CSS Final Report Bidya & Rishi

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1 REPORT ON CASE STUDY SEGMENT (CSS) MBA-RM 2016-17 CASE STUDY SEGMENT REPORT SUBMITTED ON THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION IN RURAL MANAGEMENT SUBMITTED BY: Bidyadhar Hansdah (15201006) Rishi Raj (15201018 ) HOST ORGANISATION: Jharkhand State Livelihood Promotion Society REPORTING OFFICERS: MR. SRIMANTA PATRA (State Program Manager, JSLPS) ASSISTANT REPORTING OFFICER: NIKETA KUMAR (YP, Chaibasa, Ranchi) FACULTY GUIDE: PROF. MADHUMITA RAY CSS CO-ORDINATOR: PROF. DAMODAR JENA KIIT UNIVERSITY BHUBANESWAR May,2016

Transcript of CSS Final Report Bidya & Rishi

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REPORT ON

CASE STUDY SEGMENT (CSS)

MBA-RM 2016-17

CASE STUDY SEGMENT REPORT SUBMITTED ON THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION IN RURAL MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED BY:

Bidyadhar Hansdah (15201006)

Rishi Raj (15201018)

HOST ORGANISATION:

Jharkhand State Livelihood Promotion Society

REPORTING OFFICERS: MR. SRIMANTA PATRA (State Program Manager, JSLPS)

ASSISTANT REPORTING OFFICER: NIKETA KUMAR (YP, Chaibasa, Ranchi)

FACULTY GUIDE: PROF. MADHUMITA RAY

CSS CO-ORDINATOR: PROF. DAMODAR JENA

KIIT UNIVERSITY

BHUBANESWAR

May,2016

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AKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our great pleasure to have this opportunity to describe the interior feeling of gratitude

from the core of our heart. This case study segment would not have been successful without any

cooperation from individuals and institution. First and foremost we are thankful to Prof.(Dr)

L.K Vaswani, Director of KIIT School of Rural Management for placing the Case Study

Segment(CSS) Fieldwork component as a part of our course curriculum. Again thanks to Prof.

Madhumita Ray and Prof. Damodar Jena our CSS Coordinator whose encouragement and

valuable inputs helpedus throughout the study.

We have immense pleasure in expressing our deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks

to our host organization JSLPS esteemed reporting officer Mr. Srimanta Patra providing us

project and Assistant reporting officer Mis. Niketa Kumar (YP) who helped us at the field very

much and team member and Field Guider Laxman Tate,Rajendra Ray (Senior PRP) of JSLPS,

Who facilitated our accommodation and made us to learn all the CSS components by doing and

interacting with villagers. We are thankful for their feedback and support for the RAC(Rural

Action Component) and to share with us useful experiences during the village study.

In order to complete field work successfully, we would like to present specially thanks

to Mr. Sunaram Tudu (BPM) of Khuntpani,Chaibasa and Mrs.Muna Moharana (SHG Field

Co-coordinator), Mrs.Jayanti Ichagutu (AKM) Bhoya,Mr. Gourav Sir and other all the research

participants Mrs. Sumitra Haiburu (VO), Rekha Bodra (VOA), Basanti Haiburu (Treasurer) also

respective villagers who provided their valuable time made our stay meaningful. who shared

their valuable time & experiencewith me for my study. Without the cooperation of these villagers

it would not have been possible to complete the study. So thanks to the villagers of Bhoya,

Janum Bera, Matko Bera, Sale Ghutu.

Finally, from the bottom of our heart we thankful to GOD for giving us such a wonderful

opportunity to explore His beautiful creation.

Bidyadhar Hansdah (15201006)

Rishi Raj (15201018)

MBA RM-2015-17

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project report has been prepared by

Bidyadhar Hansdah(15201006) & Rishi Raj(15201018)

in partial fulfillment of

Master of Business Administration in Rural Management

Offered by KIIT School of Rural Management, KIIT University.

They have undergone the Case Study Segment & have completed the project

work successfully under my guidance. Date: / / Prof. Madhumita Ray ( School of Rural Management)

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CHAPTER-1

1.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

As part of the field work module.viz. CASE STUDY SEGMENT, We started in the

BHOYA village in Khunt Pani Block, West Singhbhum district of RANCHI. We were assigned a

host organization, JSLPS (Jharkhand State Livelihood Promotion Society) . It links with under

privileged tribal communities in the tribal district of RANCHI for their sustainable livelihood

development. In the study segment there are three components such as Elderly SHG, Widow

Pension , Food Security of India (FSI),Data Collection on Elderly SHG and their Livelihood.

In the Elderly SHG study we Collected the data of elderly people those are supposed to

join in the Rajeev Gandhi Old Age PensionYojana (RGOPY) by providing form which needed to

filled it up for availing the Old age pension in the Bhoya Village, Janum Bera village of

Khuntpani Block of West Singbhum District of Ranchi considering entire village. In Livelihood

perspective we studied the various socio economic conditions of the village as well as the status

of the natural resources and the physical infrastructure in the village. It also involved PRA

exercise and grass roots level problem analysis of the village with the help of villager, the

mukhiya and sarpanch of panchayat. Finally we tried to find out those problems those are main

reasons which hinder the development of this village mostly in the Elderly SHG sector.

.

Bidyadhar Hansdah (15201006)

Rishi Raj (15201018)

MBA RM-2015-17

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1.2 TABLE OF CONTENT

AKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER- 1 .................................................................................................................................... ....... 3

1.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................... 4

1.2 T ABLE CONTENT .......................................................................................................... 5-7

1.3 ORGANIZATION PROFILE .............................................................................................. 8

1.4 JSLPS SUPPORT STRUCTURE ......................................................................................... 9

1.5 OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................................... 10

1.6 METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................... 10

1.7 GEOGRAPY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE ...................................................................... 10

1.8 SURROUNDED OF THE VILLAGE AREA ..................................................................... 11

1.9 ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD LEVEL ............................................................................... 12

1.10 FIELD OBSERVATION ................................................................................................... 13

1.11 THE GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE SHG ................................................... 13

1.12 GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR FORMATION OF SHG .................................................. 13

1.13 SOCIAL CATEGORY ...................................................................................................... 15

1.14 PEOPLE AVAILING PENSION IN E-SHG ..................................................................... 15

1.15 E-SHG WOMEN QUALIFICATION ............................................................................... 16

1.16 E-SHG EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND ..................................................................... 16

1.17 E-SHG MEN QUALIFICATION ..................................................................................... 17

CHAPTER- 2 ............................................................................................................. ............................ 18

2.1 MAJOR FUNCTION OF SHG ........................................................................................... 18

2.3 SHG BANK LINKAGE PROGRAME .............................................................................. 18

2.4 PHASES OF BANK LINKAGE ......................................................................................... 18

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2.5 ROLE OF THE SHG TO LIVELIHOOD GENERATION ................................................ 19

2.6 STAGE OF THE GROUP FORMATION ........................................................................... 20

2.6 SELG HELP GROUP ......................................................................................................... 21

2.6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 21

2.6.2 Concept of the Self Help Group ............................................................................. 21

2.6.3 Need and Importance of Self Help Group ............................................................. 25

2.6.4 Characteristics of SHGs ......................................................................................... 27

2.6.5 The Feature of Self Help Group ............................................................................. 28

2.6.6 Function of SHGs ................................................................................................... 29

2.6.7 Formation of Self Help Group ............................................................................... 30

CHAPTER- 3 ............................................................................................................. ............................ 33

3.1 NORMS OF THE SHGs ..................................................................................................... 33

3.2 REVOLVING OF FUND .................................................................................................... 35

3.2.1 Stage-1 ................................................................................................................... 35

3.2.2 Stage-2 ................................................................................................................... 36

3.2.3 Final Stage .............................................................................................................. 36

3.3 ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION ................................................. 34

3.4 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION ................................................................ 37

CHAPTER- 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 39

4.1 RULE AND REGULATION OF SHG ............................................................................... 39

4.1.1 Membership ........................................................................................................... 39

4.1.2 Group Meeting ....................................................................................................... 39

4.1.3 Member Participating in the Group ....................................................................... 40

4.2 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE MEMBER ............................................... 41

4.2.1 Executive Committee ............................................................................................. 39

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4.2.2 Member Savings in the Group ............................................................................... 43

4.2.3 The Credit Management ......................................................................................... 43

CHAPTER- 5 ......................................................................................................................................... 45

5.1 WORKING OF SELF HELP GROUPS ............................................................................. 45

5.1.1Group Formation ..................................................................................................... 45

5.1.2 Meeting .................................................................................................................. 45

5.1.3 Group Savings ........................................................................................................ 45

5.1.4 Group Common Fund ............................................................................................ 46

5.1.5 Rotation of Group Fund ......................................................................................... 46

5.1.6 Book and Register to be Maintained ...................................................................... 46

5.1.7 Annual Auditing ..................................................................................................... 46

CHAPTER- 6 ............................................................................................................. ............................ 47

6.1 TYPOLOGY OF SHG ........................................................................................................ 47

6.1.1 Model-I ................................................................................................................... 47

6.1.2 Model-II ................................................................................................................. 47

6.1.3 Model-III ................................................................................................................ 48

6.1.4 OVERAL FINDINGS ............................................................................................ 48

CHAPTER- 7 ........................................................................................................... .............................. 49

7.1 CASE STUDY (Success Story) .......................................................................................... 49

7.1.1 CASE STUDY:I ..................................................................................................... 49

7.1.2 CASE STUDY:II .................................................................................................... 50

7.2 CULTURE IN THE VILLAGE .......................................................................................... 51

7.3 CASE STUDY FINDINGS ................................................................................................. 52

7.4 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 53

7.5 REFFERENCE .................................................................................................................... 52

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Field Segment: CSS

Project Title: Formation of Elderly Self Help Groups (SHGs)

Host Organization: Jharkhand State Livelihood Promotion Society (JSLPS)

Author: Bidyadhar Hansdah and Rishi Raj

Project Duration: 14th March to 13th May

Study Area: West Singbhum District, Khunt Pani Block(Bhoya & Janumbera

Village)

1.3 ORGANIZATION PROFILE:

The Rural Development Department of Government of Jharkhand (Govt) has

established a separate and autonomous society named as “Jharkhand State

livelihood Promotion society”(JSLPS) which works as a nodal agency for

effective implementation of livelihood by help of NRLM.

VISION:

Create a socio-economically developed Jharkhand through empowering the

underprivileged members of vulnerable communities/groups.

MISSION:

Dedicate ourselves to empowering the underprivileged women as well as the

members of vulnerable communities/groups in the state by organizing and

capacitating their groups and creating sustainable livelihoods

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1.4 JSLPS: Support Structure

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1.5 OBJECTIVE:

To understand the concept of E-SHG formation under NRLM guidelines.

To understand the rural development context in the project area of Bhoya & Janumbera.

To understand the livelihood generation of the inhabiting tribal communities of E-SHG.

To enable the poor and marginalized to have access to micro-credit with bank linkages

via enterprising Self Help Groups.

To understand the socio economic and Rural Life

1.6 METHODOLOGY:

11 E-SHG wear formed by us & 21 women SHG was existing in Bhoya and Janumbera

Village for the study.

These eleven E-SHG were taken on basis of own different experiences with active

member of PRP of JSLPS & SHG active women, while formation of those SHGs in the

field.

Group discussion , and interview were used for the data collection

1.7 GEOGRAPY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE:

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VILLAGE NAME Bhoya, Janum Bera

PANCHAYAT Bhoya

POLICE STATION Matkobera

BLOCK Khunt Pani

POST OFFICE Bhoya

TEHSIL Matko Bera

DISTRICT West Singbhum

VILLAGE AREA Chaibasa

1.8 SURROUNDED VILLAGE AREA:

North Sarai Kela

South Chaibasa

East Basa Hatu

West Sale Ghutu

Data Collection at Janum Bera Village,Janen Marsal SHG Samuh

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1.9 ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD LEVEL:

3. Monthly meetings of SHGs.

4. Formation of new Self Helps Groups.

5. Motivation for saving and credit.

6. Nurturing Self Help Groups.

7. Providing guidance, support and instruction for better book keeping and bank linkages

8. Distribution of all types of loans under the guidance and leadership of Andhra PRP field

workers

9. Mobilizing and networking with community groups, especially those that involve the

youth and Panchayats, to strengthen and enhance participation and also inter-linkages

10. Motivating SHG members to participate in Community Based Livelihood (CBL) and

facilitating loans through banks

Bhoya Village data collection Elderly SHG

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11. Networking with village level groups, such as Aajivika Mahila Mandals, the Panchayat,

Elderly people Group, etc.

12. Visits of various stakeholders to groups to share about the knowledge and potential of

Self Help Groups and therefore to encourage future participation with the SHGs and to

raise awareness

13. Assisting stakeholders in order to build the dynamic and democratic process of SHGs

14. Upgrading SHGs from a micro-credit accessibility to a social responsibility by

encouraging active participation in other larger village organizations such as the Aajivika

Mahila Mandal and Gram Sangathan.

1.10 FIELD OBSERVATION:

Self Help Group (SHG) is a small, economically homogeneous affinity group of 05-15

rural poor people, voluntarily formed to save and mutually agreed to contribute to a common

fund to be lent to its member for meeting their productive and emergent credit needs as per group

decision.

SHGs promote small savings from their members, which is kept with the Bank in

common fund in the name of SHG.

1.11 THE GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT SHG

Self Help Group (SHGs) are small affinity groups.

A group of people with almost same social & economic background.

A group of people with same demographic situation.

The group members in general face similar problems.

They help each other to solve their problems.

SHGs promote small saving among their members. The saving are kept with bank.

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The SHG gives small loans to its members from its common funds (internal endings).

TOTAL SHG MEMBER BHOYA AND JANUMBERA VILLAGE:

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Member

Availing

Pension

Male

Female

1.12 GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR FORMATION OF SHGs:

The strong belief by individual to bring about change through collective efforts:

Effort is built on mutual trust and mutual supports.

Every individual is equal and responsible.

Every individual is committed to the cause of the group.

Decision is based on the principles of consensus.

Saving is the foundation on which to build the group for collective action.

SUBSIDY

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1.14 SOCIAL CATEGORY:

1.15 PEOPLE AVAILING PENSION IN E-SHG:

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Availing

Pension

Male

Female

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1.16 E-SHG WOMEN QUALIFICATION:

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Illitrate

Non Metric

12th

Read & Write

Primary

1.17 E-SHG EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

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1.16 E-SHG MEN QUALIFICATION:

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CHAPTER-2

2.1 MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF AN SHG

Saving and Thrift

Internal lending

Discussing problems

Raising bank loan for on-lending

2.3 SHG BANK LINKAGE PROGRAMME

A most notable milestone in the SHG movement was when NABARD launched the pilot

phase of the SHG Bank Linkage program in February 1992 .

The RBI advised commercial banks to consider lending to SHGs as part of their rural credit

operations thus creating SHG Bank Linkage.

2.4 PHASES OF BANK LINKAGE:

1. Savings Linkage

2. Credit Linkage

1- Savings Linkage : Soon after an SHG formed and one or two meetings held where the

savings are collected, a savings bank account can be opened in the name of SHG. The reserve

Bank of India has accorded permission to the Bank for opening of savings Bank account of the

SHGs. SB A/c in the name of SHG.

2- Credit Linkages: Eligibility- SHGs having made satisfactory transactions in their savings

Bank Accounts at least for a period of six months reflecting savings of their members on regular

basis, withdrawal of the saved amount for internal lending among st the group members and

deposit of recovery made by the members, would be eligible for 1st phase of linkage.

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2.5 ROLE OF SHG TO LIVELIHOOD GENERATION

The loans that SHG members receive are intended to improve their livelihoods so that they

can receive greater and more steadier cash flows.

In rural areas, livelihoods range from agriculture farming, animal husbandry, dairy, market

linkages or procurement techniques and various other goods and services activities.

I.W.M.P: Integrated watershed Management programme- Executed livelihood

interventions on various water shade management projects that have brought about increased

cash flows to SHG members in Jharkhand.

Source of livelihood in BHOYA Village, West Singhhum, District

Source of livelihood in JANUM BERA Village, West Singhhum District

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2.6 STAGES OF GROUP FORMATION

First Stage:

a) There must be only one member from a family in one group, other members can

be in other groups.

b) The group can be formed of minimum of five members (according to Jharkhand

government guide lines).

c) This stage is characterized by members seeking safety and protection, tentativeness of

response, seeking superficial contact with others, demonstrating dependency on

existing authority figure.

Second Stage:

a) Marked by the formation of Ho and santhal.

b) The members feel comfort and support in their ho/santhal and feel strong enough to

challenge the authority figure .

c) Focus on task performance begins to emerge, but energy is mostly spent within a

sub-group.

Third Stage:

a) Efforts are made to establish various norms for task performance .

b) Members begin to take greater responsibility for their own groups and relationship with

the authority figure becomes relaxed

Fourth Sage:

a) This is the stage of a fully functioning group.

b) Each person makes a contribution and the authority figure is also seen as part of the

group.

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2.6 SELF HELP GROUP

2.6.1 Introduction

SHGs are novel and innovative organizational setup in India for the women

upliftment and welfare. All women in India are given chance to join any one of SHGs for

training and development, so as to be prospective entrepreneur and skilled worker. The

SHGs are promoted by the Government as if women in India may not be resourceful

enough to be entrepreneurs. When the SHGs arrange training facilities to carry out certain

kind of work which are suitable for women in India, bank must arrange financial

assistance to carry out manufacturing and trading activities, arranging marketing facilities

while the Governments will procure the product of SHGs, arrange for enhancing the

capacity of women in terms of leadership quality and arranging for the management of

SHGs by themselves so as to have administrative capacity. As a social movement with

government support. SHGs become more or less a part and parcel of the society.1

2.6.2 Concept of Self Help Group

The concept of self help groups had its origin in the co-operative

philosophy and the co-operators by and large, including the National Federations in the

credit sector, could not think of any better SHG than a primary co-operative credit society

itself. As SHG are small and economically homogeneous affinity groups of rural poor,

they are voluntarily coming together for achieving the following.

1. To save small amount of money regularly.

2. To mutually agree to contribute a common fund.

3. To meet their emergency needs.

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4. To have collective decision making.

5. To solve conflicts through collective leadership mutual discussion.

6. To provide collateral free loan with terms decided by the group at the market driven

rates.

Today, the self help group movement is increasingly accepted as an

innovation in the field of rural credit in many developing countries including India to

help the rural poor considered a vehicle to reach the disadvantaged and marginalized

section, which in the normal course cannot avail of credit facility from the bank.

A self help group is defined as a group consisting of people who have

personal experience of a similar issue or life situation, either directly or through their

family and friends. Sharing experiences enables them to give each other a unique quality

of mutual support and to pool practical information and ways of coping.

Self help groups are small informal association of the poor created at the

grass root level for the purpose of enabling members to reap economic benefits out of

mutual help solidarity and joint responsibility. Self help groups are formed voluntarily by

the rural and urban poor to save and contribute to a common fund to be lent to its

members as per group decision and for working together for social and economic uplift of

their families and community.

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A self help group is defined as "self governed, peer controlled in formation group

of people with similar socio-economic background and having a desire to collectively

perform common purpose."Self help group have been able to mobilize small savings

either on weekly or monthly basis from persons who were not expected to have any

savings. They have been able to effectively recycle the resources generated among the

members for meeting the productive and emergent credit needs of members of the group.

The Jharkhand State Livelihood Promotion Society (JSLPS) in its credit

guidelines for the SHGs defines as a small economically homogeneous affinity group of

rural poor, voluntarily formed to save and contribute to a common fund to be lent to its

members as per group decision and for working together for social and economic uplift

of their family and community. The distinguishing features of self

help groups are given below.

i) An SHG normally consists of not less than five persons (with a maximum of

twenty) of similar economic outlook and social status.

ii) It promotes objectives like economic improvement and raising resources for

development and freedom from exploitation.

iii) It has its own by-laws for the proper functioning of the group as well as for the

observance of certain rules by the group members and regulations concerning

membership.

iv) The form of such a group could be mostly on an informal basis (unregistered).

v) Periodical meetings of members are held for solving their problems (economic and

social) and they collect fixed savings of the members.

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vi) The savings of members are kept with a bank in the name of group and authorized

representative of the group operates the bank account. The deposit kept in the bank

is used for giving loans to members for purposes including consumption at the rate

of interest decided by the group (usually higher than what the banks charge).

vii) Sources of funds are the contribution of members savings, entrance fee, interest

from loans, proceeds of joint business operation and income from investment.

Funds may be used for loans, social services and common investment.

The SHG, being a group of like-minded persons, gets empowered to solve

most of its problems of a non-financial nature such as raw material and input supply

marketing, better adoption of technology, education and training for realization of its

objectives for development.

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2.6.3 Need and Importance of Self Help Group Self help groups are necessary to overcome exploitation, create confidence for the

economic self-reliance of rural people, particularly among women who are mostly

invisible in the social structure. These groups enable them to come together for common

objective and gain strength from each other to deal with exploitation, which they are

facing in several forms. A group become the basis for action and change. It also helps

buildings of relationship for mutual trust between the promoting organization and the

rural poor through constant contact and genuine efforts. Self help groups plays an

important role in differentiating between consumer credit and production credit,

analyzing the credit system for its implication and changes in economy, culture and social

position of the target groups, providing easy access to credit and facilitating

group/organization for effective control, ensuring repayments and continuity through

group dynamics; setting visible norms for interest rates, repayment schedules, gestation

period, extension, writing of bad debts; and assisting group members in getting access to

the formal credit institutions. Thus, self help group disburses micro credit to the rural

women for the purpose of making them enterprising women and encouraging them to

enter into entrepreneurial activities. Credit needs of the rural and urban poor women are

fulfilled totally through the SHGs. SHGs enhance equality of status of women as

participation, decision-makers and beneficiaries in the democratic, economic, social and

cultural spheres of life.

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The rural poor are in-incapacitate due to various reasons such as; most of them are

socially backward, illiterate, with low motivation and poor economic base. Individually, a

poor is not weak in socio-economic term but also lacks access to the knowledge and

information, which are the most important components of today's development process.

However, in a group, they are empowered to overcome many of these weaknesses, hence

there are needs for SHGs which is specific terms are as under :-

To mobilize the resources of the individual members for their collective economic

development.

To uplift the living conditions of the poor.

To create a habit of savings, utilization of local resources.

To mobilize individual skills for group's interest.

To create awareness about right.

To assist the members financial at the time of need.

Entrepreneurship development.

To identify problems, analyzing and finding solutions in the groups.

To act as a media for socio-economic development of village.

To develop linkage with institution of NGOs.

To organize training for skill development.

To help in recovery of loans.

To gain mutual understanding, develop trust and self-confidence.

To build up teamwork.

To develop leadership qualities.

To use it as an effective delivery channel for rural credit.

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2.6.4 Characteristics of SHGs

The important characteristics of self help groups are as follows :

1. They usually create a common fund by contributing their small savings on a

regular basis.

2. The groups evolve a flexible system of operations often with the help of the

non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and manage their common pooled

resource in a democratic manner.

3. Groups consider loan requests in periodical meetings, with competing claims on

limited resources being settled by consensus regarding greater needs.

4. Loaning is mainly on the basis of mutual need and trust with minimum

documentation and without any tangible security.

5. The amounts loaned are small, frequent and for short duration.

6. Rates of interest vary from group to group depending upon the purpose of loans

and are often higher than those of banks but lower than those of moneylenders.

7. At periodical meetings, besides collecting money, emerging rural, social and

economic issues are discussed.

8. Defaulters are rare due to group pressure and intimate knowledge of the end use of

the credit as also the borrower's economic resources.

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2.6.5 The Features of Self Help Groups

According to D'souza5 the SHGs are basically small informal groups, characterized by

voluntary memberships, a democratic and consultative structure of governance, economic

participation of members, autonomy, education and training and concerns for the poor.

Apart from a number of things, the members do as a group, they pool their savings and

lend within the group to meet the credit needs of the members. Creation of a common

fund by regular contribution of members and insurance of loan with minimum documents

and often without any security are, in fact, the key features of SHGs.

Fund generation in the initial stages may be substantially low in these

groups. Such funds though meager, will be supplemented by external resources mainly,

loans from banks or grants given by NGOs, which promote them. SHGs offer to members

preliminary banking services characterized by cost effectiveness, flexibility and freedom

from defaults. Assessment of the credit needs of members is done periodically at group

meetings. The claims for credit are settle within the group by consensus. In case of any

surplus, the amount is deposited in the bank or post offices. Defaulters are subjected to

severe penalties but such occurrences are unusual. There is always peer group pressure on

those who avail loans which to a large extent prevent defaults. The influence of the group

on members is very powerful because it can put actions against defaulters and monitor

the behavior of members in order to forestall defaulters.

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2.6.6 Functions of SHGs

The important functions of SHG are the following :-

i) Enabling members to become self-reliant and self-dependent.

ii) Providing a forum for members for discussing their social and economic problems.

iii) Enhancing the social status of members by virtue of their being members of the

group.

iv) Providing a platform for members for exchange of idea.

v) Developing and encouraging the decision making capacity of members.

vi) Fostering a spirit of mutual help and cooperation among members. vii) Instilling in members a sense of strength and confidence which they need for

solving their problems.

viii) Providing organizational strength to members.

ix) Providing literacy and increasing general awareness among members, and x) Promoting numerically and equipping the poor with basic skills required for

understanding monetary transactions.

Thus the SHGs function on the principle of the five 'p's.7

i) Propagator of voluntarism

ii) Practioner of mutual help

iii) Provider of timely emergency loan

iv) Promoter of thrift and savings, and Purveyor of credit.

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2.6.7 Formation of Self Help Groups

There are three stages in SHG evolution.

i) Group formation

ii) Capital formation through revolving fund and skill development.

iii) Income generating activities.

i) Group Formation :-

Group formation is not a spontaneous process. External agencies (Andhra

PRP), NRLM staff individual working with communities can act as a facilitator in the

formation of groups and its development. Self Help Group Institution (SHGI) plays a

vital role in the initial stages of group formation. The external facilitators are generally

Non-governmental organization, social workers, village level worker, informal

associations of local people, community based organizations, government departments,

banks, farmer clubs etc.

They interact with the poor families especially women to identify the small

homogenous groups. The members regularly meet on a fixed time and date in a month to

collect savings from members under the supervision of SHPI/NGOs. Thus SHGs will

inculcate the habit of thrift and credit among the members, who generally belong to the

families of BPL.

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ii) Capital formation through revolving fund and skill development :

Self help groups are taught simple principles of accounting and facilitated to receive

external funds in multiples of their savings.SHPIs bankers or donors are the sources of

funding for SHGs. The corpus consists of own savings and other external funds

(Revolving fund, grants, loans). Small loan from corpus fund are given to needy

members. The loans are given to members on a participatory method during the regular

meeting etc. The loans have a definite repayment schedule, which is usually of short

duration. The funds thus are rotated among themselves. The groups shall have a bank

account to deposit the savings, revolving funds etc. The group shall maintain certain basic

records as well.

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iii) Income Generating Activities (IGA) :-

SHG members take up different income generating activities. SHPIs play an

important role in taking up the suitable IGAs by the members based on the skills.

Income Generation Activities of SHG

Agriculture Chicken shops

Animal husbandry Mess

Hosiery Mid day meals

Candle preparation Embroidery

Cane items

School uniform stitching

units

Carpets Brick making

Khadi, leather items Pot making

Spinning and weaving Saree business

Basket weaving Candle making

Woolen blankets weaving Agarbatti making

Sale of fruits and pongamia Pickle making

seeds

Vegetable vending Phenyl making

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CHAPTER-3

3.1 NORMS OF SHGs

Any self help group will have certain norms : help to function properly for

sustainability of SHGs. It is mandatory for any SHG to have certain bylaws pertaining to

following rule:

i) Objectives of the group

ii) Meetings - time, periodicity

iii) Savings - amount, periodicity, rate of interest. iv) Credit - procedure for sanction, ceiling amount, purposes, rate of interest to be

charged, repayment period.

v) Fines - defaulters in attending meetings, savings and credit repayment

vi) Leadership - election or nomination of leaders, rotation of leaders etc. vii) Personal / Social improvement - minimum literacy to be achieved, social work to

be done, convergence of facilities etc.

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Meetings: The group decides the periodicity of the meetings and regular monitoring, attendance of

the meeting, punctuality of the members, disciplinary action on new members etc.

Generally, each group meets at least once in a month at a fixed time, some groups meet

twice a month to transact their meeting process. The meeting place may be the house of a

leader, a common place, a temple, panchayat building school etc. Absentee member are

liable for fine, which becomes the part of corpus funds of the group.

Maintenance of registers :-

Each SHG maintain certain basic register for effective monitoring, accountability and

transparency. The register of SHGs include minute book, attendance register, ledger

book, cash book, bank pass book etc. These registers are suggested bypromoter (banker,

NGO), which may vary from place to place. The details of meetings, proceedings,

attendance, member wise savings and credit, bank transactions etc. are verifiable from

these registers. The registers are maintained by a book keeper (President/treasurer/literate

members), who is paid monthly honorarium for maintaining these registers.

Pattern of leadership :-

Each group shall have leaders, who represent the group matters in various platforms. The

nomenclature of leaders varies from region to region and state to state. The leaders are

elected from the members on rotation. Leaders aid to democratic function of the group.

The purpose of rotation is to see that the leadership qualities are developed among the

members of the group. However, the experience in JSLPS (Jharkhand state Livelihood

Promotion Society) indicates that the rotation of leadership apparently take place on the

prescribed manner. The same leaders continue to hold the office and or influence the

leadership.

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Awareness of group :-

The group will create a awareness among the members and empowerment

of members take place. The members will have to know the purpose of group formation,

activities and operations, savings, credits etc. The members are expected to participate

actively in the group discussion and decision making process. SHG helps to work as a

cohesive group and will have transparency in the transactions.

Group activities :-

Savings and credit are the two important dimensions of SHG movement. Regularity in

savings and method of dealing with defaulters are the important features of savings. The

credit function of SHGs is judged by decision making process adopted credit requirement

and quantum of loans sanctioned, system of monitoring credit repayment pattern etc. The

group has to monitor their performance regularly.

3.2 REVOLVING FUNDS :-

The SHGs to become eligible for sanction of revolving fund, community

investment fund etc. they need to pass through certain stages.

3.2.1 Stage - 1 (Grading of SHG) :- The formation stage lasts for 6 months. It is

necessary totest whether it has evolved into a good group or not. This helps to

understand the weakness of the group and to overcome such deficiencies. Members

also evaluate their own performance through a participatory approach.

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3.2.2 Stage - 2 (Capacity Building of SHG) :- It is a crucial stage to enhance the

capacity ofgroups and enables to receive the revolving fund, which become a part of

corpus fund of the group. The external fund received enhances the group capacity to

extend loans to the maximum. The expectation of the group during this stage include -

(1) Gradual improvement of per capita loan (2) Shift from consumption to production loans.

(3) Understanding the training requirements.

(4) Assessing and ascertaining the reasons for poverty.

(5) Meeting the credit needs of the members.

(6) Understanding the participatory monitoring of assets created through loans

extended to its members.

(7) Capable of understanding community action programme and continuing to do so

independently, and

(8) Reducing dependently on outside facilitating agency.

3.2.3 Final stage (Taking up the economic activities) :- After the above two stages,

the group is eligible to receive assistance for economic activities in the form of

revolving fund or subsidy extended to the members and or group, some members are

given loan and subsidy with the assurance of group as guarantor, which monitors the

repayment, under SGSY, the subsidy component is about 50% or Rs. 1,25,000/-

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3.3 ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION (NGO)

Voluntary action stimulated and promoted by non-governmental

organizations engaged in development play a significant role at the grass root level in the

Indian social milieu, the success of rural development depends upon the active

participation of the people through self help organization. The non-government

organization involve people in the developmental process and relate themselves to

working with people. This means that their main plan is the generation of the

self-confidence and self help through self help groups and independence among the

people of the community in which they operate. They substantiate the efforts of

government with regard to provision of social welfare through rural development

programmes planned for this purpose.

Non-governmental organizations act as 'creators', 'reserve's and 'destroyers'

of evils in rural areas. They create awareness among people, create livelihood and

opportunities for people with their cooperation, preserve what is needful to their

environment, cultural base, appropriate technologies and scientific practices etc. and

destroy the evils like alcoholism, female relation, superstitions and other social ill s.

In current scenario, the non-governmental organization have acquired

greater importance and significance than ever before because the administration has not

been able to reach the people especially the poor and weaker sections to the desired level.

In this context, the fact that the non-governmental organizations are the appropriate

agencies for creating the right type of climate for change and development cannot be

disputed.

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3.4 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION:

An SHG is a small affinity group of 10-20 members from homogeneous

strata. It is formed and groomed by an NGO or bank branch or a government agency

called self help promoting institution (SHPI). The members of the group are encouraged

to collected regular thrift on a weekly or fortnightly or monthly basis and use the pooled

resources to give interest bearing small loans to needy members. The SHPI trains the

members to maintain simple accounts of the collected thrift and loans given to members.

The regular meetings also provide them a platform to discuss and resolve many social

and common issues, thus fortifying their togetherness. A savings bank account is opened

with a bank branch and regular thrift collection and loaning to members build up the

financial discipline among the members to encourage the bank to provide larger loans to

the group.

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CHAPTER-4

4.1 RULE AND REGULATIONS OF SHGs:

4.1.1 (a) Memberships :-

1. Only one responsible person from a family aged around 21-60 years can become

member in the groups.

2. The members/persons who are involved in any party politics activities or

involved in any type of antisocial activities or the willful defaulters are not eligible

for membership in the group.

3. The size of the group shall be around 10 to 20 members.

4.1.2 (b) Group Meeting :-

1. The group members meetings should be held once a week or fortnight / month

regularly on a convenient day, place and time as decided by the group.

2. The members should attend all the meeting in time without fail.

3. The member who unable to attend the meeting for genuine reasons, the same has

to be intimated to the group in person or through a messenger in advance or at

least informed at the same meeting. If fails the member is liable to pay fine for the

absence as decided by the group.

4. The latecomers for the meeting and those who walk out in the middle without

intimating the chairpersons are liable to pay fine as decided by the group.

5. If a member was absent for three consecutive meetings without genuine reasons

such person's membership shall be suspended or canceled with or without notice.

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6. Unrelated issues / points should not be brought for discussion in the group

meetings.

7. The members should not use vulgar words or physical force against any member

during the meeting and the violators or misbehavior have to pay fine as decided by

the group or their membership shall be canceled.

8. The members should not sleep or stay separate from the group during the

meeting.

All the members should have to sign in the minute's book at the end of the meeting

after recorded proceedings of each meeting are readout and confirmed.

4.1.3 (c) Members Participation in the Group :-

1. All the members should participate in the discussions and decision making

process orally and mentally in the group meetings.

2. Equal opportunities and encouragement should be given to all the members for

their full participation in the meeting and in all the activities of the group.

3. All the members should attend the related training/workshop/seminars/ exposures

etc. within and outside the village without fail. The violators are liable to pay fine

except for the genuine reasons.

4. The members should co-operate and participate in all the developmental activities

related to the members families, village, the group environment etc. Appropriate

actions against non-cooperators/ non-participators shall be taken by the group.

5. The members should participate in researching/learning dissemination and

adoption of appropriate technologies for development.

6. The illiterate members should show interest and put efforts to become literates.

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The group shall run a learning center at the convenient time for this purpose.

7. All the members should involve in regular savings and credit management

activities with a special focus.

8. All the members should work with concern towards creating/building

socio-economical safety society and stress on population control.

4.2 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBLITIES OF THE MEMBER:

1. All the members should promote co-operation and unity in the group.

2. The members should create equal opportunities and the give encouragement to all

the members in the groups.

3. The member should mobilize, use and manage the needy resources properly /

judicially.

4. It is the responsibility of all the members to take necessary collective action

against the willful defaulters and recovers the loan amount.

5. The members should take responsibility carefully for their all-round development

and should also take leadership responsibility in the group with service motive.

6. All the members should involve in planning, implementing, monitoring and

evaluate the development programmes of the family, village and environment time

to time and to give attention for the results of evaluations with proper actions.

7. The member should promote and protect the unity and integrity of the group and

the village.

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4.2.1 Executive Committee :- An executive committee consisting three

representatives selected unanimously in the group should take overall responsibility

of the smooth functioning of the group.

1. The period of the executive committee shall be six months or one year as group

decides and the new committee should be selected three months in advance and

trained to take over the position of their representatives.

2. The above three position of the representatives shall be called as (a) President,

(b) Secretary (c) Treasurer. Two out of the above three shall jointly operate the

Group's bank account. This committee is responsible for the group's cash at

hand, cash at bank or post office.

3. The executive committee members should ensure remitting the cash at hand

immediately to the group's bank account. The cash in hand should not be kept

more than two days for emergencies, if kept, the concern member should pay

fine plus interest as decided by the group.

4. The active member/cashier/treasurer should ensure proper maintenance of books

of accounts of the group on day to day basis regularly up to date. They are also

responsible for getting the accounts inspected once a month and audited once in

six months or year and to submit the accounts statements and reports to the

group meeting for appraisal.

5. The executive committee should facilitate the programme planning, timely

implementation, monitoring, evaluation and actions.

6. The executive committee should facilitate the regular group meetings and

smooth functioning of the group.

7. The executive committee members should have good contact with the Govt.

Departments, credit institutions, voluntary organizations and other related

institutions and mobilize resources for the improvement of group and village.

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4.2.2 Members Savings in the Group :-

1. Each and every member should save at least minimum or maximum as per

members wish per week or per month in the group which should be maintained

in each individual members name.

2. Savings account may be withdrawn by the members only at critical

circumstances with prior approval of the group. However, the member should

maintain a minimum balance of Rs. 1000/- in their savings account.

3. No interest will be paid for the members savings with group. But 12% interest

shall be paid for the amount kept in the group as fixed deposit for a minimum

period of six months.

4. The members should save from the family income earned only, but not the

borrowed money for interest.

The members will not be encouraged to adjust their savings amount against their loans

due to the group. Only at extreme circumstances, the group shall consider to adjust.

4.2.3 The Credit Management :-

1. The credit can be given to the needy members of the group for the purposes such

as consumption, income generation, asset creation, clearing the old burden loans,

socio-religious and any other appropriate purposes.

2. The credit shall be given to the needy person of the group only after careful study,

through discussion and unanimous decision on the quantum of credit, rate of

interest and the repayment schedule for each loan.

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3. All SHG members regularly save a small amo unt. The amount may be small have

to be regular and continuous habit with the members.

4. Savings first credit later should be the motto of every SHG member. 5. The loaner should give a written agreement to the group for the loan amount as the

official procedures in the presence of the witness to the group at the time of taking

credit. The loaner should give a guarantor within the group if necessary.

6. The loan amount should be utilized for the agreed purpose only. In case of any

change of purpose, it should be approved by the group in advance. The violators

are liable to pay fine/penal rate of service charge.

7. The loaner should repay the credit/loan amount with service charge as per

repayment schedule agreed upon. If failed such member is liable to pay fine or

penal rate of service charge @ Rs. 12% annum in addition to the normal rate of

service charge from the date of overdue or as decided by the group.

8. The members those who are irregular for the SHG meetings or irregular in savings

are not eligible for credit/loan from the group.

9. All the members shall have equal opportunity for loan from the group on

eligibility/priority basis.

10. The funds of the group should be revolved to the optimum extent for the benefit of

all the members. 11. The group can avail loan from the bank and other credit institutions, NGOs, other

groups and other available sources for its activities and the same has to repay in

time as per the terms and conditions agreed upon.

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CHAPTER-5

5.1 WORKING OF SELF HELF GROUP: There are no uniform rules and regulation for the SHGs, and they may vary from group to group.

The promoter of the group formulates the rules and regulations, which may be suitable for the all

groups, are summarized bellow.

5.1.1 Group Formation :-

The group formation is proceeded by a village level household survey together the baseline area.

The promoters should conduct this, and a suitable poverty assessment method should be used for

the purpose.

To facilitate sustainability, the total number of members of the group should range between 12

and 20. The age limit for membership will be 21 to 60. The group must be a homogeneous one

though not necessarily from the same caste or religion. The target group must be the poorest.

5.1.2 Meetings :- The group must meet weekly or fortnightly for collection of savings and repayment of loan

amount and for discussing all other matters. The group meetings need to be conducted at

President's house, members of groups or Gram panchayat or temples, with a certain discipline in

relation to regularity, time and items to be discussed.

5.1.3 Group Savings :-

The group members must be encouraged to save as much as each can without it being a uniform

amount for all. Usually the SHGs start off with a minimum savings of all members. As the years

pass, they may opt for optional savings according to the capacity of each members.

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5.1.4 Group Common Fund :-

The amount such as fines imposed on members, grants from the NGOs, bonuses

for various programmes and service charges on external loans should be put into the common

fund of the groups. All common expenses related to the groups may be met from this common

fund.

5.1.5 Rotation of Group Fund :-

All savings and excess of common fund would be rotated as short-term loans

amongst the members at rate of interest decided by the majority members of groups and loan is

given to needy members on the priority basis.

5.1.6 Books and Registers to be Maintained :-

The books and registers to be maintained by treasurer/literate members of group

to ensure proper accounts are given below for transparency. Attendance register, Minutes book,

Savings ledger, Loan ledger, General ledger, Cash book, Individual pass book, Receipt book and

Payment voucher etc.

5.1.7 Annual Auditing :-

A qualified auditor should audit the accounts of the groups annually. The self help

groups should meet the audit cost. But most of SHG could not audited annually.

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CHAPTER-6

6.1 TYPOLOGY OF SHGs:

6.1.1 Model -I Self help groups formed by NGOs and linked to banks

In this model, NGOs would organize the poor into groups undertake training for

awareness and understanding building, entrepreneurship and skill training help in arranging

inputs, extension and marketing, introduce savings and internal lending, help in maintenance of

accounts and link them with the banks for credit requirements. Banks directly provide loans to

SHGs with recommendation of NGOs. In this model, NGOs act as facilitators.

6.1.2 Model - II NGO forms and perform financial inter mediation role as

an lender to SHG after sourcing loans from bank.

In this model, besides acting as facilitator, the NGO also works as financial

intermediary. Here, the loan is given to NGO by the bank for on lending the SHGs. In this

linkage model, NGO would be legally responsible for repayment and would bear the risk of

non-payment. Involvement of NGOs in micro credit system would have positive influence as

they are the grass root agencies with information about borrowers. Thus, adverse selection and

production of recovery could be avoided. At the same time, NGO would be in a position to help

the rural poor, particularly the women to bring them above poverty line create rural employment.

The growth rate of SHGs and micro-credit have been phenomenal which certainly reveal that the

rural people involved in their growth are able to improve their micro-entrepreneurial skills with

the help of their own savings and additional bank credit, as required.

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6.1.3 Model - III Bank - SHGs Association

In this case, banks directly promote self help groups. Here, the bank assume to

play the role of NGOs and ensure linkage with SHGs. This SHG-NGO-Bank integration is very

much essential to credit delivery for self-employment and other business activities, which could

be an effective vaccine against poverty. But the ultimate goal of this linkage programme is not

just promotion of SHGs. The challenge of poverty alleviation must come at the center stage. It is

already an established fact that micro-credit is an important means of poverty alleviation. The

SHG route is one of the cost effective methods of credit flow to the poor who need most.

There are a variety of SHGs or peer groups the world over. For example, in the

Grameen bank, a group consist of only five members. Out of these five, one is the president, one

is secretary and one treasurer. Only two members are ordinary members. When the loan is

available, the group gives it first of all to the ordinary member and only later to its office bea rers.

This implies many lessons, while some members hold position, others benefit by early loans

6.1.4 OVERAL FINDINGS:

Age printed on Aadhar card is wrong so most of them cannot avail old age pension.

Coveted Position of elderly people

Elderly people become independent

Elderly people can avail government scheme by joining SHG.

Assess the quality of life and suggest ways and means to improve the same.

Most of them join SHG to improve their life style because most of them are illiterate by

joining at least they can write their name.

How to manage different situational problem in field level

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CHAPTER- 7 (Success Story)

7.1.1 CASE STUDY I

Place :Bhoya (a ST dominated panchayat) Dist.: West Singhbhum .

Facilitators: Rajender Ray( Sr. PRP)

Name of the SHG:Uliba and Jojoba

SHG Head:Pursotam Janko

First of all we introduced with the SHG member of Bhoya village where there are 13 member in

the SHG.We came to know that most of the member are not interested in joining the Old age

pension. Then we Started with introduction, information on SHG formation and its benefits by

descriptive manner.The villagers of Bhoya are depend on the agriculture and wage labour.

Response: not at all interested in forming SHG

Reason: he was thinking that it is a government supported project through a NGO. and he

doesn’t have any faith in government related programs.

Follow up: He took our office address and then ,on the next day he visited the office and he

was convinced and had formed his SHG and from the next day he also supported us and took

us to other houses to form SHGs in that panchayat.

Other info: after that we were able to make twenty two SHGs in that village in just 7 days.

Explaining about Bank Linkages and Pension Related Docs SHG

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7.1.2CASE STUDY II

Place : Janum Bera ,Sum Dist.: West Singhbhum .

Name of the SHG: Aarati shayam sahayata Samuh

SHG Head: Soma Jonko

Started with introduction, information on SHG formation and its benefits.

Response: not at all interested in forming SHG

Reason: Main reason of non cooperation in Jamrah was that they did not have a good experience

earlier . in the past , an organization collected money and run away, then when they visited the

organization they found the address was wrong.

Follow up: he was convinced , because a office worker was his friend but none others in that

village turned up to form SHG.

Other info: after that by trying hard for continuous three days visits to janum Bera , we were

only able to meet SHG.

FGD and Data Collection at Janum Bera,West Singhbhum

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7.2 CULTURE IN THE VILLAGE:

Most of the people in Bhoya Village are ST Category. They use to celebrate Maghe

Parva before ripening take place and when they use to showing take place they celebrate Baha

Parva by help of Tamarind, Turmeric and Fish.

People use to bury dead body in their own land and make Graveyard after 2-3 year when they are

capable of doing the function. Men use to marry by bringing girl from other village and have

tradition to keep more than one wife. In their case boy has to give dowry to Girl family.

Village have plenty of orchids of mango, jack fruit, Tamarind and for livelihood most of depend

on wage Labour,Farming and Cattle Rearing.

Villagers are totally dependent on forest product. they use to colour their houses by help of tree

cover.

Villagers use to drink and worship juice made up of Rotten Rice.

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7.3 CASE STUDY FINDINGS:

In Bhoya village response was very good but in janumbera, visit was made

continuously for three days to complete the data collection and all the necessary

document records which help us to correctly entry into excel sheet i.e Adhara Card,

Voter ID (Name,Age,Address)

In Bhoya village Elderly SHG the response of the people were cooperative and rest of

the SHG situation was average.

Main reason of non cooperation in Ulibah SHG was that they did not have a good

experience earlier . in the past , an organization collected money and run away, when

they visited the organization they found the address was wrong.

In Bindh village the day on which the SHGs were formed the people were in a good

mood that also went in favor of facilitators.

Features like cultural aspects also mattered , the area is predominantly populated by Old

man hence it was difficult to get their cooperation because of gender binding on HO

tribal women.

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7.4 CONCLUSION:

Govt. schemes now getting involve effectively in formation, nurturing and linking the

SHGs to a local bank.

Regional offices are provided all information and support in this regard.

An economically poor individual gains strength as part of a group.

Besides, financing through SHGs reduces transaction costs for both lenders and

borrowers.

Overall it can be said that cultural factors , previous experiences of people, mood of

people on the day and organizational repo building played a key role on successful

formation of SHGs.

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7.5 REFFERENCE

1. V.J.R. Emerlson Moses, "Women empowerment through SHGs : A micro study",

International Referred Research Journal, Vol. II, Issue 16, January 2011, p. 25.

2. The World Bank’s National Rural Livelihoods Project: Overview NRLM

3. Tamil Nadu Corporation for Development of Women Ltd. - Credit guidelines for

SHGs, Handbook, 2007, p. 5.

4. K.K. Rajendra, "Self help groups and cooperatives Banks" 1998, p. 3.

5. Case studies on programmes : "Planning and Management", Self Help Group and

Micro finance, p. 49-52.

6. Financing a Self Help Groups - NABARD, 1998, p. 28.

6. Annual Report - Office of DRDA, DUDA and MAVIM, Amravati, 2010.

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