Construction Technology BLD60104 Assignment

Lecturer: Ms Azrina Md Yaakob

Building chosen: Paradigm Mall

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Name ID

Lu Siau Vay 0318567

Tan Kiah Chun 0324414

Siong Jia Yii 0318239

Tan Jia Yi 0319476

Yong Sing Yew 0318766

Welson Lum Wei Jiunn 0319514

Content

No Pages

1 Cover page 1

2 Content 2

3 Objectives 3

4 Introduction 4-8

5 Roof 9-14

6 Windows 15-20

7 Doors 21--38

8 Stairs 39-48

9 Conclusion 49

10 Reference 50-51

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Objective

In a group of six people, we are required to choose a shopping mall at first.

We have chosen Paradigm which is located in Petaling Jaya as our assignment

requirement. After taking all the photos of the shopping mall, we have to illustrate the

type of the building with plan in the report. Then, identify and explain the types of

roof, windows, doors and staircase as well. The most important part is to compare

and contrast with other types and recommend an alternative to replace the existing

type of roof, windows, doors and stairs.

In this group assignment, students get deeper relationship between every one

of the group because group work is very important in this assignment. By searching

the information about the assignment, students tend to learn more about the

knowledge of construction technology, especially the structure of a building. Other

than that, this assignment provides students to demonstrate their ability and

willingness to work together.

Therefore, students can gain a lot of knowledge after doing this assignment,

but not just learning things from lectures or books and study for examination.

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Introduction

Paradigm mall is located at Jalan SS7/ 26A, Kelana Jaya, 47301 Petaling

Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan. It is strategically located along the Lebuhraya

Damansara – Petaling Jaya, so when you drive along LDP highway, you can

definitely see this awesome building with awesome exterior design.

Besides than driving to Paradigm mall, you can get on the shuttle bus service

from Kelana Jaya LRT station. If you are coming all the way from the KLIA or KLIA2,

you can take the Aerobus with charges of RM10. These routes are with high

frequency of trips, so you do not have to worry even you are rushing. For further

information of getting to Paradigm Mall, you can go to their website which is

http://www.paradigmmall.com.my/Getting_Here/ or you can call the hotline with +603

7801 1188.

Paradigm Mall offers you more than you can imagine, spread across six levels

and 1 million square feet of retail paradise. In case you get lost, you can find the

directory in the mall. If you want to do a preparation before getting to Paradigm Mall,

you can go to their website and search for the clearer floor plan, like what shops are

inside the plan. The website is located at

http://www.paradigmmall.com.my/Floor_Plan/.

*The photos below show every floor plan of Paradigm Mall.

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Level LG

Level CC

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Level G

Level UG

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Level 1

Level 2

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Level 3

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RoofA roof is an essential covering that is placed on houses and buildings and even such items as automobiles.  Roofs have been constructed in a wide variety of forms—flat, pitched, vaulted, domed, or in combinations—as dictated by technical, economic, or aesthetic considerations.

The earliest roofs constructed by man were probably thatched roofs that were made of straw, leaves, branches, or reeds; they were usually set at a slope, or pitch, so that rainfall could drain off them.

Roof act like a huge umbrella in receiving and deflecting all the potentially harmful weather that a structure would otherwise receive, a roof itself normally sustains damage. High winds can damage or remove the roof's shingles. Continued exposure to rainwater can damage the valleys on the roof. Holes and roof leaks are always a major concern. Because of this, a roof should be checked at least twice annually and after major windstorms to spot any damage early.

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Types of roof in Paradigm Mall- Flat roof

Type of roof used in Paradigm Mall is flat roof.

A flat roof is a roof which is almost level in contrast to the many types of

sloped roofs. The slope of a roof is properly known as its pitch and flat roofs have up

to approximately 10°. Flat roofs are an ancient form mostly used in arid climates and

allow the roof space to be used as a living space or a living roof.

Advantages of flat roof

By far the biggest advantage of using a flat roof is the expense. From the initial

building and installation to the materials most often used to cover the roof, flat roofs

are fairly cheap. A flat roof is also extremely affordable both for initial installation and

the maintenance and upkeep. Flat roofs are more suitable for complex buildings or

structures with various levels, such as shopping mall like Paradigm Mall.

Disadvantages of flat roof

The disadvantages of flat roof are limited capacity for insulation. It is also contrast in

style with other buildings in the vicinity. There is also only little space to

accommodate services.

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Roof shade

There is also a white roof shade located in front of the main door of Paradigm Mall,

which taxi and cars can drop off or pick up passengers at this place.

Roof shade is used for protecting commercial buildings from the heat and damage of

the sun. By shading a building and its outdoor spaces we can reduce summer

temperatures, improve comfort and save energy. This roof shade can also provide

shield from rain so that people will not get wet when entering Paradigm Mall during

rainy days.

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Skylight

Skylights are fitted into your roof, allowing light to travel

through and into the interior of a building. Skylights are

light transmitting fenestration which are elements filling

building envelope openings forming all, or partially of,

the roof of a building's space for day lighting purposes. It

is a great environmentally friendly solution for brightening

the building, saving you money on your electricity bills,

and getting the most out of hard to use spaces.

Air ventilation

There are also air ventilation on ceiling in paradigm mall. Ventilation is accomplished

by introducing “clean” air into a space. This air is either mixed with the air alreadr

present in the enclosure to give “mixing” or “dilution” ventilation, or is used to

“displace” air in the space to give “displacement” or “piston flow” ventilation. Air

ventilation is installed to maintain a comfortable environment for the occupants. This

includes maintaining comfortable temperatures and relative humidity levels uniformly

throughout the space.

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Comparison between flat roof and pitched roof

Types of roof Features Advantages Disadvantages

Flat roof - Roof which is almost level in contrast to the many types of sloped roofs

-Slope of a roof is properly known as its pitch and flat roofs have up to approximately 10°

-Cost effectiveness as minimal surface area means less materials, labour and time for construction. 

-designed to hold standing water to some degree

- Maintenance: The lifespan of a flat roof is typically around 20 years, meaning it requires a lot of maintenance and eventually a repair

Pitched roof- A roof sloping downward in two parts at an angle from a central ridge, so as to leave a gable at each end.

- Lifespan: Sloped roofing will almost certainly last significantly longer than flat roofing, with more durable and weather-resistant materials

- more complex design, requiring additional materials and man-hours, making the cost a bit more than that of a flat roof.

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Recommendation

Besides flat roof, we recommend pitched roof for replacement.

We recommend this because this type of roof has aesthetic look. On the more

practical side, pitched roofs are more efficient in water evacuation compares to flat

roofs which have the tendency to retain water on the top of building and stagnant

water can damage the exterior of structure and also the furniture or carpet inside

once it finds a way to go down.

Morover, pitched roof can last significantly longer than flat roof, with more durable

and weather-resistant materials. The inside of the building will also be more

effectively insulated, therefore not suffering from extreme temperatures.

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Windows

A window is an opening in a wall, door, roof or vehicle that allows the passage of

light and, if not closed or sealed, air and sound. It provides a means for admission of

natural daylight to the interior of a building and

serve as a means of providing the necessary ventilation of dwellings. Windows can

be made from a variety of materials or a combination of these materials such as

timber, metal and plastic and can be designed to operate in various ways by

arranging the sashes to slide, pivot or swing, or hang as a casement to one of the

frame members.

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Type of windows in Paradigm Mall- Fixed Windows

Location: 1) exterior wall

2) wall of the highest floor

FIXED WINDOWS IN ALUMINIUM FRAME

Picture windows can be found in Paradigm Mall, which are one type of fixed

windows. This means they can’t be opened or closed. These large expanses of glass

have one use — to frame a beautiful view. Picture windows are often found in homes

with high or vaulted ceilings and they’re often installed as an arched window over

vaulted areas, doors, and other windows

ADVANTAGES OF FIXED WINDOWS

Fixed windows no mechanical parts to break. This eliminates the costs associated

with purchasing replacement parts. The lack of mechanical activity also means the

windows cost less than other similarly sized windows with moving parts. Picture

windows come in a variety of shapes and sizes, but even small picture windows

allow lots of natural light in.

DISADVANTAGES OF FIXED WINDOWS16

The fixed windows cannot be used as an emergency exit.

The only way to clean the outside of the window is to go outside – there are no “tilt-

outs” to make cleaning a breeze. If they don’t contain coatings to reduce solar heat

gain, the room may feel hot and stuffy. An air conditioner can solve the problem, but

more energy will be needed to cool the room, especially in hot climates.

There are 4 types of fixed windows:

Bay windows

Bow windows

Glass block

Picture windows

a)Bay Windows

-used with a non-operational picture window as the center window and two side

windows that do open, bay windows provide an open feeling as well as ventilation. 

b)Bow Windows

-similar to bay windows, bow windows provide a feeling of more space in your home.

Bow windows are made from multiple windows, at least four, to provide a curve to

the window design. You can use picture windows or operational windows in the

design.

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c)Glass Block

-these fixed window blocks allow light into your home, but no ventilation. They are

often times used in the home's interior such as in bathrooms but can also be used in

the home's exterior. From translucent to clear, glass block can provide varying

degrees of privacy as well.

d)Picture/Fixed Windows

- picture windows cannot be opened but provide unobstructed views in areas where

you don't need or want any ventilation. Picture windows can be used with other

windows that open to have the best of both types in your home. 

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Comparison between fixed window and glass block window

Types of windows Features Advantages DisadvantagesFixed windows

-cannot be opened or shut

-transparent and has wide range of view

-Various of shapes and sizes

- Low maintenance

-cannot be opened

-hard to clean from inside

Glass block

- ideal for brightening exterior applications and conserving energy

-high security

-Low cost

-energy efficiency

-limiting size of the wall elements of fragility

-uneven welds can spoil the whole effect

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Recommendation

Other than fixed windows, we also recommend glass block to be used on the

building.

The reasons why glass block is recommended to replace fixed windows are glass

block is cheaper than fixed windows. This type of window also have the ability to

allow in light while still offering privacy, and as an additional layer of security for

basement and ground floor windows.

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DoorA door is a screen used to seal an opening into a building or between rooms within a

building. Typically doors have an interior side that faces inside of a space and

exterior side that faces the outside of that space. It can be designed to swing from

one edge, slide, slide and fold or roll to close an opening. Doors normally consist of a

panel that that swings on hinges or that slides or spins inside of a space. There are

different type of doors which provide different usage depends on the designs of the

building.

Different types of door

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Double French Door Sliding Door Flush Door

Swing Door Batten (matchboard doors) Dutch Door

Panel Door

Types of Door in Paradigm Mall 1. 2.

3. 4.

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1.Glass Swing Door

Location: (1) Side entrance of Paradigm Mall (Single swing door)

(2) Entrance of Surau in Paradigm Mall (Double swing door)

We found two types of swing door in Paradigm Mall which are single swing door and

double swing door. Swing door is a door pivoted or hung on double-sided hinges so

that it can open either way. It is also door that swings open on being pushed or

pulled from either side, then swings closed by itself.

Advantages of swing door

There are many advantages of swing door. One of it is doesn’t need to install a knob

or other devices help to open and close it. Swing door also give an advantage of a

person to pass through the door quickly and easily. This type of door is often a better

option than other types for a shopping mall. This is because it more convenience if

compare with others.

Disadvantages of swing door

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The main disadvantage of a swing door is that it requires a certain space to swing

into and this clear space is not available in some places.

Comparison between Swinging Glass Door and Folding Glass Door

Door types Features Advantages DisadvantagesSwinging Glass Door - It is

transparent

- Door that push and pull to open and swing closed by itself.

- Easily to open and close

- Low maintenance

- Allow natural light pass through (Glass)

- Easily broken since it is made by glass.

Folding Glass Door - Door that can fold to open

- Install with few panel so that it can fold up and stack neatly

- Have better appearance(better design)

- Increase impression of space

- Easily to open and close

- It can be very expensive

- Difficult to install

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Recommendation

Other than swinging glass door, we recommended folding glass door to be used on

the side entrance of Paradigm Mall.

The reason why we recommend folding glass door is because its designs and

appearance which looks more attractive and aesthetic than a swinging door although

it is more expensive and hard to install when compared to swing door. Moreover, it

has almost the same function as the swinging door

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2.Flush Door

Location: Service room of Paradigm Mall

Flush door have simple and flat surface on both sides. This type of door is more

closely associated with function rather than style. This type of door may have a solid

or hollow core.

There are 2 type of flush door:

(i) Solid-core door

(ii) Hollow-core door

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(i) Solid-core door

This type of door have a solid particle board or woodblock core which is covered with

layers of veneer. These doors are much heavier than a hollow-core door. Solid-core

door provide better sound insulation and have less tendency to warp.

(ii) Hollow-core door

This door have a lightweight core made of various materials that are covered with

layers of veneer too. This type of door is significantly less expensive than solid-core

doors. It is usually used as an interior doors.

Advantages of Flush door

Flush door offer simplicity in design and less cost. It has good stability against

twisting and the door surface offers a degree of resistance to stains, scratches and

crash that would easily damage wood. Flush door also consume less time when it

comes to installation.

Disadvantages of Flush door

This type of doors are factory made and therefore correct size of door must be given,

as subsequent alterations are very difficult.

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Comparison between Flush Door and Panel Door

Door types Features Advantages DisadvantagesFlush Door - Plain and

smooth-surface

- For internal use

- Little or no design

- Cheaper

- Low maintenance

- Have better fire resistance, sound attenuation.

- Look simple if compare to panel door

- Subsequent alterations are very difficult

Panel Door - Consist of vertical members called stiles horizontal members called rails - Panels can be solid wood, plywood, and particleboard or have glass inserts.

- Have better appearance

- Provide aesthetic look

- Easily to install

- It is expensive if compare to flush door

- Need daily cleaning as dust retain more on door if compare to flush door.

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Recommendation

Besides than flush door, we also recommended panel door as substitution.

The reason why we recommended panel door is because it have better appearance

and design than a flush door. The function of panel door are almost the same with

flush door. By the way, we still think that the flush door is more suitable for the door

of service room because flush door have better resistance to scratches and crash.

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3.Sliding DoorsSliding door is a type of door which open horizontally by sliding. A sliding door

consists of one fixed panel attached to two hangers on rollers which slides along a

track. A sliding door also feature with a stopper either end to prevent the door from

sliding right off the track.

There are two types of sliding doors can be seen in Paradigm Mall which are

automatic sliding doors and manually slide door.

a)Automatic Sliding Doors

Location: Main entrance door of Paradigm Mall

Automatic slide door consists of a sliding door operator which is a device that

operates a sliding door for pedestrain use. The door will be opened automatically

when the device sensored that there is people pass by and it will close back

automatically as well.

Advantages of Automatic Sliding Door

The advantages of automatic slide door is it can conserve energy. They save energy

from heating and air-conditioning that would have been required otherwise. It only

open when there is passing-by traffic is near and will close spontaneously. So,

automatic door will help to saving up on the electricity costs. Next, its accessibility

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provided for disable people easy to access, since they are not obliged to open and

close the door by themselves.

Disadvantages of Automatic Sliding Door

The disadvantages of automatic sliding door is when there is a cut down of electricity

and will cause the automatic sliding door to jam shut. In this situation, the door must

be force to open.

There are 3 types of sliding door:

a.) Standard sliding doors

b.) Curved sliding doors

c.) Angular sliding doors

a)Automatic Standard sliding doors

Standard sliding door range offers a reliable solution for straight-line opening doors

suitable for straight opening doors at any location. This door is commonly use at any

shopping malls or shops.

b) Automatic Curved sliding doors

This type of door provide entrance area with an enticing and individual atmosphere.

The door can be designed as inwardly or outwardly half-circles and segments, as full

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circle configurations, and even as oval or double segments units. Automatic curved

sliding door provide top quality of drive systems.

c) Automatic Angular sliding doors

It is an exceptionally modern, highly attractive entrance and assembled to

customers’ requirements. This type of door can use for the door which is located at

the edges of a place. With no restrictions, the door system opens and closes,

providing the highest level of safety and convenience.

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Comparison between automatic sliding door and revolving door

Type of door Features Advantages Disadvantages

Automatic sliding door -Normally are found in shopping mall or shops

-transparent.

-It is useful in the crowded mall or shops to allow large amount of people in and out at the same time.

-There will be a collision or interference for people who going in and out by the door.

-If power was cut off, the automatic door will jam shut and cause interference.

Revolving door-a transparent door to allow the user of door to estimate the timing to enter to the door.

-Some of the revolving door is cover by the automatic curved sliding door at the outward.

-Keeps out cold air and helps to drive down heating costs.

- keeping out internal environment from outside noise

-Reduce the possibility of collision of people who are going and coming.

-It only allow certain amount of people to enter with the small area in the revolving door.

-If there is a large amount of people, they are required to queue for sometimes.

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Recommendation

Besides automatic sliding door, we recommend revolving door for the replacement.

This is because revolving door can prevent the cold air inside the shopping mall from

going outside. Normally there will be two revolving doors which each for enter and

another for exits. This is to prevent the collision between people especially in a

crowded buildings. Revolving doors also a designed which will provide more

attractive attention like elegance feeling to peoples.

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b) Normal sliding door

Location: disable’s toilet.

Advantages of Normal Sliding Door

The advantages of normal sliding door is it can be efficient insulators that ensuring

the environment keep cold in summer and keep warm during the winter. It is easy to

access, which little forces is needed to open the door. Next is space saving. Sliding

door operate without a hinge. It can simply slide along the tracks to open instead of

swinging which occupied spaces. Lastly, it is environmentally friendly as it is made of

wood which is renewable and durable material.

Disadvantages of Normal Sliding Door

The disadvantages of normal sliding door is complication of installing. The

installation process involves more than just nailing the door into a set of hinges.

Installation of sliding door included tracks on top and bottom of the door frame and

position them perfectly so the sliding door will not be crooked during sliding. Next,

the tracks of the sliding doors is a magnet of dirt. There will be dirt attach to the

tracks. In this case it is difficult to keep the tracks clean anytime especially on

exterior sliding door. Lastly, the sliding door will face door jams problem over a long

time due to dirt and the rust of metal tracks.

Sliding door is the most suitable to build in disable’s toilet because it only

required a little force to open and close.

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4.FIRE DOOR

Fire door is a door with a fire-resistance rating used at part of a passive fire

protection system to reduce the spread of fire or smoke between compartments and

to enable safe egress from a building or structure. A fire door must be easily and

light to open without key. There are many types of fire door with different withstands

of fire resistance. A fire door with a coding of (S) mean the fire door has the ability to

resist the passage of smoke with a cold smoke seal installed between the frame of

door and door. All the fire door must have self-closing devices and a glazing window.

Types of fire door in Paradigm mall

Fire door with a push bar to open Fire door with hand bar to open

Both type of the fire doors used in Paradigm mall are made of wood.

Advantages

Wooden fire door are cheaper compare to other materials like steel and aluminium. It

does not rust when its surfaces are exposed to the environment. Timber is also a

materials which can be found easily. It is also light in weight and easy to install. The

most important part is it is easy to open during emergency due to the light weight.

Disadvantages

The lifespan of timber door is short as it will spoil when exposed to the moisture and

the material itself is considered weak as well. It is difficult to repair and normally the

spoiled timber door will replace by a new timber door. So this will cost for some

labour work. Lastly, the handle of the timber door is a good heat conductor and this

will cause the handle become hot easily during fire.

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Comparison between timber fire door and metal fire door

Type of door Feature Advantages Disadvantages

Timber Fire Door -It is commonly used in commercial block

-Easily to open due to its light weight and allows people to escape with fastest speed during fire emergency.

-It will automatically close back due to its self-closing devices.

-Not a very good heat resistant.

-Cannot withstand fire which has high temperature for a long period.

Metal Fire Door-It is commonly used in factories

-It is a very good resistant which can withstand a high temperature of fire in a longer period compare to timber fire door.

-It is durable compare to timber fire door and require a low maintenance.

-It is slightly heavier than timber fire door.

-Expensive compare to timber fire door.

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Recommendation

Besides timber fire door, we recommend metal fire door for replacement.

We recommend this because metal door has good heat resistance. This is important

because during fire emergency, metal fire door can withstand the fire for longer

period which allow sufficient time for the fire-fighters to save the victims who was

trapped inside the building.

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Stairs

Stairs is a complete flight of steps between two floors. A staircase is one or more

flights of stairs leading from one floor to another, includes landings, handrails, newel

posts and additional part. Stairs may be a required component from structures and

buildings. It provided convenient access floors, roofs, levels and other walking

surfaces that not accessible by other means. There are different types of stairs which

provide different usage used in construction depends on designation of staircases or

the form of place allocated.

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Types of staircase in Paradigm Mall

1.

2.

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1.Half- turn stair

Location: Emergency exit

Concrete half-turn stair/U-shaped stair/switchback staircase

Half-turn stairs are basically 2 parallel flights of straight stairs joined by a landing that

requires 180 degree turn in the walk line.

Advantages of half-turn stairs:

Half-turn stairs can be easier to fit into an architectural plan. This type of stairs offer

some architectural interest. The landing(s) can offer a resting point part way up the

stairs, especially for old person.

Disadvantages of half-turn stairs:

Half-turn stairs are a bit more difficult to build.

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These may be of three types:

i) Dog-legged or newel half turn stairs.

ii) Open newel half turn stairs.

iii) Geometrical half turn stairs.

i) Dog-legged stairs

This name is given because of its appearance in sectional elevation. It comes

under the category of newel (or solid newel) stairs in which newel posts are

provided at the beginning and end of each flight. These may be of two forms: (i)

with half space landing, and (ii) with quarter space landing and winders.

Generally the half space landing type, (i.e. without winders) is more common.

There is no space between the outer strings of the two flights.

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ii) Open newel half turn stairs

Open well or open newel half turn stair has a space or well between outer strings.

This is the only aspect in which it differs from the dog-legged stair. The additional

width is required between the two strings may vary from 15 cm (min) to 100 cm.

When the space left is more, a small flight containing two to four steps may be

introduced at the turn, between the two quarter space landings.

iii) Geometrical half turn stairs

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The essential features of this type of stairs are that the stringers and the hand

rails are continuous, without any intervening newel post. These may be either

with half –space landing or without landing.

Comparison between Half-turn Stairs & Winder Stairs

Stair Types Features Advantages Disadvantages Half-turn Stairs - Two flights

of steps parallel to each other- 180° turn at one large landing

- Useful when there need many raisers but small floor space- Provision of a place to rest and the reduced distance of fall

- Probable to need more floor space than a straight stair- More difficult to construct than straight stairs

Winder Stairs

- Pie-shaped stairs which are substituted for a landing

- Less space required than L-shaped stairs and double landing stairs

- Less safe than L-shaped stairs and double landing stairs due to the lack of step uniformity of winders

Requirement to build a half-turn stairs is that the length and width of landing of the

stairs should not be less than the width of stairway. Its landings should have a

minimum vertical clearance of not less than 2000mm. Landings must be less than

750mm and have a gradient which not steeper than 1:50.

On the other hand, the width of winders should be sufficient at midpoint. The going of

winders should be constant.

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Recommendation

Besides half-turn staircase, we recommend double winder staircase for

replacement.

This is because double winder stairs require less spaces to build compared to half-

turn stairs. The requirement of building up double winder stairs is also simpler than

half-turn stairs. They are similar to each other and both 180°turn in the walk line.

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2. Straight stairs with pebble wash

A straight staircase can be defined as one having a single, straight flight of stairs that

connects two levels or floors in a building. It is commonly used in construction

especially home buildings.

Advantages of straight stairs:

Straight stairs is cheaper than other types of stairs because of its construction

process is much simpler and less time consuming. A person traveling up or down the

stairs has a clear view of the entire flight and this enhanced safety. It is easy to

accommodate additions or modifications on straight stairs.

Disadvantages of straight stairs:

Because there is no visual barrier between two floors connected by straight stairs,

there is often lack of privacy. Since straight stairs consist of more stairs and is taller

than staircase with platform/landing in between, resulting a fall from top of stairs can

be quite severe and caused serious injuries. It is also problematic for old people to

climb all the stairs at once. Straight staircase require more space compared to

curved stairs or platform stairs.

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Comparison between Straight Stairs & Spiral Stairs

Stair Types Features Advantages DisadvantagesStraight Stairs - Simple design

- No turns- Used most in home construction

- Easy to construct- Less expensive

- Long open space or high ceiling required- Difficult to accommodate in the floor plan

Spiral Stairs - Spiral stairs: twists around a centre pole, from which steps radiate out

- Can be used where little space is available- Ideal for access to attic, basement rooms, and lighthouse- Better aesthetics

- Hard to climb- Not safe as they have winder steps- Not suitable for primary stair

Requirement to build up straight stairs is that it should comply with general design

requirements on risers, goings and slope.

In contrast, the radius to the centre-line of spiral stairway cannot be less than

600mm. The maximum width of curved stairway should be 750mm.

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Recommendation

Besides straight stairs, an alternative type of stairs that can be used for replacement

is winder stairs.

This is because winder stairs require less spaces than many other types of stairs. It

have more visual interest which suits to be the stairs in the entry of a shopping mall.

Winder stairs seem to create a more seamless transition, visually, as they meander

around corner. Its compactness made them attractive in sustainable design. Winder

stairs and straight stairs are similar to each other but winder stairs are more

preferable for modern buildings like Paradigm Mall.

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Conclusion

In conclusion, this assignment cannot be done without every single one of us.

Teamwork is the key point of a group assignment and this is what we have learned

for. Other than that, we also learned being organized. We have learned how to finish

the tasks given by the lecturer in time. From deciding which mall we were going to do

until finishing the report, we have planned the work organically and done according

to the plan.

Besides that, this assignment also helps us on improving our understanding of

the structure of a building. We have learned how to apply the principle of

construction technology into practice. By doing the assignment, we have improved

our skills on thinking and problem solving. We are able to find out the solutions for

every problems that we found.

Lastly, Paradigm Mall is an iconic lifestyle mall and the interior and exterior

design is so beautiful that it can even take your breath away! You’ll definitely get a

sense of liveliness, fun and vibrancy that will totally change the way you shop at

Paradigm Mall. Enjoy if you are at Paradigm Mall!

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