Csr Brainolympics Training

7/30/2019 Csr Brainolympics Training

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Most famous paintings of all time inchronological order

Italian Renaissance Paintings

The Last Supper, 1495-1498By: Leonardo da VinciA fifteenth century mural painting

done in Milan by da Vinci, The LastSupper depicts the final feast Jesus hadwith his Twelve Apostles during whichhe announces one of them wouldbetray him.

School of Athens, c. 1510By: RaphaelThe School of Athens (or Scuola di

Atene in Italian) was one of Raphaelscommissions in the Stanze di Raffaelloin the Vatican. The School of Athens isconsidered Raphaels master artworkand is considered the perfect example

of High Renaissance art.

Mona Lisa, c. 1503-1519By: Leonardo da VinciThis painting depicts Lisa del Giocondo

whose expression is well-known for theenigmatic aura emanating from it. TheMona Lisa is possibly the most famouspainting in the world of all time.

Baroque Paintings

The Night Watch (De Nachtwacht),1642By: Rembrandt van RijnRembrandts painting of a city guard

led by Captain Frans Banning Cocqmoving out is famous for three reasons:its large size of 1110 x 144, effectiveutilization of chiaroscuro (light andshadow balance), and its portrayal of motion in what would have been atraditionally static painting. Rembrandtcompleted the piece at the height of the Dutch Golden Age.

Las Meninas, 1656By: Diego Velazquez

Las Meninas, or The Maids of Honor,depicts a room in the Madrid palace of Spains King Philip IV. The painting isfamous for its complexities regardingreality and illusion. Uncertainty isplayed out in the relations between theviewers and the figures, as well asbetween the figures themselves. Thesecomplex uncertainties have welcomedmuch discussion and analysis amongcritics and scholars.

Girl with a Pearl Earring, c. 1665By: Johannes VermeerOne of Vermeers masterpieces, this

painting utilizes a pearl earring as a

focal point. It is sometimes known asthe Dutch Mona Lisa or the MonaLisa of the North.

19th Century Paintings

A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of LaGrande Jatte, 1884-1886By: Georges SeuratOne of Seurats most famous works, A

Sunday Afternoon on the Island of LaGrande Jatte features extensive use of atechnique known as pointillism whichconsists of contrasted color dots thatform a single hue through viewerseyes. Seurat spent over two years onthis piece. He would practice his formrepeatedly at the park, concentratingon the use of colors, form, and lighting.

Bal du moulin de la Galette, 1886By: Pierre-Auguste RenoirThe 19th century painting by Renoir

portrays working class people dressedup and enjoying a Sunday afternoon atthe Moulin de la Galette in Paris.

Whistlers Mother, 1871 By: James McNeill WhistlerWhistler painted his mother, Anna

McNeill Whistler, when the originalmodel failed to come to theappointment. The painting was notwell-received when he submitted it tothe Royal Academy of Art in London forexhibition, but shortly later the publicshowed much respect and deferencefor it, quickly restoring Whistlershonor.

Starry Night over the Rhone, c.1888By: Vincent van GoghOne of van Goghs paintings of Arles at

a riverbank not far from the YellowHouse he was residing at the time. Thenight scenery, lighting, and starsprovided subjects for his more famouspaintings, such as The Starry Night.

The Starry Night, 1889By: Vincent van GoghConsidered to be the best and most

famous work of Vincent van Gogh, The

Starry Night was created from memoryand portrays the sight outside thewindow of his sanitarium room at night.

The Scream, 1893By: Edvard MunchIn a series of paintings reproduced with

various media known as Scream, EdvardMunch conveys an extremely anxiousand trembling person standing at thefenced edge of a road. The scene wasidentified as the view from a roadoverlooking Oslo, Norway.

20th Century Paintings


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Dogs Playing Poker, 1903By: C.M. Coolidge

Dogs Playing Poker is the collectivename of sixteen oil paintings by C.M.Coolidge. Each painting wascommissioned to advertise cigars forBrown & Bigelow.

The Kiss, 1908By: Gustav Klimt

The Kiss, or Der Kuss, was GustavKlimts most renowned art piece. Hewas done during the peak of hisGolden Period. The Kiss depicts a manand woman kissing and embracing, withtheir bodies cloaked by elegant goldenrobes. Along with oil paint, gold leaf was used. His use of gold wasinfluenced by a trip to Italy in 1903,after which gold and silver were usedoften in his art.

La Trahison des Images (Ceci Nest pasune Pipe), 1928-29By: Rene Magritte

La Trahison des Images, or TheTreachery of Images, was painted byMagritte in 1928-1929. Below iswritten: Ceci Nest pas une Pipe,meaning this is not a pipe in French.Magritte was trying to make the pointthat the painting was not an actualpipe, only a representation of one.

American Gothic, 1930By: Grant Wood

American Gothic was inspired by theDibble House in Iowa. Wood saw itsGothic architectural style and decidedto paint the house along with the kindof people he imagined might live in it.The painting depicts a farmer and hisdaughter, both modeled by his dentistand his sister. Each element of thepainting was done separately; themodels sat separately and were neverat the house.

The Persistence of Memory, 1931By: Salvador DaliA widely known surrealist piece often

referenced in pop culture. ThePersistence of Memory depicts meltingwatches at a beach scene. Dalimentions that he was motivated by asurrealist concept of Camembertcheese melting under the sun.

Guernica, 1937By: Pablo PicassoPablo Picassos detest of the Spanish

Civil War is manifested in an art pieceknown as Guernica. The piece wascommissioned by the SpanishRepublican government to portray thepain and suffering caused by wars.Guernica would become a monumentalsymbol of anti-war and peace.

No. 5, 1948, 1948By: Jackson Pollock

No. 5, 1948 was done on an 8 feet by 4feet sheet of fiberboard, splatteredwith brown and yellow paint to give anest-like appearance. The painting issupposedly abstract; the exquisitenessof how such a painting became sofamous would most likely bemisunderstood by many people.

The Son of Man, 1964By: Rene MagritteMagritte painted The Son of Man, or Le

fils de lhomme, as a self -portrait. Thepainting depicts a man in a suit with abowler hat; his face is mostly obscuredby a green apple. The theme of the art

work is a conflict between that which isvisible and that which is hidden. Theparts of a person we want to see isoften obscured by what is visible.

Famous Asian Paintings

The Great Wave off Kanagawa, c. 1829-32By: Katsushika Hokusai

The Great Wave off Kanagawa is awoodblock print that is Hokusais mostfamous work. This woodblock is themost well-known piece of Japanese artin the world. It depicts an giant wavetowering boats near Kanagawa. Mt. Fujiappears in the background

The Arnolfini MarriageJan Van Eyck

The Last Supper Leonardo da Vinci

The Last JudgmentMichelangelo

The Sistine Madonna Raphael

Massacre of the Innocents Rubens

Charles I King of England at the HuntAnthony van Dyck


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Portrait of Louis XIV Hyacinthe Rigaud

Mr. and Mrs. Andrews ThomasGainsborough

Clothed MajaFrancisco de Goya

Madame Rcamier Jacques Louis David

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TIMELINE:WORLDHISTORYBCc. 9000 : The development of agriculture.c. 3500 : A number of small cities, centresof theworlds first civilisation, appeared in Sumer, the lower part of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley (present Iraq).c. 3500 : The Sumerians invented the firstform of writing. It was later simplified to producewedge-shaped cuneiform writing, whichspread throughout the Middle East.c. 2500 : The Pyramids and Great Sphinx

were builtin Giza, Egypt.c. 2500 : The Indus Valley civilisationbegan toflourish in the cities of Mohenjo-Daro andHarappa in what is now Pakistan.c. 2500 : The Epic of Gilgamesh and theEpic of Creation, the oldest epic poems in worldliterature, were written in Mesopotamia.c. 2500-1100: The Minoan civilisation onthe islandof Crete rose and fell.2300s : Sargon of Akkad conquered theSumeriansand united all Mesopotamia under his rule,creating the worlds first empire. c. 1792-1750 : Babylonia flourished under KingHammurabi.c. 1700 : Code of Hammurabi, one of thefirst lawcodes, was drawn up.c.1500-1000: The Aryans of central Asiacame to India.c. 1400 : The making of iron began.776 : The first recorded Olympic Gameswereheld in Greece.c. 550 : Cyrus the Great established thePersianEmpire.509 : The people of Rome revoltedagainst their Etruscan rulers and established a republic.500 : The Hanging Gardens of Babylonwerebuilt.400 : Hippocrates, the father of Medicineshowed that diseases have natural

causes.399 : Socrates was forced to commitsuicide bydrinking hemlock, a poison.44 : Julius Caesar of Rome wasassassinated.27 : Augustus became the first Romanemperor.4 : Birth of Jesus Christ.AD1 : The Chinese invented paper.250 : The Mayans developed anadvanced civilizationin Central America and Mexico.313 : Constantine issued the Edict of Milan, whichgranted freedom of worship to Christiansof the Roman Empire.

395 : The Roman Empire split into theEast Roman,or Byzantine Empire and the WestRoman Empire.300 : The Ghana Empire, the first greatblackempire in Western Africa, existed as atradingstate.570 : Birth of Prophet Muhammad, the

founder of Islam.610 : Muhammad, the prophet of Islam,beganpreaching.622 : Muhammad, prophet of Islam, fledfromMecca to Medina. His flight, called theHijra, marks the beginning of the Islamiccalendar.750 : The Abbasids became the Caliphs of the Islamic world.800 : Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne,ruler of the Franks, emperor of the Romans.3 2 3988 : Vladimir I converted the Russians toChristianity.1054 : Rivalries between the church inRome andthe church in Constantinople resulted intheir separation as the Roman CatholicChurch and Eastern Orthodox Churches,respectively.1110 : The Chinese invented the magneticcompass.1279 : The Mongols gained control of allChina.1300s : The Renaissance began in Italy.1400-1450s : The first book printed inEurope withmovable type appeared in the mid-1400s.1453 : The Ottoman Turks capturedConstantinople(Istanbul) and overthrew the ByzantineEmpire.1492 : Columbus discovered America.1498 : Vasco da Gama discovered searoute toIndia.

1500s : The Reformation led to the birth of Protestantism.1519-1521: Ferdinand Magellancommanded the firstglobe-circling voyage, completed in 1522after his death.1526 : Babar, a Muslim prince, invadedIndia andfounded the Mughal Empire.1543 : Nicolas Copernicus proposed thatthe sunwas the centre of the universe.1588 : The Royal Navy of England

defeated theSpanish Armada, establishing England asa great naval power.1776 : The 13 American colonies adoptedthe Declarationof Independence, establishing theUnited States of America.1789 : The French Revolution began.1815 : Napoleon Bonaparte was defeatedin theBattle of Waterloo, ending his attempt toruleEurope.1858 : Great Britain took over the rule of Indiafrom the East India Company after theIndianRevolt.1869 : The Suez Canal opened.


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1871 : Germany became united under thePrussianking, who ruled the new empire asKaiser Wilhelm I.1901 : Trans-Siberian Railway opened.Marconisends first wireless message. Swedenawards first Nobel Prizes.1902 : First Siamese twins Barnam andBailey circus

twins separated. Thomas Alva Edisoninvents a new electrical storage battery.LondonSchool of Economics and Political Scienceopened. Cedric, the world largest ship (21,000 tons) built. First Trans-Atlantictelegraphmessage sent.1903 : Marie Curie becomes the firstwoman towin a Nobel Prize (Physics). Wilber andOrville Wright fly their Flyer at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.1904 : Henry Royce produces first motor car, a10hp 2-cylinder model.1905 : Frenchman Alfred Binet inventsintelligencetests. Albert Einstein says time andspeed are relative. Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen lands at Alaska andfinds magnetic pole.1906 : HMS Dreadnought, worlds mostpowerfulship, built. SOS (Save our Souls)adopted as international distress signal.First

submarine, UI, enters service.1907 : Finland becomes the first to electwomenas MPs. Robert Baden Powell forms BoyScout Movement. Establishment of Kuomintang by Sun Yat- sen. Worlds first working helicopter made.1908 : Solid helium developed by Dutchscientists.Professor Albert Einstein presents3 2 4his Quantum theory of light. JackJackson (USA) is the first Negro to

becomeworld heavyweight champion.1909 : Londons new direct 7,000 miletelegraphiclink with India opened. Colour films arescreened in public for the first time inBrighton. North Pole conquered by USCommander Robert E. Peary.1910 : First pure sample of radiumisolated byMarie Curie. Death of Leo Tolstoy.1911 : First wireless messages from theair. King

George V crowned King of the United Kingdom and Emperor of India. Worlds first official airmail flight between Bamrauliand Naini (India). Beginning of the theChinese Revolution that ended 1000years of imperial rule. Sun Yat-senbecomesthe first president of the ChineseRepublic. Second Nobel Prize awarded toMarie Curie. Ronald Amundsen reachesSouth Pole.1912 : Titanic, worlds biggest ship sinksinNorth Atlantic.1913 : Grand Central Station, New York,worlds largest railway station, opened. Neil Bohrs quantum theory of the structure of atoms published. Thomas Edison inventsa telephone recorder. Noguchi isolates the

virus of rabies.1914 : Cancer treated with radiumsuccessful.Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, the

Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and his wifeshot and killed in Sarajevo by a student,Garvilo Princip. It served as a catalyst for World War I.1917 : Russian Revolution. Russiabecame a republic.

Bolsheviks came to power in Russia.1918 : US President Wilson enumerateshis 14points. Moscow is made the new capitalof Russia. Bolsheviks become the RussianCommunist Party. Tzar Nicholas II and hisfamily massacred.1919 : Atoms split by artificial means for the firsttime by Professor Ernest Rutherford. Firstnonstop flight across the Atlantic by

Alcock and Brown. Treaty of Versaillessigned. First World War ends. Germanydeclareda republic (Weimar).1920 : League of Nations inaugurated.The InternationalCourt of Justice set up at Hague.1921 : First BCG vaccine given in France.1922 : Arms conference in Washingtonagreesto outlaw the use of gas in warfare. BBCformed. Free state of Ireland created.1923 : Turkey declared a Republic.1924 : Bacillus causing rabies isolated bythe Pasteur Institute, Paris. Edwin Hubble discovers

the unknown boundaries of the MilkyWay.1925 : John Logie Baird perfectstelevision.1926 : Abdul Aziz ibn Saud proclaimedKing of theHejaz who named his country Saudi

Arabia.1927 : The Jazz Singer , the first talkie,made. Firstsolo non-stop flight between New Yorkand Paris made by Charles Lindbergh.1928 : Germ killing mould discovered by

Alexander Fleming, London. Stalins First Five Year Plan.1929 : Wall Street crash, the biggestfinancialcrisis of the century.1930 : Pluto, the 9th planet, discovered byClaude Tombaugh. First modern computer designed by Vannevar Bush and histeam.1931 : Thomas Alva Edison dies.1932 : Chadvick discovers the neutron.1933 : Adolf Hitler, Nazi leader, becomes

Chancel 32 5lor of Germany.1936 : Spanish Civil War begins.Germanys Peoples Car Volkswagen launched.1938 : Walt Disneys first feature -lengthcartoon,Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.1939 : Spanish Civil War comes to anend. Pact of Steel between Italy and Germany. WorldWar II begins.

1941 : Birth of modern commercialtelevision.The Japanese attack Pearl Harbour,bringing USA into World War II.1944 : DNA discovered. Bretton WoodsConference.

1945 : Mussolini killed by Italian partisansHitler commits suicide. 50 nations sign theWorld Security Charger to establish UN.UN Charter signed by 50 countries.Postdam Conference. Little Boy, aUranium-235 fission bomb, dropped over Japanese city Hiroshima, explodes, 570mts. above ground, instantly killing over

70,000. A 22-kiloton plutonium 239 bomb,Fat Man, dropped over Nagasaki,explodes510 mts above ground, killing40,000 immediately. The InternationalMonetary Fund and the World Bank arefounded.1946 : Paris Peace Conference.1947 : IMF begins operations.1948 : GATT enters into force. New stateof Israelproclaimed.1952 : King George VI of UK dies andElizabethII becomes Queen. Artificial heart usedfor the first time in USA. A non-violentcampaign against apartheid begins inSouth Africa.1953 : Chinas five -year plan begins.Hammarskjldsworn in as UN Secretary- General. MountEverest conquered by Edmund Hillary andTensing Norway.1956 : Non Alignment Movement founded.1957 : Agatha Christies Mousetrap performs its1,998th performance. Russia launches a

man-made satellite, Sputnik-1.1958 : US enters space arena, launchingExplorer-1.1959 : Dalai Lama, fleeing from Tibetreaches Indiaand finds sanctuary. Pictures of the darkside of the moon sent back by Lunik III.1960 : Sirimavo Bandaranaike sworn in astheworlds first woman Prime Minister in Sri Lanka. John F. Kennedy elected presidentof USA youngest man and first Roman

Catholic to be elected.1961 : Inter-planetary space stationlaunched byUSSR. Soviet Unions Yuri Gagarin,becomesthe first man to fly in space. AlanShephard Jr. becomes the first Americanin Space. East Germans erect a five footwall (Berlin Wall). UN Secretary-GeneralDag Hammarskjld killed in an aircrash.1962 : John Glenn becomes the first

Americanto orbit Earth in Mercury. 1963 : Valentina Tereshkova (USSR)becomesfirst woman in space. Martin Luther Kings immortal I have a dream speech. US President John F.Kennedyassassinated.1965 : Singapore recedes from Malaysiato becomean independent state.1966 : Luna 9 of USSR makes the firstsoft lunar landing.1967 : Apollo I cabin bursts at theKennedySpace Centre launch pad killing three.1968 : Martin Luther King assassinated.1969 : Arafat head of PLO. Anglo-Frenchsupersonicairline Concorde introduced. Neil

Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin become thefirst men to set foot on the moon.


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1970 : Kingdom of Cambodia becomestheKhmer Republic.3 2 61971 : Vietnam War comes to an end(57,000

Americans lost their lives). Mujibur Rehman declares Bangladeshindependent.Marines-9 orbits Mars (first spacecraft

to do so).1973 : Agreement ending Vietnam War signed.1974 : U.S President Nixon resignsfollowing theWatergate Scandal. Gerald Ford takesover.1975 : Japans Junko Tabei becomes firstwomento scale Everest. Army coup inBangladesh.Mujibur Rehman killed.1977 : Coup in Pakistan; Bhutto deposed;Gen.Zia-ul-Haq takes over.1978 : Louise Brown, the first test tubebaby, bornin UK.1979 : Z.A. Bhutto executed. MargaretThatcher becomes first woman Prime Minister of Britain.SALT II agreement signed by JimmyCarter and the Soviet leaders.1981 : The reusable Space ShuttleColumbialaunched. TGV, worlds fastest train,makesits inaugural run from Paris to Lyons.1982 : Russias Venus -13 lands onVenus.1984 : Dorjei conquers the Everest withoutoxygen.1985 : The Rainbow Warrior, flagship of ecologicalgroup Greenpeace, sinks after explosionin

Auckland.1986 : US Space Shuttle Challenger explodes after

takeoff, killing seven astronaut. SovietUnions Mir Space Station launched. Nuclear leak in Chernobyl power station.

Ann Bancroft becomes first woman toreach North Pole.1988 : Pakistan President General Zia-ul-Haqkilled in an air crash. India quells invasionof Maldives by sea-borne group.George Bush elected President of USA.1989 : Ranasinghe Premadasa becomesPresidentof Sri Lanka. Students in Beijing

demonstratefor democratic rights. Chinesetroops storm Tienanmen Square andcrush the pro-democracy campaign.

AyatollahKhomeini dies. Demolition of BerlinWall. Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia.1990 : New Zealander, Richard Hadlee,becomesthe first cricketer to take 400 test wickets.Nelson Mandela freed after 27 years inprison. Iraq invades Kuwait. UN imposesembargo on Iraq. Unification of Germany.Formal end of Cold War.1991 : Gulf War. Warsaw Pact disbanded.Kuwaitfully liberated. Khaleeda Zia appointedfirst woman Prime Minister of Bangladesh. Formal end to the SovietUnion. Commonwealth of Independent

states formed.1992 : Earth Summit in Rio.1993 : Bill Clinton new US President.Netherlandsbecomes the first country to sanctionmercy killings. Allan Border bettersGavaskars record (10,122 runs). SriLankanPresident Ranasinghe Premadasaassassinated.

USAs Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) stopped. Maastricht Treaty onEuropeanUnion comes into effect.1994 : End of Apartheid in South Africa.Thecomet Shoemaker Levy 9 smashes intoJupiter.1995 : WTO comes into effect. Austria,Finlandand Sweden become new members of EU.Kobe earthquake in Japan kills 4,700people. DNA code of living organismsdeciphered.1996 : Gary Kasparov wins chess seriesagainstIBM computer Deep Blue . Arafat becomesPresident of Palestinian Authority.1997 : British scientists clone a sheep(Polly). HaleBopp comet comes closest to earth (2003 2 7m.km). Labour Party wins polls in Britain;Tony Blair becomes Prime Minister.Chemicalweapons convention takes effect. Britainhands back Hong Kong to China. MarsPathfinder sends pictures of Mars. Diana,Princess of Wales killed in a car accident.1998 : Myanmar celebrates its 50thanniversaryof independence. Pope John Paul II visitsCuba.: Sri Lanka celebrates its 50th anniversaryof independence. Communist Manifestocompletes 150 years of publication. USscientists produce the worlds first cloned Calf named Mr. Jefferson.: James Camerons Titanic wins 11 Oscar

awards.: India conducts five nuclear tests (threeon11th May and two on 13th May 1998).Pakistan conducts six nuclear test (5 on28th May and one on 30th May 1998).: France win World Cup Football.: Jose Saramago, the Portuguese novelistwin 1998 Nobel prize for literature.

Amartya Sen of India wins 1998 NobelPrize for Economics. John Glenn, 77, theoldest man in space.1999 : Twelve European countries launch

singlecurrency, the Euro.: The South African Parliament electsThabo Mbeki, the countrys new President. : The US space shuttle, Columbia, blastsoff under the first woman commander Eileen Collins, after two failed attempts.: The former New Zealand Prime Minister,Mike Moore, takes over as the head of theWorld Trade Organisation.: S.R. Nathan, sworn in as Singaporessixthpresident.: The 1999 Nobel Prize for Literature goestothe German Novelist, Gnter Grass.: China celebrates the 50th anniversary of Communist rule: Army takes over in Pakistan, NawazSharif

sacked and confined to House.: World population turns 6 billion.: The US formally transfers the controlover the Panama Canal to Panama.2000 : Ananova, the worlds first virtualnewsreader,makes her debut on the internet atwww.ananova.com.: At the NPT conference in the United

Nations,USA, Russia, France, Britain andChina pledge to eliminate atomicweapons,without setting a time table.: An e-mail virus I Love You created by aFilipino creates wide spread damage tocomputer systems across the world.: Fijis President declares a state of emergencyafter a group of gunmen led byGeorge Speight seize the nations firstethnicIndian Prime Minister, Mahendra PalChaudhry and his Cabinet colleagues andMPs as hostages.: The North Korean leader, Kim Jong Ilandthe South Korean President, Kim DaeJung meet at the North Korean capitalPyongyang. They decide to work for theunification of the Korean Peninsula.: The two-day G-15 summit begins inCairo(Egypt). It has now 19 members with theinclusion of Columbia and Iran.: The International Space Station linkedupsmoothly with the Russian-made Zvezda control module. Zvezda is the first modulebuilt solely by Russians.: George Speight, the leader of the coupin Fiji, is arrested.: The US astronomers announce that theyhave detected 10 new planets outside the3 2 8solar system. It brings the total number of planets circling other stars, so-calledexoplanets, to 50.: British Airways suspends Concorde

operations.: Carl Banks, the Disney Illustrator andcreator of Donald Duck passes away.: Tuvalu, a Pacific island state admitted tothe United Nations as its 189th member inits first session of the New Millennium inNew York (USA).: French voters approve a referendum onshortening the Presidential term to fiveyears.: Russia recognises Yugoslav oppositionleader, Vojislav Kostuni cas, historic

presidentialelection victory over SlobodanMilosevic.: Sirimavo Bandaranaike, the worlds first elected woman Prime Minister, passesaway.: Gao Xingjian, a dissident Chinesenovelistand playwright settled in France wholeft China in 1987 to settle in France, winsthe Nobel Prize for Literature for 2000 for his work that has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama.: Kim Dae Jung, South Korean President,selected for the 2000 Nobel Peace Prizefor his work towards peace andreconciliationwith North Korea that led to aground breaking summit with his NorthKorean counterpart.


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: The Guinness Book of World Records ,sets a new record of its own selling sevenmillion copies of its first edition of thenew century.: Hillary Clinton, wife of US President BillClinton, wins the US Senate seat fromNewYork. Thus, she becomes the first wife of a President in American history to beelected to the Senate.

: Margaret Atwood of Canada wins thecoveted Booker Prize 2000 for her novel,The Blind Assassin.: Netherlands becomes the first country tolegalise euthanasia, (the mercy killing).: Nawaz Sharif pardoned off and exiled toSaudi Arabia.: George W. Bush declared elected as the43rdPresident of United States.2001 : The 15-year-old Mir Space Stationabandoned: ANDi the worlds first geneticallymodifiedmonkey, created.: The radical Islamic Taliban regime in

Afghanistandemolishes two huge statuesof the Buddha at Bamiyan.: Dennis Tito of the United Statesbecomesthe first person to tour the space.: Denise Quinones August chosen as the50th Miss Universe at a function inBayamon in Puerto Rico.: The Organisation of African Union (OAU)becomes African Union (AU).

: Gen. Pervez Musharraf takes over as thePresident of Pakistan.: United Nations (UN) Secretary Generaland V.S. Naipaul win the Nobel Prize For peace and Literature respectively for 2001.2002 : Euthanasia or mercy killing comesintoforce in Netherlands.: Robert Mugabe elected President of Zimbabwe.: Xanana Gusmao, the independenceleader

of East Timor, elected President of theislandnation.: Mark Shuttleworth of South Africabecomesthe second space tourist.3 2 9: Switzerland becomes the 190th member of UNO.: Hamid Karzai elected President of

Afghanistan.: The International criminal Court (ICC)starts functioning in the Hague

(Netherlands): The UN Earth Summit held inJohannesburg(South Africa): East Timor joins as the 191st member of the United Nations.: The 17th Commonwealth Games held inManchester (U.K): The 14th Asian Games held in Busan(South Korea): Miss Asra Akin crowned as Miss World.: SARS (Severe Acute RespiratorySyndrome) outbreak in China and spreadsall over world killing thousands.2003 : The space shuttle Columbiaperished inspace. Seven astronauts includingDr. Kalpana Chawla died (February).: The USA and Britain jointly launchOperation Iraqi Freedom to liberate Iraq

from Sadam Hussain, who build upweaponsof mass destruction.2004 : Spirit and Opportunity land onMars.: 28th Summer Olympics was held in

Athensin Greece. The USA secured firstplace, China stood at second. India wononly one silver.

: Bomb attacks on four Madrid commuter trains kill 191 and injure hundreds more: Photos of US soldiers allegedly abusingIraqi detainees in Abu Gharaib prisonemerge.: A team of Russian scientists and another of US scientists report the discovery of two new chemical elements. These areelements113, given the temporary nameUnuntrium (Uut) and element 115designatedUnunpentium (Uup): The Iraqi special Tribunal holds the firsthearing in the trial of Saddham Hussian.: Afghanistan holds its first ever presidentialelection.: Scientists discover a new tiny species of human that lived in Indonesia.: Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat dies inParis.2005 : NASAs unmanned. Probe DeepImpactcollided with the comet Tempel-1 on June3, 2005.G-8 Summit was held at Gleneagles,

Resort,Scotland on July 6-8, 2005: Muhammed Abbas is sworn in asPalestinian

Authority President.: Taiwan and China agree Temporarily liftTaipes five - decade ban on direct flightsbetween the two rivals.: Former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafikal-Hariri is assassinated in a car bombing incentral Beirut close to the harbour.: The trial of pop star Michael JosephJackson gets underway in Santa Maria

over a year since his arrest on charges of child molestation.: American aviator Steve Fossetcompletesthe first solo fight around the world withoutrefuelling and lands his jet plane inSalina Kansas.: Israel open th e worlds largest Holocast museum on Mount Herzi in Jerusalem tocommemorate the six million Jewsexterminatedby the Nazis.: Jalal Talabani is sworn in Iraqi Presidentmaking him the first non-Arab head of an

Arab nation. Shia leader Irabhim Jaafariis nominated as the Prime Minister.: Pope John Paul II, the Peoples Popeor the Travelling Pope is laid to rest in the cryst of St. Peters Baslica in Vatican.: Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger of Germany iselected 265 th Pope and is to be known asBenedict XVI.3 3 0: Albanian poet and novelist Ismail Kadareis named the winner of the Man Booker International Prize, a brand new laurel for the worlds finest writers. : Kuwaits first woman Prime Minister Maasuma al Mubarak, takes out inParliament.: Junichiro Koizumi is re-elected asJapanese

Primier by the new House of Representativesat a special session in Tokyo.: The IAEA and its chief Muhammed ElBaradei get the Nobel Peace Prize for their work in Stopping the spread of nuclear weapons.: The Dhaka Declaration decides to set upa SAARC Poverty Alleviation Fund and

to declare 2006 - 2015 the SAARCdecadeof Poverty Alleviation.: The worlds first facial transplantation is done on a French woman Isabella Dinoirein Amiens.2006 : US space probe Stardust returnstoearth carrying precious samples of dustfrom stars and comets.: Chile elects Michaelle Bachelet to be itsfirst woman President.: NASA launches the first space missionto Pluto, as the New Horizons spacecraftis hurled on a 9-year 4.5 b - KM journey.: 35th summit of World Economic Forumopens, in Davos, Switzerland.: French actress Eva Green chosen as thenew James Bond girl.: Jamaica to have Portia Simpson Miller asPrime Minister, the first woman head of the state.: Oscar award announced : Crush is the best film, Philip Seymour Hoffman - bestactor, Reese Witherspoon - best actressand Ang Lee - Best Director.

: Lakshmi Mittals 18.6 billion eurotakeover bid for Arcelor is blocked by a changein Luxemburg corporate law.: Solar eclipse observe in Turkey.: Kavya Vishwanathans novel How Opal Mehta Got kissed, Got wild and got a Life being recalled from store shelves, after she admits copying passages fr omanother book.: Britain replaces US as the publisher of most new books in English.: Earthquake measuring 6.2 rocks

Yogyakarta in Java killing about threethousand as per first reports.: J.K. Rowling voted the greatest livingBritish writer in a survey, followed byTerry Pratchett, Ian Mcewan, SalmanRushdie, Kazuo Ishiguro and PhilipPullman.: Worlds oldest tortoise Harriet dies at 176 years in Australia.: Montenegro becomes the 192th member of United Nations: Qinghai - Tibet railway the worldshighestand longest highland railway becomesoperational.: First world summit of religious leaders inMoscow is attended by 200representativesfrom 40 countries.: Italy beats France 5-3 to win World CupFootball.: Kiran Desai wins the Booker Prize.: Bhutans king Jigme Singye Wangchuk abdicates the throne after a 34 year reignin favour of his son crown prince JigmeKhesar Namgyel Wangchuk.: The former Iraqi President SaddamHussein is hanged to death in Baghdadfor the 1982 killing of 148 persons of Dujailtown, three years after being captured bythe US forces.3 3 1


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Pre-Historic PeriodThe Pre-historic period is divided into

four distinctperiods.Paleololithic Period (Old Stone Age)5,000,000 -10,000 BCMesolithic Period (Late Stone Age)10,000 4000BCNeolithic period (New stone Age) 6000

1000 BCChalcolithic Period (Metal Age)

The earliest known primate(Plesiandapis) appearedon the earth towads 70,000,000 BC.

The possible ancestor of hominids(Proconsul)appeared in East Africa towards20,000,00 BC

Australopithecus was the firsthominids on the

earth, which appeared in East Africatowards3,700,000 BC.

Homohabilis was the first hominid toolmaker,which appeared in Africa towards2,100,000 BC.

Zinjanthropus , which was found in theGreatRift Valley of Central Africa , isconsidered to bethe earliest in the human species.

Java Man existed some seven lakh

years ago inJava and Peking Man who existed somethreelakh years ago excavated from Peking inChinaare some humans of the PaleolithicPeriod.

Most famous Paleolithic man was theNeandarthal Man who was discoveredfromGermany .

Cromagnan (France) and Grimaldi (Itali)men belongedto the Middle Stone Age.

Paleolithic people used tools andimplementsmade of rough stone.

They ate raw flesh and wild fruits andvegetables.They had no idea of agriculture. Theybelongedto the Negrito race.

Paleolithic men led a nomadic life, ie,wanderingfrom one place to another.

Neolithic Age means the New Stone Age .People learnt the art of cultivation and

theNeolithic Age was the food producingstage.

They started using polished and sharpstoneimplements.

Man began to domesticate animalsduring theNeolithic Age. Dog was the first animaldomesticatedby man.

Wheat and Barley were the earliestcereals grownby man.

Potters Wheel was invented in theNeolithic Age.

Paleolithic Age is known as the Age of Hunters while the Neolithic Age is known as theAge of Farmers .

Most polished weapon of the Neolithic Age wasthe Stone axe.

Man discovered the use of jute andbegan to usecloth made of jute during the Neolithicperiod.

Early men started the settled life in theNeolithicperiod.

Earliest human villages appearedtowards 6000BCin Egypt and Mesopotamia.

The Barter system of exchange cameinto practiceduring the Neolithic period.

Family life also began during the

Neolithic Age.The concept of State also originated

during theNeolithic period.

Chalcolithic Age is known as the MetalAge .

First metal used by man was copper

WorldHistory3 3 2

Copper was first used to makeornaments andtools.

The period when man began to useBronze toolsand weapons is known as Bronze Age .

The period when man began to use ironis knownas Iron Age .MAJOR HUMAN RACES OF THEWORLD

People living in Africa, Arabia, India,Malaysia,

Australia and Tansania belonged to theNegroidRace .

Pigmies seen in Africa, South East Asia andIndonesia is a subgroup of the Negroids.

Majority of modern Human racebelonged to theMongloid race .

People living in Japan, China,Indonesia, FormosaTibet etc belonged to the Mongloid race.

People lived in Ancient Egypt belongedto theHemitic race .

Ancient Babilonians, Hebrews,Phoenesians,

Arabs etc belonged to the Semitic race .Semitic, Hemitic and Indo-Europeans

are the subgroupsof the Caucasoid race .

ORIGIN OF LANGUAGES ANDWRITING

Man began to speak meaningfullyduring the

Neolithic Period.English, French, German, Spanish,

Italian, Greek,Russian, Persian, Sanskrit and Americanlanguagesbelonged to the Indo-European or Aryanlanguage group

Hebrew, Arabic, Abyssenian early Assirian andPhoenesian languages belonged to the

Semiticgroup of languages .

Languages spoken by the people livedaroundMediterranean sea were of the Hemiticgroup.

Lapis, Finnish, Magyar,Tartar, Manchu,Mongoletc, belonged to the Turanean group oflanguages .

Egyptians were the first to usePhonetic writing .

The early writing of the Egyptians wereknown asHieroglyphics .

Phoeniseans were considered as theoriginatorsof the modern pattern of writing.

S UMERIAN OR MESOPOTAMIANCIVILIZATION (3000 -1600 BC)

Sumerian civilisation flourished on thebanks of rivers Euphrates and Tigris later came tobeknown as Mesopotamian civilisation

The word Mesopotamia means landbetween rivers .

The name Mesopotamia was given bythe Greeks.

The area where Mesopotamiancivilisation existedbelonged to modern Iraq .

The northern part of Mesopotamia wasknown asAssiria and southern part was known asBabilonia .

The first dynasty in the world wasestablished atUr in Sumeria in 3000 BC.

CUNIEFORM WRITINGThe Sumerians are credited with theinventionof a distinctive system of writing known asCunieform. They wrote on clay tabletsusingwedge shaped letters. The nameCunieform wasorigina ted from the Latin word cuneus whichmeans wedge. The Cunieform script wasdesciphered by Henry Rawlinson.Hieroglyphics3 3 3

Ur, Urukh, Lagash, Uma, Nippor werethe major cities of the Sumerians.

The Sumerian Empire declined towardsBC 2650due to the attack of the Accadians .

The chief architect of the Acadianempire wasSargon .

Dungi was the most important ruler of theSumerians.

The writing system of the Sumerianswas knownas Cunieform .


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Mesosoptamian seals throw light on thetraderelation between the Indus people and theSumerians .

The Mesopotamians invented wheeland glassware.

Mesopotamian civilization is consideredto be theworlds first urban civilisation .

Mesopotamians discovered the systemof Geometry.It was later called PythagorusTheorem .

A Lunar Calendar based on the Moonwas oneof the major achievements of theSumerians.

Mesopotamians were worshippers of multi Gods.

Their major God was the Sky GodAnu .

Mesopotamians were the first to invent

the systemof Multiplication.

Empires, water supply system, use of gold andsilver for transaction, code of laws,libraries, educationalcentres, poetry, literature, sculpture,palaces,arches, pillars, domes, slavery, autocracyimperialism etc first originated in Sumeria.

Hammurabi is known as the founder of EarlyBabi lonianEmpire .

Hammu r ab iwas responsiblefor the introductionof acode of conductto theMesopotamians.It was basedon the principleof an eye for eye and tooth for atooth .

Babilonian people invented water clockand sundialto know the time.

Assirians were credited for the inventionof thesystem of dividing a circle into 360degrees.

Mesopotamian civilisation is also knownas themelting pot of civilisation .

Egyptian Civilisation (3000BC -

1750 BC)Egyptian civilisation flourished on thebanks of Nile river.

Egyptian kings were known as Pharoh Pharoh means one who lives in a

mansion.Hyksus were a semetic group of

people whocaptured Egypt towards BC 1750.

Egyptian Queen Hatsheput isconsidered as the

first women ruler of the world.Ramses III is considered as the last of greatPharohs of Egypt.

Egyptians were the first to invent asolar calendar

having 365 days with 12 months of 30dayseach.

Egyptian Sun Godwas known asRa or Re .

Osiris was theGoddess of truthworshipped by theEgyptians.

Preserved deadbodies of theEgyptians wereknown as mummies . Mummificationshows their belief in life after death.

Egyptians were responsible for theinvention of

Addition, Subtraction and Division.The word Chemistry was originated

from theEgyptian language.

Egyptian script was pictographic innature. It wasknown as Hierogliphics .HammurabiMummies3 3 4

The word Hierogliphic means sacredwriting . Itconsisted of 24 signs. Vowels were notused. TheEgyptian alphabets were deciphered byChampollion .

The Great Temple of Abu Simbel is

known asthe Temple of the Rising Sun , sincethe raysof the rising sun get into the temple.

Pyramids were the Tombs of EgyptianPharohs.

First Pyramid was built about 2700 BC.Greatest of the Pyramids was the Great

Pyramidat Giza built by Pharoh Khufu .

Biggest of the temples built by theEgyptians was

the temple at Karnak .Great Pyramid at Giza is the onlysurvivor of theSeven Wonders of the Ancient World

Earliest coins were believed to haveused by theEgyptians.

Indus Valley CivilisationIndus Valley Civilisation was discovered

as a resultof the archaeological excavations carriedout

in 1920-22 at Mohenjodaro and Harappa(Both inPakistan) by R D Banarjee and DayaramSahni.John Marshall was the Director General of the

Archaeological Survey of India at that t ime(moredetails are given in the Indian Historypart).

Chinese CivilisationChinese Civilisation originated on the

banks of

river Hwang Ho .Shang dynasty was the first dynasty to

rule Chinafrom BC 1750-1125.

The Qin dynasty established Chinasfirst strong

central government.Chin ruler Shih Hwangti was

responsible for theconstruction of the Great Wall of China topreventthe Huna invasion.

Shih Hwangti was the founder of Chindynasty.

The Great Wall is 1500 mile long andhaving 20feet breadth and 20 feet height.

Early communication of the Chinesewas done bySphinxSphinx was a mythological animal of theancient Egyptians. It wasthe largest of the Egyptianstatues. It has a humanhead and the bodyof a lion. It has 100 feetlength and 70 feet height.knots made in strings.

Paper was invented by the Chinese.Lao-Tse , Confucious and Mencious

were the threemajor Philosophers of ancient China.

Lao-Tse was the founder of the mostimportantreligion of China known as Taoism .

Lao- Tse is considered as the ChineseBuddha

Confucianism was the new religionfounded byConfucious.

Siesmograph and Gun Powder werealso inventedby the Chinese.

Tea was invented by the Chinese.

Persian CivilisationPersian Civilisation existed in modern

IranPersians belonged to the Indo-

European race .Cyrus was the strongest of the Persian

rulers.Cyrus is considered as the founder of

the PersianEmpire.Greatest of the Persian rulers was

Darius I .Darius I was responsible for the

foundation of the ever largest empires of the world.

The Greeco- Persian conflict beganduring theperiod of Darius I.

The Battle of Marathon (BC 490)between thePersians and Athenians was led by DariusI.

The writing of the Persians wasCunieform,adopted from the Mesopotamians.

The Persian priests were known asMaji.

The English word Magician wasoriginated fromthe Persian word Maji. 3 3 5

Zorastrianism (Persian religion) wasfounded by

Zorathushtrar.The Parsies of India believe in

Zorastrianism.Ahuramazda is the God of the

Zorastrian religion.


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Ahriman was considered as the evilspirit bythe Persians.

Avesta (Zend Avesta ) is the sacredbook of Zorastrianism.

Avesta is known as Persian Bible

Greek CivilisationGreek Civilisation dates back to 800 BC

Greece is in the European continent.Greece is on the coast of

Mediterranean sea .The civilisation existed in Greece,

before theGreeks was known as AegeanCivilization .

Early Greek immigrants were known asIonians .

Greeks were collectively known asHellenes .Hence their civilization was known as

HellenisticCivilization .Homer , a blind poet, composed Greek

epics Illiad and Odyssey .

Homer lived in the 9th century BC.Democracy was originated in Greece.

Greek Democracywas direct democracy.

Greek Civilisation reached the Zenith of itsprogress during the period of Pericles , aruler of

Athens. His Age is considered as theGoldenAge of Athens . Under Pericles the city of

Athensgot the name the School of Hellas .

The civilisation of Greek city states isknown as Classical Civilisation .

Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes,Mascedonia etcwere the major city states in Greece.

Pindar was a famous Greek Lyric Poet.

Aesceles was the greatest of the Greekdramatists,who wrote famous tragedies.

Greeks were the first to introduceVowels in thealphabet.

Euripides and Aristophenes were theother famousGreek dramatists.

Herodotus who, wroteabout the Persian war was a Greek historian.He is considered asthe Father of History .

Demosthenese was aworld famous Greekorator

Thales of Meletus isconsidered as the father of Greek Mathematics

Pythagoras who madegreat contributions inGeometry was a Greek.

Anaxagoras, Euclid etc were famousGreek Mathematicians.

Hippocrates , who is considered as thefather of Medical Science was a Greek.

Leopold Van Ranke , a Germanhistorian is consideredas the father of Modern History.

Thucydides another great Greekhistorian wrotethe history of the Peloponnesian war between

Athens and Sparta.Socrates the Greatest of the Greek

philospherswas forced to commit suicide by drinkingHemlock a poison, in 399 BC.

Zantippee was the wife of Socrates.Plato was the student of Socrates.Platos original name was Aristocles .Plato founded a university named

Academy in Athens.

Republic was the famous work of Plato.Aristotle was the famous student of

Plato. Aristotle was the tutor of Alexander the

Great . Aristotle founded a school named

Lycium in Athens. Aristotle is considered as the father of

Biology,Politics and the Science of Reasoning.

Aristotle was considered as a WalkingUniversity . Herodotus3 3 6

Hipparchus calculated the diameter of the Moon.

Erathosthenes calculated thecircumference of theEarth.

The first Olympic Games were held atOlympia inGreece in 776 BC.

The Roman Emperor Theo-dosiusbanned Olympicsin 394 BC. (more details about Olypicscouldbe seen in sports and games portion)

Macedonian EmpireMascedonia was a Greek city state. It

became aprominent empire under its king Philip II(359 -336 BC)

Alexander the Great , the son andsuccessor of Philip II, was born in 350 BC and becamethe ruler in 337 BC.

Alexander defeated the Persian ruler Darius III.

Alexander captured Egypt and foundedthe cityof Alexandria there.

Alexander invaded India in 326 BC anddefeatedPorus, the ruler of Taxila .

He died at the age of 33 in 323 BC atBabilonia.

Ptolemy , a commander of Alexander isconsideredas the Father of Cartography.

Archemedes the originator of the law of specificgravity lived in the Hellenistic Age.

Roman CivilisationRoman Civilisation developed on thebanks of river Tiber in Italy.

City of Rome was known as City ofSeven Hills .

City of Rome was founded in BC 753 bytwo brothersRomulasand Romus .

The idea of Republic originatedin Rome.

Senate was the Roman

Assembly of Elders

Punic Wars were fought betweenRome andCarthage.

Julius Caesar one of the prominentrulers of Romewas born in 102BC.

Julius Caesar was assassinated in44BC by Casius,Brutus and other senators.I came, I saw, I conquered His famoussaying

Caesar modified the Old Calendar which had only355 days, New Calendar came to beknown asJulian Calendar .

Later this calendar was modified byPope GrigoryXIII and came to be known as GrigorianCalendar .

Caesarism means autocracy or imperialsupermacy.

Constantine was the first Roman kingwho acceptedChristianity.

The city of Constantinople wasfounded byConstantine.

Ottoman Turks captured Constantinoplein 1453.

The Greatest contribution of Romans tothe worldis their code laws .

Vergil the author of Aenid was famousRoman

poet.Lucricius the author of On the NatureofThings was famous EpicurianPhilosopher.

Pliny wrote the famous book HistoriaNaturalis

Romans were the inventors of concreteand thetechnique of binding stone and bricks.

The Decline and Fall of the RomanEmpire is a famous book written by Edward Gibbon.

Major Religions of the WorldJudaism- Christianity - Islam

Judaism is one of the oldest religions of the world.

Abraham is considered as the father of the Jews.

Jews are the believers of one God,Jehovah .

Jews are the selected people of Jehovah

Mosses is considered as the founder of

Judaism.Mosses freed Egypt from slavery andgave theTen Commandments atRome theMount of Senai.3 3 7


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Judaism is considered as the mother religion of Christianity and Islam.

Thorah is the Sacred text of the Jews Thorah is included in the Old Testament

of Bible.The Hebrew word Thorah means to

lead . Synagogue is the worshipping centre of

the Jews.The White Jews Synagogue atMattanchery inCochin is a worshipping centre of Jews inKerala.

Jarusalem was the famous pilgrimcentre of theJews.

The worshipping centre in Jerusalemwas constructedby King Solomon in BC 1000.

It was destructed by the Babilonian kingNebukanisar in 587 BC.

Jarusalem is an equally holy place for the Jews,the Christians and the Muslims.

ChristianityChristianity was originated from

Judaism.Jesus Christ was born in 4 BC at

Bethlahem inthe small town of Nasreth in Galeleo.

King Herodos of Yuda was acontemporary of Jesus Christ.

Roman emperors Augustus andThiberius Caesarhad direct contact to Jesus Christ.

Those who believe in the life, death andresurrectionof Jesus Christ came to be known asChristians.

Christianity was spread to Kerala by St.ThomasAposthel in 52 AD (Crangannore).

Bible has four Gospels. They are theGospels of

Mathews, Markose, Yohannan andLuckose.Christ was crusified by the Jews in 29

AD.Christ spoke in the Aramic Language

which wasa mixture of Cyriac and Hebrew.

Roman Emperor Constantine gavefreedom to theRoman Christians through his MilanProclamation(AD 313)

Theodosius proclaimed Christianity asstate religion.

The word Bible means book. Bible is divided into two - Old Testament

and Newtestament.

Revelation is the last book of Bible. Tamil was the first Asian language in

which Biblewas printed (1715)

Ponthios Pelathos was the RomanGovernor whotried Jesus Christ.

Crusification of Christ was on a Friday,now it isobserved as Good Friday .

IslamHijas is known as the birthplace of

Islam. The

Island which includes Hijas is known asthe Islandof Arabs.

Ka aba was the ancient worshippingcentre inMecca.

Muhammed Nabi was born in AD 570in theKhuraisi tribe in Mecca. His father wasAbdullaand mother was Amina.

The Word Islam was originated from theroot of Aslama.

Invisible forces which acts as per thedirectionsof the god are known as Malakku.

Khadeeja was the first to receive themessage of Muhammed.

Muhammed Nabi fled from the Mecca toMedina

to escape from the Khuraisis on 24thSeptember AD 622. This day is known as Hijra.

The followers who accompaniedMuhammed toMedina are known as Muhajirs.

He died on 8th June 632 AD at Medina.Ka aba was the first centre established

in theworld worship Allah.

Koran, Hadis and Ijmah are the basisof Islamiclaw.

Khalifa became the head of Islam after the deathof Muhammed.

Abu Beker, Umar, Usman and Aliwere theKhalifas.

In 1924 Mustafa Kamal Pasha of Turkey abolishedthe title of Khalifa.3 3 8

Koran is the codification of revelationsgiven

through the Gabriel Angel to Muhammed.It contains 114 chapters. It took 22

years to havethe complete revelations to Nabi.

Koran was codified in AD 633 during theperiodof Khalifa Abu Beker.

There are two divisions in Islam - ShiasandSunnis .

Shias are the followers of Ali.Iran is the only Shia majority nation in

the world. American Civilisation

Mayan, Inca and Aztec are the mainnative Americancivilisations flourished before theEuropeancolonization of America.

First American Civilisation developedbetween1000BC and 1000 AD.

Mayan books written on the bark of trees wereknown as

Codid.

Mayan Civilisation declined in the 15thcenturydue to Spanish invasion.

Toltecs were another Amarindianpeople who

developed their civilisation to the south of Mexicanplateau. They constructed pyramids liketheEgyptians.

Floating Gardens built by the Aztecswere knownas Chinambus .

Aztecs believed in the worships of serpents

(Snakes)The capital of Aztec was Tinochtitlans

it was capturedby Spanish conquerors in 1519 AD, thusended the Aztec Civilisation.

Most civilised of the Amarindiancivilizationswas the Inca, which developed in Peru(South

America)Inca was politically the most developed

Amarindian tribes.Maize, Potato, Tomato, Pumpkin,

Pineapple,Ground nuts, Guava, Tobacco, Cocaineetc weremade to use for the first time by the Incapeopleof Peru.

The Sun Temple at Cusco was acontribution of the Inca Civilization.

Red Indians were the aborginals of America. Theywere named so by Columbus.

Christopher Columbus discovered America in1492.

America derived its name from AmericoVespuci ,an Italian explorer.

Copper was the first metal used by Americans.

Maize cultivation was the base of AmericanCivilisation.

African CivilisationIt is believed that human beings evolved

in Africa.The Portuguese were the first

Europeans to reach Africa.

City of Moro in Central Africa is knownasBerminhatam of Central Africa.

First country formed in the western partof Africais Ghana. Ghana is also known as theGoldCoast .

Islam spread to Africa in the 8thCentury.

Vasco-da-Gama was the first Europeanto reachthe Cape of Good Hope, the southernmost tip of

Africa.Bandus are the Negroes of Central and

South Africa. Bandu means humans.

The dark skinned race of Africa arecalled Negroes.

Swahilis are the people living in theparts of Kenyaand Tanzania . Zulus are the people livingin South

Africa, belonging to the Bandu family.

Middle Ages


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The attack of Roman Empire and itsdestructionby the Barbarians in 455 AD marks theend of theancient world and the beginning of Middle

Ages.The word Barbarian means uncultured.Early Middle Ages is known as Dark

Ages . It ended up to the 11th century.3 3 9

Monasticism originated in Europe inthe Middle

Ages.In the 12th and 13th centuries there

occurred severalwars between Christians and Muslims inPalestine.These battles are known as Crusades.

Muslims became religiously intolerantdue to theCrusades.

Crusades resulted in the spread of Islam to Europe.

Feudal System was first emerged inEurope.

The early name of feudalism wasClientage .

The word feudalism was originated fromthe wordfief or fued which means land given topeasant.

The structure of feudal relationship waslike a

pyramid. King was on top of the pyramidandslaves were at the bottom.

Feudalism came to an end towards AD1000 bythe influence of christianity.

Feudalism helped to control theautocratic rule of kings in the Middle Ages

Guilds were th merchant organisationsof Europein the Middle Ages.

The University of Italy founded in 825

was thefirst University in Europe.

Paris University was the first Universityin France.

Oxford University was founded in 1163 AD andCambridge in 1284.

Aleson Richard was the first woman tobecomethe Vice Chancellor of CambridgeUniversity.

Christianity was responsibile for making

the Barbariansa civilised people.The Monastry of Monte Casino was

founded bySt. Benedict.

The word Catholic meansOmnipresent .

Pope was the head of MedievalChristian Church.

The silver jubilee celebrationsof the Pope John PaulIIs Pontification has beenone of the longest in thehistory of the Papacy celebratedin 2003.

Pope John Paul II died on 2 April 2005.He belonged to Poland.Pope Pius IX was the Pope who ruled

the longest

term (31 years)John Paul II is the Pope with second

longest term(26 years).

John Paul II was the first Pope to accepttheTheory of Evolution by Charles Darwin.

John Paul II visited India twice (1986,1999)

Crossing the Threshold of Hope Gift and Mystery Roman Tryptych Meditations Rise up Let us Go , Memory andIdentity are the books written by Pope John Paul II.

Joseph Ratzinger of Germany whocame to beknown as Benedict XVI became the 265thPopeafter the death of John Paul II.

Benedict XVI is the second oldestpesson (78) to

become the Pope.Oldest person to become the Pope wasClemantXII.

Benedict XVI was the Second Germanto becomethe Pope.

Latin Language is considered astheVehicle of Medieval Culture.

Geofery Chaucer is considered as thefather of English Poetry.

Canterbury Tales is the famous workof Chaucer.

Joan of ArcThe Middle Age was a period of

superstitions. Itwas common among the orthodox toaccuse someone,especially young, beautiful andenterprisinggirls as witch and initiate legal procedingagainstthem.

The Court of Inquisition was meantfor the trialof those who are accused of as such.

Heresy or the denial of religiousprinciples was one of the most severe offences of the Middle

Ages.In the Hundred Years War which

started in 1338between England Pope John Paul II andFrance, France was losing3 4 0frequently. There was nobody to leadFrance.Then Joan a shephered girl, with godsrevelationmet the king of France and got thepermission tolead the French army. She started her victoriousJourney by crashing the barricade of English

Army in Orleans, in France. Thus she gotthe nameMaid of Orleans . The orthodox churchauthoritiesaccused her a witch and trialed at thecourt of inquisition. The verdict was to burn her alive. In1431 Joan was burnt at the stake. Butlater the

church authorities realized their mistakeand in1921 Vathican proclaimed her a beatifiedperson.Now Joan of Arc is known as St. Joan.

Modern AgeThe Renaissance

The literal meaning of Renaissance isrebirth.

The capture of Constantinople by theTurks in1453 was the cause of Renaissance inEurope.The new name of Constantinople isIstambul.

During the 14th, 15th, and 16thcenturies therewas a great revival in Europe in the field of art,literature and learning. This marked thetransitionfrom the Medieval to the Modern period.

This isknown as the Renaissance. The birthplace of Renaissance movement was Italy.

Renaissance was actually the rebirth of ClassicalGrecco-Roman literature and learning.

The Renaissance emerged in Italyroughly between

AD 1300 and AD 1550.Italy is known as the Cradle of

Renaissance Divine Comedy written by Dante was

a classicalwork of the Renaissance period.

Humanism is considered as the heartand soul of Renaissance. Petrarc, an Itaian poet isconsideredas the, father of Humanism.

Niccolo Machiavelli wrote a book onpoliticsnamed The Prince

Machiavelli is known as Italian KautilyaandKautilya is known as Indian Machiavelli.

The Renaissance painters painteddirectly on plaster walls called frescoes.

The Last Supper a fresco inMilan, TheMona Lisa andthe Virgin andthe Child were the famous paintingsof LeonardoDa Vinci.

Da Vinci was thefirst person toidentify the modelsof aeroplanes,submarines andcars.

Madona and The School of Athens are the famouspaintingsof Raphael .

Michelangelo was another Italianpainter who wasthe author of famous painting Last

Judgement and Sculpture David and Moses .

St. Peters Basilica in Rome was builtunder thepatronage of Pope Julius II and Pope LeoX Itwas designed by Michelangelo.


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The Praise of Folly was a satiristicwork writtenby Erasmus.

Erasmus was known as the prince among the humanists .

Utopia was a famous work of SirThomas Moreportraying an ideal community on animaginaryisland indicating the glaring abuses of histime.

The technique of printing was firstdeveloped bythe Chinese.

John Guttenburg of Germany isconsidered asthe father of printing. He published Bible in1456.

William Caxton established the firstprintingpress in England in 1477.

Copernicus a Polish astronomer developed thetheory of universe through his book Six Books concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres . Mona Lisa3 4 1

His theory of universe was later supported byGalileo.

Kepler wrote a book titled On the Motion of Mars to establish the heliocentric theory.

Galileo Galilei an Italian scientistinvented telescopein 1609.

Isaac Newton was born in England in1642. Hepublished his work The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy .

The great dramatist Shakespeare whois popularly

known as the Bard of Avon was born in AD 1564 and died in AD 1616. His greattragediesare Hamlet , Macbeth , Othello andKingLear . He wrote altogether 37 plays.

Reformation and Counter Reformation

The name Protestant was first appliedby MartinLuther .

Reformation was started in Germany by

MartinLuther in 1517. This resulted in theformation of Protestant Religion.

Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin werethe leadersof reformation in Switzerland.

Reformation in Switzerland was knownas Calvinism.

Reformation movement in England wasknown asAnglicanism it was led by King Henry VIIIandQueen Elizabeth I.

Counter-Reformation was a reformistmovementwithin the Catholic Church to restore itsuniversalauthority.

John Wycliffe is known as the MorningStar ofthe Reformation . He was responsible for givinginspiration to translate Bible into Englishfor thefirst time.

Ignatius Layola formed a society of monks knownas Jesut order in Spa in.

Jesute missionaries reached India for the firsttime during the period of Akbar the Greatin 1580.

Geographical DiscoveriesPortugal was the first European country

to encouragegeographical discoveries.

Prince Henry, the Navigator of Portugalencouragedsailors by making maps.

Bartholomew Diaz sailed down the west

coast of Africa in 1487, which came to be knownas Capeof Good Hope .

Vasco-da Gama followed Diazs route,roundedthe Cape of Good Hope and landed atKappad inCalicut in the Spring of 1498.

Vasco-da-Gama was sent to India bythe Portugueseking Dom Manual .

He reached India in a ship named St.Gabriel .

Christopher Columbus discovered WestIndiesand thought that it was India in 1492 andcalledits people Red Indians.

Later, Amerigo Vespucci reached theSouth

American coast in 1499 and America wasnamedafter him.

Ferdinant Megallan of Portugal

who started his Voyagein 1519 was the firstcircum navigator (whosailed around the world). Hiscircum navigation exclusivelyproved that the Earthis round.

The name Pacific was given to the ocean by Megallan.

He reached Phillipines in 1521 and diedthere fightingits aborgins.

The coast of Venezuela was explored

by AmerigoVespucci.

John Cabbot discovered NewFoundland in 1497.

Peru was discovered by FranciscoPizzaro .

Kabral discovered Brazil in 1500. Hewas a Portuguese.

Portugal was the first country in the fieldof colonialism.Megallan3 4 2

EnglandUnited Kingdom includes the Islands of

England,Scotland and Ireland

The inhabitance of England in theNeolithic Age

were known as Iberians .Julius Caesar captured England in BC

55 and theRomans ruled England for 367 years.

After the Romans England came in thehands of

Anglo-Saxons.First priest to rule England was

Dunston.Christianity reached England for the first

time bythe coming of Romans.

Ceadmon was the first English poet andBede wasthe first English historian.

The Magna Carta was signed by KingJohn of England in AD 1215 at Runnymede. TheMagnacarta is described as the Bible ofthe EnglishConstitution . It is also known as theBible

of English Liberty . Innocent III was the Pope when theMagna Cartawas signed.

The Hundred years war (1338-1453)fought betweenEngland and France started during theperiodof King Edward III.

The Peasants Revolt in England was in1381.

Battle of Roses were the civil wars inEngland.

The Great Plague in London broke outin 1665.

The system of Parliament originated inEnglandduring the period of Henry I.

The Stuart king of England believed intheDivine Right Theory of Kingship .

James I, the Stuart king wrote a bookThe Law ofFree Monarchies .

Stuart king Charles I dissolved the

Parliament in1629 and did not summoned it till 1640.He resummoned the Parliament in 1640and endedin 1660. It is known as Long Parliament .

Civil War in England started in 1642.OliverCromwell led England after the Civil War.He ruledwith the little Lord Protector .

Charles first was beheaded publically in1649.

The Petition of Rights was acceptedby the BritishParliament in 1628.

The Bloodless revolution or GloriousRevolutionoccurred in England in 1688.

Through the Bloodless RevolutionEnglish kingJamesII was dethroned and Mary, thedaughter of Charles I and her husband William of Orangecame to power in England.

Whigs and Torys the political partiesof Englandoriginated during the period of Charles II.

Habeas Corpus Act was passed inEngland in1679 during the period of Charles II.


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The Bill of Rights was accepted inEngland after the Glorious Revolution in 1689.

In 1707 by the Act of Union Englandand Scotland

joined together and became GreatBritain.

By the Act of Union of 1801 GreatBritain andNorthern Ireland joined together and itbecameUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andIreland.

But Ireland was delinked in 1921 andNorthernIreland became part of England.

The official name of England is Unitedkingdomof Great Britain and Northern Ireland .

Pound Sterling is the Currency of England.

Robert Walpole was

the first Prime Minister of England and the firstin the world to hold thepost of Prime Minister.He laid the foundationof Cabinet system. Hebecame the Prime Minister in 1721.

The Industrial Revolutionfirst started inEngland in the secondhalf of the 18th centurywith the rapid growth of applied sciences,

power driven machines replaced handwork.The Agrarian Revolution also took place

in Britain.The Commonwealth of Nations is an

associationof those free nations which werepreviouslythe part of British Empire.Robert Walpole3 4 3

The delegates send each other byCommon WealthCountries are known as HighCommissioners anddelegates send by Common Wealthnations to other countries are known as Ambassadors.

The Falklands War was foughtbetween Englandand Argentina in 1982.

Stanley is the capital of Falkland Island.Britaincame out victorious in the battle. It is aBritishcolony even today.

10 Dowining Street is the officialresidence of the British Prime Ministers.

Tony Blair of Labour Party is the PrimeMinister of England.

Princess Diana died in a car accidentalong withDodi Al Fayed in Paris.

Buckingham Palace is the residence of BritishMonarch.

United States of America America was discovered by Christopher

Columbusin 12th October 1492.

In the first quarter of the 17th centurysome

protestants from England migrated to thesouthernpart of North America to escape from thereligiouspersecution of James I. They came to beknown as pilgrim fathers . They sailed to

America in a ship named, The MayFlower .

Britain established its first colony inJamestown

in Virginia in 1607. American War of Independence

The American war of independence wasfoughtbetween the American colonies and theBritain.The leader of colonies was GeorgeWashington .

The Stamp Act was passed in 1765.The Navigation Act was passed in

1651.The Town Shent Act was passed in

1767. These Acts were passed to control and exploitthe colonies.

The Boston Tea Party of 1773 wasassociatedwith the American Revolution. To protestagainstthe tax on tea, the revolutionaries threwtea boxesfrom the ship anchored in the Boston Port.Thisincident is known as Boston Tea Party .

No taxation without representation was the famousslogan associated with the AmericanRevolution.

The representatives of the 13 coloniesmet at theFirst Continental Congress atPhiladelphia in1774.

Second Philadelphia Congress was metin 1776and it adopted the Declaration of

Independenceon 4 July 1776.The Declaration of American

Independence wasdrafted by Thomas Jefferson .

By the Treaty of Paris in 1783, theUnited Statesof America came to being.

The Constitution of America wasadopted in 1789.

The Civil War in America was during1861-65

Abraham Lincoln was thePresident during Civil War.

The city of Chicago in America has the largestnumber of rail roads.

Uncle Toms Cabin of Harriet Beechstowe publishedfor the first time in1852.

Statue of Liberty is situatedin the Liberty Island in the Newyork Port .It has91 meter height.

Eagle is the National bird of America. American women got voting right in

1920.John Jai (1789-95) was the first Chief

Justice of America.

Baseball is the National game of America.

Golden Rod is the National Symbol of AmericaThe Boston Tea PartAbraham Lincoln3 4 4

The residence of American Presidentgot the

name White House during the period of Theodor Roosevelt.

George Washington is the father of America.

He became the President of America in1789.

Thomas Jefferson was the thirdPresident of

America.President who abolished slavery in

America was Abraham Lincoln. He was the 16thPresident of

America. He worked as storekeeper andvillagepostmaster. He abolished slavery in 1862.He wasassassinated in 1865 while watching adrama,Our American Cousin in the FordsTheatrealongwith his wife. He was assassinatedby JohnWilksbooth. Lincoln is known as GreatImmancipator .

First modern census was held in America in 1790.

49th Parallel separates America andCanada.

William Henry Harrison was thePresident whoruled the least term.

James Madison is known as the father of AmericanConstitution.

Ronald Reagan was the only filmstar who became

American President.Chicago International Airport is theworlds busiest airport.

Gand Canyon in the Colarado river in America isthe biggest Gorge in the world.

United States Library of Congress is thelargestlibrary in the world.

American Museum of Natural History isthe largestmuseum in the world.

Port of New-York and New Jersy is thelargestport in the world.

Grant Central Terminal in Newyork cityis the biggestrailway station in the world.

Yerkis Observatory of Illinois Universityhas thelargest refractor telescope.

General Sherman in California is thebiggesttree in the world.

Coast Redwood in the RedwoodNational Park inCalifornia is the tallest tree in the world.

The first American President to beassassinatedwas Abraham Lincoln.


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Other American Presidents who wereassassinatedJames A Garfield in 1881William McKinley in 1901John F Kennedy in 1963

USA has two political parties -Republicans andDemocrates.

Great Depression striked America in1930s

There are 50 states and one district inthe U.S.A

District of Columbia (Washington DC)on thebanks of Potomak river is Americas capitaldistrict.

New York is the largest city in America.Chicago is known as the City of

Winds .Newyork city is situated on the banks of

Hudsonriver.

Important BattlesHundred Years War (1337-1453) :

England andFrance

Seven Years War (1756-1763) : Frenchweredefeated by the English

Battle of Trafalgar (1805) : British fleet(under Nelson) defeated the combined fleet of Franceand Spain.

Battle of Water Loo (1815) : Britishforce ledby Duke of Wellington defeated Frenchforceled by Napolean Bonaparte.

Opium War (1839-1842) : China andBritain

Crimean War (1853-1856) : War between Russiaand the alliance of England, France,Turkeyand Sardinia.

Boer War (1899 - 1902) : Fought inSouth Africabetween the British and the Boers (settlersof Dutch descent in South Africa)

World War I (1914 - 1918) : Germany(with

Austria, Hungary) against Britain (withRussia,France, Japan, Canada and Belgium)

World War II (1935 - 1945) : Axispowers (Germany,Italy and Japan) against the Allies (GreatBritain, U.S.A., U.S.S.R, China) Axispowerswere defeated.3 4 5

American PresidentsThe figures of four American Presidents

are engravedon the Mount Rushmor .

The term of American President is four years.

Only American president who got all theelectoralvotes - George Washington .

The birth place of George Washington -VirginiaGeorge Washington died on 1799

December 14.First Vice President of America - John

Adams

First American Ladywho advocated for therights of women -Abey Gale Smith(Wife of John Adams)

American Presidentwho was entrusted toprepare AmericanConstitution - ThomasJefferson

James Madison isknown as the Father of AmericanConstitution .

Last military officer of the Americanrevolution tobecome the President of America - JamesMunroe

First American President who was theson of aformer president - John Kwinsy Adams

Kitchen Cabinet prevailed during theperiod of

Andrew Jackson.First American President to die inharness -Wilham Henry Harrison

First American President who wassubjected toimpeachment - John Tailor

American President who is known asBlackHorse - James K. Polk

First American President who wasousted fromhis party while in Office - John Tailor

American President who chose the sitefor WhiteHouse - Herbert Hover

American President who worked as theChairmanof UN Human Rights Committee - ElenarRoosevelt

American President who gave orders todrop atombomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki - HarryS.Truman

American President who was known asSmilingPresident - Eisonhower

First Roman Catholican born in 20thcentury tobecome the President of America - JohnF.Kennedy

Who shot dead John F. Kennedy - LeeHarveyOswald .

John F. Kennedys assassination wasthe first livebroadcast murder in the world.

First Vice President to becomePresident whilethe President was alive - Jerald R. Ford.

Watergate incident (1972) is related to -RichardNixon

Oldest President of America - RonaldReagon

The agreement to give back Panamacanal to thenation of Panamas was signed during theterm of

Jimmy Carter as President. American Presidents who got NobelPrize for Peace - Theodor Roosevelt, JimmyCarter,Wudrow Wilson .

First Bachelor President of America -JamesBuccanan.

Tallest American President - AbrahamLincoln

First to be elected for a second term asPresident- George Washington

First to get married while he waspresident - GroverCleavelend

Which American President is known asHuman Chain - Benjamin Harrison

First American to win Nobel Prize for Peace -Theodor Rousevelt (1906)

First American President who later became Chief Justice - William Haward Daft

Which American President said TheChief business

of America is business .- KalvinKoolinch

First American Citizen to become American President- Martin Von BuranHe was born after the declaration of

Americanindependence in 1776.

French Revolution (1789)The century from 1750 to 1850 is known

as theAge of Revolutions

Thomas Jefferson3 4 618th century is known as the Age of

Enlightenment 18th century is also known as Age of

Reason Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu

were theprominent philosophers who gaveinspiration tothe French people.

French society on the eve of Revolutionwas dividedinto three Estates - Clergy, Nobles andCommons.

Louis XVI was the king of France whenthe revolutionbroke out (1774-1792)

His wife was beautiful but EmptyHeaded ladyMary Antoinette.

Like the Stuart kings of England, theBourbons of France also ruled by the Divine RightTheory of

Kingship . Louis XIV (1643 - 1715) whofully exploitedthe theory said I am the state He also said flood after me

The French Parliament was known asEstatesGeneral .

The Bastile Prison which was thesymbol of monarchs cruelty was broken by the ThirdEstateon 14th July 1789. Thus began the FrenchRevolution.

July 14th is observed as a nationalholiday inFrance every year in memory of thisincident.

Liberty, Equality and Fraternity theslogan of the


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French Revolution was given byRousseau theFrench Philosopher and the author of The SocialContract .

The Eiffel Tower issituated on the banksof river Science inParis. It was built in1888 by Gaustave

Eiffel.His famous saying is

Man is born free buteverywhere he is inchains .

Louise Phillippe wasthe Emperor of France from 1830 - 1848

AD. Heshunned the traditional symbols of monarchy andcame to be known as the Citizen King .

Napolean Bonaparte (1769-1821) isknown as theChild of the French Revolution .

Napolean Bonaparte was borninCorsica, an islandin the Meditteranean sea in 1769. Heproclaimedhimself the emperor of France in 1804. Hewas defeated by the English in 1813 anddeportedto Elba. But later herecaptured power.But after his final defeatin the Battle ofWater Loo he wasdeported to St. HelenaIsland. There hedied in 1821. The governmentformed byNepolean in Francewas known as Consulate.The Bank of France was established byNapolean.

French Philosopher Rousseau is theauthor of books such as Emile, Confessions,Social Contractetc.

The most important work of Montesquieu is TheSpirit of Laws

French Revolution resulted in thedestruction of feudalism in France.

French Revolution gave the termnation , its modern meaning.

Elysee Palace is the official residenceof FrenchPresident.

Now the term of French President is fiveyears,earlier it was seven years.

Franc is French currencyJacqueous Shirak is the President of

France.In 2006 there was a racial conflict

between the African immigrants and natives.

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution is the name

given to a

series of changes that brought about atransitionfrom production by hand to production byma-RousseauEiffel Tower

3 4 7chine from small scale production to largescaleproduction, hand made goods to machinemadegoods.

Industrial Revolution started in Englandin thesecond part of the 18th century and in thefirst

part of the 19th century.Industrial Revolution first influenced the

CottonTextile Industry .

In 1733, John Kay invented the FlyingShuttlefor weaving cloth.

James Hargreaves invented theSpinnng Jennyin 1764 (Jenny was the name of his wife)

Water Frame was invented by RichardArchwright .

Samuel Crompton invented Mule in1779.Power Loom was invented by Edmund

Cartwrightin 1785.

James Watt invented Steam Engine in1769.

Safety Lamp or Davis Lamp wasinvented byHumphrey Davy in 1816.

Elias Home invented sewing machinein 1846.

The Warrior was the first warship builtwithiron plates.

Abraham Derby invented the methodof smeltingiron with coke in 1709.

Bersemer invented the steel furnace in1856.

First Steam Locomotive was inventedbyTrevithick in 1800.

In 1814 George Stephenson inventedan improvedsteam locomotive called Rocket. It wasfinallyused in opening the first passenger railway fromLiverpool to Manchester. That is whyStephenson is called the father of SteamLocomotive.

Steam Boat was invented by RobertFulton in1807.

First steam ship sailed from Glasgow toLiverpoolin 1857. A ship first crossed the Atlantic in1833.

The method of sending message bywire was inventedby Morse in 1835.

Bloody SundayOn the 22nd of 1905 thousands of unarmed Russianworkers marched to the Winter Palace of Czar in St.Peterburg. Their demand was tohave administrativereforms. But the army fired at the mob

Hundereds of workers died, thousandswounded.This incident is known as Bloody Sunday,that isrelated to the Revolution of 1905 inRussia.

Electric Telegraph was invented byGraham Bellin 1876.

John Macadam , an engineer of Scotland madethe first strong roads in England with thehelp of small stones.

First important Trade Union Movementin theworld was Chartist Movement originatedin Englandas a result of the Industrial Revolution.

Japan was the first Asian country to beindsutrialised.

The Steam Engine invented byJameswatt wascalled Beelzebub .

Industrial Revolution gave rise toCapitalism .

A little before the Industrial Revolutionthe Agrarian

Revolution broke out in England.Russian Revolution

Russia was united into an empire in the9th century

AD. Russia was unified by the Rurichs.Russians belonged to the Salvonic race.Mongols captured Russia in the 13th

century.The Romanoff Dynasty of Russia was

foundedby Michael Romanoff in 1613.

Romanoff Emperors were known as

Czars . Theyruled Russia from 1613 to 1917.

Peter the Great is considered as thefather of modern Russia.

Peters foreign policy was known aswarm waterpolicy

Russian Revolution was started in 1917and itwas led by Vladimir Ilyich UlyanovLenin .

Lenin was the leader of the RussianSocialDemocractic Labour Party .3 4 8

Lenin is known as thearichitect of Soviet Union.

Lenin was born in 1870 April 10. in Simbrisk,Russia .

He received the nameLenin in 1901.

He was led to Communismby his elder brother

Alexander.Lenin started a newspaper known as

Iskara in1900.

Lenin was the leader of the Bolshevicsection of the party.

He died in 21st January 1924 of cerebral stroke.

Bolsheviks , the majority party andMenshiviks ,the minority party were the two division of

theRussian Social Democractic Labour Party.

USSR came into existence in 1922December

Czar Nicholas II was the reigning Czar of Russia


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when the Revolution occurred.Russian Parliament is known as Duma .The new form of workers organisation

formed onthe eve of the Revolution was known asSoviet .

February Revolution was on 12 March1917.

Provisional Government which formedafter theFebruary Revolution was led by Alexander Kerensky.

The October Revolution happened on7 November 1917 (because old Russian Calendar was14days backward).

After the October Revolution Trotskycame topower

Stalin is known as the Iron Man ofCommunism .

Stalin became the head of Soviet Unionin 1924.

He introduced Five Year Plans (1928)for the economicprogress of Russia.

In 1991 the Communist rule in Russiacame to anend and the USSR collapsed. Russia andother Soviet Republics became independentnations.

St. Petersburg is the largest city inRussia secondonly to Moscow.

The city of St. Petersburg was foundedby Peter the Great in 1703. The city was known asPetrograd from 1914 to 1924. Later itcame to beknown as Leningrad . Gorbachovrenamed it St.Petersburg again.

Grand Cremlin Palace was theResidence of Czars.

Rasputin was a crooked witch, whohad an influenceover the Czarina.

The economic and political reformsstarted byGorbachev in 1985 was known asPeristroika which means restructuring. For freedom of pressand freedom of expression he alsointroducedGlasnost which means open approach.

The Crimean War (1854-56)

The Crimean War was fought betweenRussia onthe one side and Turkey, France andEngland onthe other.

Florence Nightingale established thefirst nursingschool.

Florence Nightingale is known as Ladywith theLamp

Chinese Revolution (1911)The Chinese Revolution tookplace in1911.Ching dynasty or the Manchus were the

last rulingdynasty of China.

Puyi , a six year old boy was the lastManchu

Emperor .The Republic of China was formed in

1912 andSun Yat-Sen became the first Chairmanand firstPresident of the Chinese Republic.

Sun-Yat-Sen was a leader of theComintang PartyMilitaryHead Yuan Shikai assumed power replacing

Sun-Yat-Sen in 1912 march 10.In 1949 the Chinese Communist Party

defeatedthe nationalists and formed the PeoplesRepublicof China .

The Opium Wars were fought betweenBritainand China.Lenin3 4 9

The first Opium War, was fought during

1839-42and the second was during 1856-60.Opium Wars were fought to get open

the ports of China to trade opium from British India.

As a result of the first Opium War theChineseprovince of Hongkong came under thecontrol of Britain in 1844.

Hong Kong became a specialadministrative regionof China on July 1, 1997 when the colony

was handed over by Britain to China.Macao , which was a colony of the

Portugal wasrestored to China on 20th December 1999.

Shanghai is the biggest city in China.Beijing isin the second place.

China was admitted to the UN in 1971.Now she isa Permanent Member of the UN SecurityCouncil.

92% of the Chinese people belonged tothe Hanrace.

The Tianen Square in Beijing isdescribed as theNaval of China . The name means thegate ofheavenly peace .

The highest Court in China is theSupremePeoples Court.

Chinas leading newspaper is ReninRibao

(Peoples Daily ) of Beijing, which is theofficialnewspaper of Chinese Communist Party.

China is the first Asian country to launcha spaceshuttle. Zhenshou V was the Chinesespaceshuttle and Yang Liwei was its first spacetraveller.

China is the worlds most populouscountry. Ithas about a fifths of the worldspopulation.

China has the oldest living civilisation.Chinese were the first to make

compasses, paper,pottery, and silk.

Chinese Mandarin is the most widelyspoken language

of the world and it is the mother tongue of the largest number of people. Chinese callthislanguage Putoghua (Common language)

China has the worlds largest fishingindustry.

The Grand Canal worlds longestartificially createdwater way extends more than 1600Kilometers

from Hangzhou in the south to Beijing inthenorth.

Chinese Peoples Liberatio n Army is theworlds largest Army in number.

China is the largest producer of paddy,silk andcoal in the world.

China has the largest Communist Partyin theworld.

Worlds largest dam Three GorgesDam is builtacross the Yangtse river in China.

China opened worlds highest andlongest highlandrailway on 1st July 2006 The Qinghai-TibetRailway (1, 1142 Km)

Karakkoram highway is the onlyoverland connectionbetween China and Pakistan.

Communist Chinas first internationalreligious

gathering was conducted in April 2006.In that World Buddhist Forum, Buddhistsfrommore than 30 countries participated.

2012 Olympics will be held in China.Wenjiabo became the President of

China.It is for the first time the posts of PresidentandGeneral Secretary of the Communist Partyof Chinaheld by two persons.

The present General Secretary of CommunistParty of China is the former PresidentJiangZemin

Den-Sia-O-Ping brought liberalistpolicies inChina in 1970.

First World War (1914-1918)

The murder of Arch Duke Fe

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