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Transcript of CST Review Fill in the graphic organizers with the following information.
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CST Review
Fill in the graphic organizers with the following information
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Roots of Democracy• Greeks used reason & intelligence to discover natural laws;
development of direct democracy, and 3branches of government(make sure that 1 group did not have all the power.
• Romans introduced the republic (representative government) & written legal code(law) that applies equally to all citizens.
• Judaism Emphasis on individual morality(we choose to between right or wrong)
• Christianity established the equality of believers(all are equal before God).
• Renaissance Growth of individualism• Reformation Challenging of traditional authority
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Major Ideas of the Enlightenment
• Locke believed in Natural Rights-life, liberty, and property. He also believed in the right to rebel– This is fundamental to U. S. Declaration of
Independence/American Revolution
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Major Ideas of the Enlightenment
• Montesquieu believed in the separation of powers (branches of government)– France, United States, Latin American nations use
separation of powers in new constitutions
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Major Ideas of the Enlightenment
• Voltaire believed in the freedom of thought and expression and religious freedom– Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights, & French
Declaration or Rights of Man, European monarchs reduce or eliminate censorship and persecution
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Major Ideas of the Enlightenment
• Beccaria believed in the abolishment (getting rid of) torture– Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights, torture outlawed
or reduced in nations of Europe and the Americas
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Major Ideas of the Enlightenment
• Wollstonecraft believed in women’s equality– Women’s rights groups form in Europe & North
America
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Major Ideas of the Enlightenment
• Hobbes believed in a Social Contract– The use of voting
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Causes of the French Revolution
Explain each cause• Heavy taxes• Desire for privileges• Poor harvest & high bread prices• Gap between rich & poor• Poor leadership• Government debt• Enlightenment ideas
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Major Ideas of the Enlightenment
• Rousseau believed in popular sovereignty(power comes from the people)– Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Independence,
U.S. Constitution & American Revolution
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French Revolution
Put the events in the correct order• War with Austria begins when Austria offers
support for Louis XVI• King is Executed• Terror ends as moderates gain control• Assembly creates a constitution• War goes badly for the French and mobs rule
Paris• Reign of Terror begins as radicals take over the
government
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French Legislative AssemblyPolitical Spectrum
Radicals
• Sat on the left side of the hall; were called left-wring & said to be on the left
• Opposed the king & the idea of a monarchy
• Wanted sweeping changes in government & proposed that common people have full power in a republic
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French Legislative AssemblyPolitical Spectrum
Moderates
• Sat in the center of the hall & were called centrists
• Wanted some changes in government, but as many as the radicals
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French Legislative AssemblyPolitical Spectrum
Conservatives• Sat on the right side of the hall; were called
the right-wring & said to be on the right
• Upheld the idea of a limited monarchy
• Wanted few changes in government
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NapoleonWhich events caused Napoleon to lose/gain power?
• Defense of National Convention• Coup• Emperor• Winning Battles• Trafalgar• Large Empire• Russia• Elba• Waterloo
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Napoleon• Goals of the Revolution– Equal taxation, Lower inflation– Less government corruption, Equal opportunity in,
government– Less powerful Catholic Church, Religious tolerance
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Napoleon• Napoleon’s Actions– Set up fairer tax code; Set up national bank;
Stabilized currency; Gave state loans to business– Appointed officials by merit; Fired corrupt
officials; Created lycees (public schools); Created code of laws
– Recognized Catholicism as “faith of Frenchmen”; Signed concordat with pope; Retained seized church lands
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Napoleon• Results of the Revolution– Equal taxation; Stable economy– Honest, competent officials; Equal opportunity in
government; Public education– Religious tolerance; Government control of church
lands; Government recognition of; church influence
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Napoleon’s Fall
Describe Each Mistake• Continental system• Peninsula War• Russian invasion
Effects on Empire• Weakening of France• Great loss of life & prestige• Loss of much of army
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Congress of Vienna
• Problems– French Aggression– Power struggles between countries– Lack of legitimate leaders
• Solution– Surrounding France with strong countries– Creating a balance of power so that no country
can dominate others– Restoring royal families to their thrones
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Effects of Industrialization
• Size of Cities* Growth of factories, bringing job seekers to
cities* Urban areas doubling, tripling, or quadrupling
in size* Factories developing near sources of energy* Many new industrial cities specializing in
certain industries
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Effects of Industrialization
• Living Conditions * No sanitary codes or building controls* Lack of adequate housing, education, and
police protection* Lack of running water and indoor plumbing* Frequent epidemics sweeping through slums* Eventually, better housing, healthier diets, and
cheaper clothing
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Effects of Industrialization
• Working Conditions * Industrialization creating new jobs for workers* Workers trying to keep pace with machines* Factories dirty and unsanitary* Workers running dangerous machines for long
hours in unsafe conditions* Harsh and severe factory discipline* Eventually, higher wages, shorter hours, and
better working conditions
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Effects of Industrialization• Emerging Social Classes* Growing middle class of factory owners, shippers,
and merchants* Upper class of landowners and aristocrats
resentful of rich middle class* Lower middle class of factory overseers and
skilled workers* Workers overworked and underpaid* In general, a rising standard of living, with some
groups excluded
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Industrialization Bring Change
• Identify the following changes as Economic, Social, or Political
1. New social classes emerged.2. New political philosophies erupted from the Industrial
Revolution.3. The gap widened between industrialized nations and
non-industrialized nations.4. New inventions like the railroad changed the way
people transported goods and traveled.5. Many of the changes are present in today’s society.
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Capitalism vs. MarxismCapitalist Ideas
• Progress results when individuals follow their own self interest
• Businesses follow their own self-interest when they compete with one another the consumer’s money.
• Each producer tried to provide goods and services that are better and less expensive than those of competitors.
• Consumers compete with one another to purchase the best goods at the lowest prices.
• Market economy aims to produce the best products and the lowest prices
• Government should not interfere in the economy.
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Capitalism vs. Marxism
Marxist Ideas• All great movements in history are the result of
an economic class struggle.• The “haves” take advantage of the “have-nots.”• The Industrial Revolution intensified the class
struggle.• Workers are exploited by employers.• The labor or workers creates profit for
employers.• The capitalist system will eventually destroy
itself. The state will wither away as a classless society develops.
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Effects of The Industrial Revolution
Economic Effects• New inventions and development of factories.• Rapidly growing industry in the 1800s• Increased production and higher demand for raw
materials.• Growth of worldwide trade• Population explosion and a large labor force.• Exploitation of mineral resources• Highly developed banking and investment system.• Advances in transportation, agriculture, and
communication
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Effects of The Industrial RevolutionSocial Effects
• Long hours worked by children in factories.• Increase in population of cities• Poor city planning• Loss of family stability• Expansion of middle class• Harsh conditions for laborers• Workers progress vs. laissez faire economic attitudes• Improved standard of living• Creation of new jobs• • Encouragement of technological progress
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Effects of The Industrial Revolution
Political Effects• Child labor laws to end abuses• Reformers urging equal distribution of wealth• Trade unions• Social reform movements, such as
utilitarianism, utopianism, socialism and Marxism
• Reform bills in Parliament
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ImperialismEurope Enters Africa
• European Motives– Nationalism– Economic competition– European racism– Missionary impulse
• External Forces– Maxium gun– Railroads and steamships– Cure for malaria
• Internal Forces– Variety of cultures and languages– Low level of technology– Ethnic strife
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Imperialism
Forms of Imperialism• Colony– A country or region governed internally by a
foreign power.– Somaliland in East Africa was a French colony.
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Imperialism
Forms of Imperialism• Protectorate– A country or territory with its own internal
government but under the control of an outside power
– Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River delta.
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Imperialism
Forms of Imperialism• Sphere of Influence– An area in which an outside power claims
exclusive investment or trading privileges.– Liberia was under the sphere of influence of the
United States.
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Imperialism
Management Methods• Indirect Control– Local government officials were used– Limited self-rule– Goal: to develop future leaders– Government institutions are based on European styles
but may have local rules• Examples– British colonies such as Nigeria, India, Burma– U. S. Colonies on Pacific islands
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Imperialism
Management Methods• Direct Control– Foreign officials brought in to rule– No self-rule– Goal: assimilation– Government institutions are based only on European
styles• Examples– French colonies such as Somaliland, Vietnam– German colonies such as Tanganyika– Portuguese colonies such as Angola
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Imperialism
Resistance to Imperialism• Africa– Armed resistance all over the continent
• Muslim Lands– Attempts at modernization
• India– Armed rebellion & information of nationalist parties
• Southeast Asia– Armed resistance in some areas; modernization in
others
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Imperialism
Causes of New Imperialism• Nationalism– To gain power, European nations compete for
colonies and trade.• Economic Competition– Demand for raw materials and new markets, spurs
a search for colonies.• Missionary Spirit– Europeans believe they must spread their
Christian teachings to the world.
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Imperialism
Effects of New Imperialism• Colonization– Europeans control land and people in areas of
Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
• Colonial Economics – Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up
dependent cash-crop economies.
• Christianization – Christianity spread to Africa, India, and Asia.
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Imperialism
Transformations Around the Globe• China– Fails to prevent Britain from pursuing illegal opium
trade in 1839 Opium War– Deals with internal unrest during almost two decades
of Hong Xiuguan’s Taiping Rebellion– Attempts to build self-sufficiency during 1860s in self-
strengthening movement– Violently opposes foreigners in 1900 Boxer Rebellion– Begins to establish constitutional government in 1908
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Imperialism
Transformations Around the Globe• Japan– Signs 1854 Treaty of Kangawa, opening Japanese
ports to foreign trade– Modernizes based on Western models during Meiji
era (1867-1912)– Fights 1894 Sino-Japanese War seeking control of
Korea– Wages 1904 Russo-Japanese War seeking control of
Manchuria– Annexes Korea in 1910
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Imperialism
Transformations Around the Globe• Latin America– Depends on exports to fuel economy– Receives much foreign investment– Gains U. S military support in 1898 Spanish-
American War– Becomes crossroads of world trade whenU. S.
completes Panama Canal in 1914
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Imperialism
Transformations Around the Globe• Mexico– Fights to hold Texas territory from U. S.
colonialism (1835-1845)– Tries to establish a national identity in the Early
1850s under Benito Juarez’s La Reforma– Overcomes French occupation in 1867– Stages the Mexican Revolution in 1910
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WWI
MAIN CausesDescribe each MAIN Cause
• Militarism• Alliance• Imperialism• Nationalism
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WWI
Alliances• Triple Alliance– Germany– Austria-Hungary– Italy
• Triple Entente– Great Britain– France– Russia
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WWI
War Declaration• Germany on Russia – Saw Russian troops on German border as a threat
• Germany on France – Wanted a quick victory in the west
• Britain on Germany – Outraged over violation of Belgian neutrality
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WWI
War Declaration• Germany on Russia – Saw Russian troops on German border as a threat
• Germany on France – Wanted a quick victory in the west
• Britain on Germany – Outraged over violation of Belgian neutrality
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WWIFRONTS
• Western Front– Trench warfare– Small land gains– Germany vs. Britain &
• Eastern Front– Absence of trenches– Larger land gains– Germans, Austrians, Turks vs. Russians & Serbs– More mobile warfare
• Both – Huge numbers of soldiers killed– Mass destruction of land– Deplorable conditions– Stalemates
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WWIAlliances
• Allied Powers– Great Britain– France– Russia– (United States)
• Central Powers– Germany– Austria-Hungary– (Ottoman Turks)
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WWIREASONS FOR U. S. ENTRY INTO WWI
• The Germans sink the Lusitania, a British ship carrying some American passengers.
• Germany returns to unrestricted submarine warfare, sinking U. S ships.
• Zimmerman note decoded – German note urging Mexico to take up arms against the U. S.
• A strong feeling of sympathy for the allies.
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WWIHow did Total War Affect the Warring Nations• Governments took great control of economies,
telling factories what & how much to produce• Civilian factories were turned into munitions
factories• Rationing was common• Women became a significant part of the work
force• More people were put to work
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WWIWilson’s Fourteen Points
• Governments took great control of economies, telling factories what & how much to produce
• Civilian factories were turned into munitions factories
• Rationing was common• Women became a significant part of the work
force• More people were put to work
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WWIThe Treaty of Versailles
League of Nations• International peace organization; membership
to include Allied war powers & 32 Allied & neutral nations
• Germany & Russia excluded
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WWIThe Treaty of Versailles
Territorial Losses• Germany returns Alsace-Lorraine to France;
French border extended to the west bank of the Rhine river
• Germany surrenders all of its overseas colonies in Africa & the Pacific
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WWIThe Treaty of Versailles
Military Restrictions• Limits set on the size of the Germany army• Germany prohibited from importing or
manufacturing weapons or war material• Germany forbidden to build or buy submarines
or have an air force
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WWIThe Treaty of Versailles
War Guilt• Sole responsibility for the war placed on
Germany’s shoulders• Germany forced to pay the Allies $33 billion in
reparations over 30 years
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WWICauses and Effects of the Great War
Long-Term Causes• Nationalism spurs competition among
European nations.• Imperialism deepens national rivalries.• Militarism leads to large standing armies.• The alliance system divides Europe into two
rival camps.
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WWICauses and Effects of the Great War
Immediate Causes• The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
in June 1914 prompts Austria to declare war on Serbia
• The alliance system requires nations to support their allies. European countries declare war on one another
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WWICauses and Effects of the Great War
Immediate Effects• A generation of Europeans are killed or
Wounded.• Dynasties fall in Germany, Austria- Hungary,
and Russia.• New countries are created.• The League of Nations is established to help
promote peace.
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WWICauses and Effects of the Great War
Long-Term Effects• Many nations feel biter and betrayed by the
peace settlements• Problems that helped cause the
war(nationalism & competition) remain
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The Great DepressionLong-Term Causes
• World economies are connected.• Some countries have huge war debts from
World War I.• Europe relies on American loans and
investments.• Prosperity is built on borrowed money.• Wealth is unequally distributed.
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The Great DepressionImmediate Causes
• U. S. stock market crashes.• Banks demand repayment of loans.• Farms fail and factories close.• Americans reduce foreign trade to protect
economy.• Americans stop loans to foreign countries.• American banking system collapses.
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The Great DepressionImmediate Effects
• Millions become unemployed worldwide• Businesses go bankrupt• Governments take emergency measures to
protect economies.• Citizens lose faith in capitalism and democracy• Nations turn toward authoritarian leaders
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The Great DepressionLong-Term Effects
• Nazis take control in Germany• Fascists come to power in other countries• Democracies try social welfare programs• Japan expands in East Asia• World War II breaks out
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Russian RevolutionCauses
• Widespread discontent among all classes of Russian society
• Agitation from revolutionaries• Weak leadership of Czar Nicholas II• Defeat in Russo Japanese War (1905)• Bloody Sunday (1905)• Losses in World War I• Strikes and riots
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Russian RevolutionRevolution of 1917
• Abdication of Czar Nicholas II• Failure of provisional government• Growing power of soviets• Lenin’s return to Russia• Bolshevik takeover under Lenin
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Russian RevolutionEffects
• Civil War (1918-1920)• Czar & his family killed – end of czarist rule• Peace with Germany under Treaty of Brest-
Litovsk (1918)• Bolshevik control of government• Russian economy in ruins
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Totalitarianism• Dictatorship &One-Party Rule– Exercises absolute authority– Dominates the government
• Dynamic Leader – Helps unite people toward meeting shared goals or
realizing a common vision– Encourages people to devote their unconditional
loyalty & uncritical support to the regime– Becomes a symbol of the government
• Ideology (Set of Beliefs)– Justifies government actions– Glorifies the aims of the state
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Totalitarianism• State Control Over the Individual– business – labor – housing – education– family life – youth groups – religion – the arts
• State Control Over the Individual– Demands total obedience to authority & personal
sacrifice for the good of the State– Denies basic liberties
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Totalitarianism• Dependence on Modern Technology– Relies on mass communication, such as radios, new
streets, and loudspeakers, to spread propaganda– Builds up advanced military weapons
• Organized Violence – Uses force, such as police terror, to crush all
opposition– Targets certain groups, such as national minorities
& political opponents, as Enemies
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TotalitarianismStalin’s Use of Weapons of Totalitarianism
• Police Terror – Great Purge– Execution of kulaks
• Propaganda – Socialist realism– Training of youth
• Censorship – Government-controlled media
• Religious Persecution – Destruction of buildings– Elimination of leadership
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WWIIAggression in Europe and Asia
• Japan invades Manchuria• Italy attacks Ethiopia• Germany annexes Austria• Germany occupies Rhineland• Japan invades China• Germany takes Sudetenland• Germany seizes Czechoslovakia• Italy conquers Albania
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WWIIGermany’s Aggressive Actions & European
Responses• Hitler renounces Versailles Treaty and rebuilds
Germany’s armed forces – no response
• Germany seizes the Rhineland – Great Britain urges appeasement
• Germany takes Austria – France and Great Britain ignore pledge to protect
Austria• After the Munich Conference – Great Britain and France let Germany take the
Sudetenland
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WWIIComparing Fascism/Nazism and Communism• Authoritarian; action-oriented; charismatic
leader, state more important than individual• Nationalist; racist (Nazism); one-party rule;
supreme leader• Supported by middle class, industrialists, &
military• Censorship; indoctrination; secret police• Private property control by state corporations
or state• Italy, Spain, Germany
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WWIIComparing Fascism/Nazism and Communism• Marxist-Leninist ideas; dictatorship of
proletariat; state more important than• Internationalist; one-party rule; supreme
leader • Supported by workers & peasants • Censorship; indoctrination; secret police• Collective ownership; centralized state
planning • U.S.S.R.
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WWIIEffects of Early Events
• First blitzkrieg – The fall of Poland
• Allies stranded at Dunkirk – 338,000 soldiers saved – British forces leave Western Europe
• British radar detects German aircraft – British are able to hold off German occupation
• Lend-Lease Act – U.S. supplied Allies with war goods– U.S. decision to favor Allies
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WWIIMajor Battles
• Pearl Harbor– U.S. enters the war
• Doolittle’s Raid– U.S. bombs Tokyo
• Battle of Midway– Turns the tide of the war in favor of U.S.
• Battle of Guadalcanal– Most casualties (deaths)
• Battle of El Alamein– Rommel’s army defeated in North Africa
• Battle of Stalingrad– Soviets beat back Germany
• D-Day Invasion– Allies begin taking back Europe
• Battle of the Buldge– Last attempt by the Germans (fail)
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WWIIMajor Battles
• Allies– Great Britain– France– Soviet Union– U.S.
• Axis Powers– Germany– Italy– Japan
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WWIIAftermath of War
• Europe– Displaced persons looking for families– Famine– Rise of Communism
• Japan– Japanese emperor no longer a god– Japanese people humiliated– Radiation poisoning from the atomic bomb
• Both– Destruction of land and property– Natural resources depleted– Heavy loss of life– Major cities in shambles
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Cold WarEvents
United States• 1946 institutes containment Policy to block
Soviet influences • 1948 Gives massive foreign aid to Europe
under Marshall Plan • 1952 Tests first H=bomb• 1953 Adopts brinkmanship policy, which
escalates Cold War• 1965 Sends troops to Vietnam
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Cold WarEvents
Both• 1948 U.S. and Britain break Soviet blockade of
Berlin with airlift • 1950 Communist North Korea attacks South Korea • 1960 U-2 incident reignites tension between
super- powers • 1962 U.S. blockades Cuba in response to buildup
of Soviet missiles • 1972 Nixon and Brezhnev sign SALT 1 treaty • 1980 U.S boycotts Moscow Summer Olympic to
protest invasion of Afghanistan
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Cold WarEvents
Soviet Union• 1950 Signs friendship Treaty with China • 1953 Tests first H-Bomb• 1956 Puts down revolt in Hungary and later
executes lmre Nagy• 1957 Launches Sputnik, starting space race • 1968 Violently brings Prague Spring to an end • 1979 Invades Afghanistan
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Cold WarSuperpowers’ Aims in Europe
West (Capitalist)• Encourage democracy in other countries in
order to help prevent the rise of Communist government
• Gain access to raw materials & markets to fuel booming industries
• Rebuild European governments to promote stability & create new markets for American goods
• Reunite Germany to stabilize it & increase the security of Europe
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Cold WarSuperpowers’ Aims in Europe
East(Communist)• Encourage communism in other countries as
part of a world wide worker’s revolution • Rebuilt its war-ravaged economy using Eastern
Europe’s industrial equipment & raw materials • Control Eastern Europe to protect Soviet
borders & balance the U.S. influence in Europe• Keep Germany divided to prevent its waging
war again
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Cold WarComparison of Causes & Effects of Wars in Korea &
VietnamKorea• Neither side gained advantage Rebuilt its war-
ravaged economy using Eastern Europe’s industrial equipment & raw materials
Vietnam• Soviet-supported North Vietnamese wonBoth• American involvement stemmed from Cold War• Land was destroyed• Millions of people died
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Cold WarPut the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis in
order• Castro nationalize U.S. –owned sugar mills• Eisenhower orders embargo on trade• Castro turns to Soviets for aid• Bay of Pigs invasion• Cuban missile crisis
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Cold WarDo not worry about US Presidents Contribution
to Cold War Tensions
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Cold WarChinese Political Opponents
Nationalists• Jiang Jieshi• Southern China• United States• Defeat of Communists• Weak due to inflation & failing Economy• Ineffective, corrupt leadership & poor morale
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Cold WarChinese Political Opponents
Communists• Mao Zedong • Northern China• Soviet Union• National liberation • Strong due to promised land reform • Experienced, motivated guerilla army
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Cold WarMajor Challenges of Countries After
Independence• The Philippines – United States– Military bases– Bell Act– Difficulties with democracy– Assassinations– Marcos stealing money
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Cold WarMajor Challenges of Countries After
Independence• Burma – Great Britain– Unstable governments– Assassinations– Ethnic conflicts
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Cold WarMajor Challenges of Countries After
Independence• Indonesia – Netherlands– Ethnic conflicts– Coup– Huge gap between rich & poor Huge gap between
rich & poor
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Cold WarConflict Over Palestine
• BELIEFS OF JEWS– Jews believe their right to a Palestinian homeland is a
covenant from God• BELIEFS OF ARABS– Arabs believe the land has belong to them since the
Jews were driven out in A. 135– Other Arabs believe it has belonged to them since their
7th century conquest of the region.• OTHER INFLUENCES– Oil interests– Global politics– Persecution of Jews in Europe