lake Powell 1999 and 2013


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 54

• Water Regulation:Dry Cooling is sometimes considered the “green” solution

• Uses no water directly

Water Regulation


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 55

• However:– More Energy required

(higher condensing temperatures, more fan power)

– More Indirect Water used in Energy generation

Water Regulation & Dry Cooling


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 56

Regulations Must Consider Multiple Concepts

ASHRAE 90.1

ASHRAE 191

Energy Restrictions

Water Restrictions


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 57

The Problem?

What is the best metric to evaluate the tradeoff between

Water and Energy use for a building cooling system?


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 58

Regulation Options

• Presently the only tool available to regulators is cooling tonnage- Current energy restrictions restrict dry cooling by

tonnage- New water regulations could restrict wet cooling by

tonnage

• This does not interrelate local availability of water and energy


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 59

Water Shortages are Regional


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 60

Let’s Create a BETTER Tool !!


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 61

A New Option: Proposed Water-Energy Nexus Ratio

• Simple ratio allowing simultaneous evaluation of two critical natural resources.

Ratio of Water-Energy Nexus (RWEN) =

kWh (returned) / Mgal (invested)


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 62

Water-Energy Nexus:Proposed Ratio



• kWh = energy saved by using wet cooling instead of dry

• Mgal = total water used in the wet cooling process


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 63

Proposed Minimum RWEN

Low RWEN where Water is Plentiful

High RWEN where Water is scarce


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 64

Proposed Minimum RWEN Alternate scale where Energy is also scarce


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 65

Water-Energy Nexus: Price Basis

• Price Basis

– If the price of Water is $6.00/Mgal– If the price of Energy is $0.10/kWh– $6.00/$.10=60

• RWEN>60 = operating savings with wet cooling


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 66

Minimum RWEN: Price BasisRWEN>60 = operating savings with wet cooling


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 67

RWEN In Use: CTI Example

• Evaporative Cooling per CTI:400-ton tower operated 1800 full load equivalent hours per year

– 1,728 Mgal water used– 393,588 kWh saved

• RWEN = 393,588 / 1,728 = 227


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 68

RWEN In Use: CTI Example

RWEN= 227 in CTI example


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 69

RWEN In Use: Wet/Dry Hybrid

+


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 70

Wet/Dry Hybrid


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 71

RWEN In Use: Wet/Dry Hybrid Example

• 400-ton Wet/Dry unit operated 1800 full load equivalent hours per year

– 50% more fan energy:393,588 kWh saved is reduced to 376,803 kWh saved

– 60% less water used:1,728 Mgal used is reduced to 691 Mgal water used

• RWEN = 376,803 / 691 = 545


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 72

RWEN In Use: Hybrid Example

RWEN= 545 in Hybrid example


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 73

RWEN In Use: Hybrid Example

Hybrid Range is flexible


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 74


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 75


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 76

Tool for Regulators

City Baseline RWEN

% Water Reduction

Minimum RWEN

Atlanta ? ? ?Phoenix ? ? ?Los Angeles ? ? ?Denver ? ? ?Houston ? ? ?Bridgeport ? ? ?


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 77

Opportunity

• Tool for Regulators - Ratio of Water-Energy Nexus (RWEN) could be used by regional regulators to analyze the water-energy usetrade off of a process.

This value could be easily changed depending on the temporary climate conditions.


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 78

Opportunity

• Tool for Design Engineers - Ratio of Water-Energy Nexus (RWEN) could be used by design engineers to understand alternative cooling methods and the need for flexibility.


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 79

Opportunity

• Flexibility – Hybrid systems could be programmed to use evaporative cooling only when the Ratio of Water-Energy Nexus (RWEN) is greater than a specific value.

This value could be easily changed depending on the temporary climate conditions.


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 80

Summary



• RWEN - Simple ratio allows simultaneous evaluation of both water and energy for a truly GREEN solution

• RWEN Index – Flexible to account for local conditions and costs


January 21, 2014

Slide No.: 81

QUESTIONS?

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