Construction Technology

Group Members: Abdul Qayyum 0320220

Chong Wai Loon 0319745 Calvin Wong Kim Ming 0323642

Tan Yong Chien 0320200

Accessibility to the site

● Access to site● Can enter and exit ● Temporary road● Condition

Width Bends

GradientSharp Corners

Services● The dangers : electricity cables, gas pipes, water pipes and sewers, telecommunications

cables. It can delay the projects and incur considerable cost.

Electricity Cables

Gas Pipes

Water/Waste pipes

Telecommunication cables

May cause:● Explosive current effect ● Can caused fire● Crushed or bent severely● Fatal burns to the body

May cause:● Explosive effect ● Fire ● Environmental risks● Oil Pipelines effect

May cause:● High pressure water● Flood the site/nearby● Underground Leaks● Wash away subsoil● Sewer - contamination

May cause:● Disruption to services ● Reliant on Telco● Emergency● Costly (fibre cable)

Available facilities

● Towns● Hospital / Clinic● School● Shops● Police / Fire station● Bus / Taxi stand

Issues

● Sound and Noise - May cause disturbing sound made by the machineries and heavy equipment that is disturbing the nearby community.

● Air pollution - construction generates lots of dust & dirt from all operations such as land clearing, burning, demolition and smoke caused by the diesel engines. All these contamination travels really fast through air.

● Traffic - the delivery of the materials and machineries could cause traffic jam and endangering others vehicles. Imagine an emergency fire truck is stuck in the traffic caused by the construction -

Safe System of Works

1. Planning the work

a) Obtain service drawings from utilities companies and other organisations with relevant information about the site.

b) Survey the site to identify the services and other underground structures. Record the location of any services.

c) Review/assess the planned work to avoid disturbing services where possible.

d) Allow sufficient time and provide sufficient resource to do the work safely.

e) Emergency work still requires planning and assessment of the risks arising from the work. A precautionary approach must be taken when breaking ground.

2. Cable and pipe-locating devices

Suitable cable and pipe-locating devices should be used in conjunction with any available plans to determine as accurately as possible the position of metallic underground services in or near the proposed work area. It should be noted however that these devices do not detect plastic pipes

3. Safe Excavation practice

Excavation work should be carried out carefully, and should follow recognised safe digging practices.

Type of Subsoil

Hard Rock● Good foundation

● High excavation cost

● Can be removed by blasting for loosening it.

Gravel● Ideal Subsoil

● Strong and easily drained

● Sufficient for the strip foundations.

● Removal of this soil can be done by mechanical excavators,

shovels, draglines etc.

Sand● Loose and subject to movement● For deep foundation● Loose sand must be compacted to be used.● Removal of this soil can be done by mechanical

excavators, shovels, draglines etc.

Clay● Good bearing capacity● Does not drain well● For deep foundation● Depends on the moisture content for the expansion and

shrinking of this soil.● Lowering water table might the solution to the problems.● Removal of this soil can be done by mechanical

excavators, shovels, draglines etc.

Water Table

● The level below ground that the groundwater

pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure

● The building that is being build should be

erected above the highest groundwater level

● Groundwater exists below the water table,

which divides unsaturated soil & rock from

saturated.

Temporary works

Accommodation for workers Material storage - Types depend on durability, vulnerability to damage and vulnerability to theft

Security Fencing - atleast 1.80m above ground.

Types depend on the degree of security required, cost neighbourhood and the contract durations.

Security Hoarding - to prevent unauthorized persons access to site (Placed at a level above the traffic level.

It’s a close-boarded panels to resist wind loads, Free standing / fixed by stays to external wall and also give protection from falling object.

Scaffolding - A temporary scaffolding for the workers to have access to the place of work

3 form of scaffolding- Putlog scaffold - independent scaffold- mobile access tower

Timbering - To cover temporary supports to sides of excavations.

The amount depends on the type of soil and depth of the excavation

Reference● http://www.hse.gov.uk/pUbns/priced/hsg47.pdf● http://www.spenergynetworks.co.uk/userfiles/file/hsg47.pdf● http://www.hsa.

ie/eng/Publications_and_Forms/Publications/Construction/CoP_underground.pdf

● http://www.bexley.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=1424&p=0

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