CSIS-390: Web Application DevelopmentImportant Background about the field of Web Design

Dr. Breimer

Outline1. Web Design is a diverse field2. Standards are important

• 4 reasons3. Web Design teach critical concepts

• Separation of content, structure and style.

4. Internet Explorer isn’t the only browser?• Browser History

Definition•Web design is the design of websites and

web applications using HTML, CSS and images.

Definition•Websites can be very diverse.

E-trade Playhouse DisneyFacebook Protein Databank

Web Design Career #1Visual Designer•Uses

▫Adobe PhotoShop, ▫Fireworks, ▫Flash, etc.

•Expertise in graphic design, layouts, color theory, etc.

Web Design Career #2Interface Designer•Expertise in

▫graphical programming, ▫human computer interaction and ▫interfaces

•Background in behavioral science, ergonomics, etc.

Web Design Career #3Software Developer•Most modern software has web-based

components.•Most new applications are entirely web-

based.•Programmers need to know HTML, CSS,

etc.

Web Design Career #4Database Administrator•Almost all Databases interface with web

technologies.•Large website are entirely database-

driven.•Database Administrators also need to

know HTML, CSS, XML, etc.

Web Design Career #5Web Master/Web Authoring•Larger websites require extensive content

management.•Developing and managing content is a

specialty.•Writing conventions and styles are

different on the web.

Web Design Career #6Marketing & Advertising•Online marketing is an entire field. •Web technology can help marketers

achieve new innovations.•Marketers & Advertisers need to know

about fundamental web technologies.

HTML•HyperText Markup Language•A simple text document can be “marked-

up” with tags to specify how it should be interpreted.

•<h1>Level 1 Header</h1>

HTML•HTML was supposed to be a structural or

“semantic” language, ▫But, the Browser Wars led to the

introduction of “style” or formatting tags.▫“style” tags are bad!▫They have been removed from the HTML

standards (called deprecation).

CSS•Cascading Style Sheets•Used to specify the style/appearance of

structural elements (HTML tags).•CSS was part of the original design of the

web, •but its use was almost entirely abandoned

between 1996 and 2004.

Why are “style” tags bad?•The best answer is very complicated•Short Answer:

▫It is hard to maintain and even harder to change.

Semantic vs StyleSemantic =

Has MeaningStyle =

Specifies Appearance

Semantic vs StyleSemantic Meaning

<img src=“tiger.jpg”>

<span class=“caption”>This is a picture of a

tiger</span>

A caption is meaningful.Images typically have a

caption that describes the image.

Style Appearance

<img src=“tiger.jpg”>

<font type=“Arial” style=“italic” size=“10pt”>

This is a picture of a tiger</font>

Here, we specify how to display the caption but not the fact that it’s actually a caption.

Semantics + CSS is better!<span class=“caption”>Figure 1</span><span class=“caption”>Figure 2</span><span class=“caption”>Figure 3</span>…<span class=“caption”>Figure 99</span>

.caption {font-size: 10pt;font-style: italic;

}

This is why the font tag sucks!(it’s a style tag)<font type=“Arial” style=“italic” size=“10pt”> Figure 1

</font><font type=“Arial” style=“italic” size=“10pt”> Figure 2

</font><font type=“Arial” style=“italic” size=“10pt”> Figure 3

</font>…<font type=“Arial” style=“italic” size=“10pt”> Figure 999

</font><font type=“Arial” style=“bold” size=“10pt”> Sub-title

</font>

Imaging if you wanted to change the font size to 12pt for all image captions?

Good luck!

History Lesson: The Good Times•Standardization was very important in the

initial design of HTML (1991-1994)▫HTML was meant to only

structural/semantic▫The presentation of web pages was left up

to the user, via web browser settings.•Netscape & Microsoft created “evil” tags

(<font> for example) so that web page designers could control the presentation of their web pages.

History Lesson: Browser Wars•Netscape & Microsoft added many

proprietary enhancements to HTML (1994-1999)▫Proprietary == Only works for a specific

browser▫Proprietary == Not Open == Not standard

•Web authors would use HTML tags to control the visual presentation, but pages would look completely different on different browsers.

•In 1998, the web development community and W3C said “Enough is enough”

•www.webstandards.org was formed

W3C – What is it anyway?•The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

▫international consortium of web developers▫sub-organizations, full-time staff, and regular

people •Work together to develop Web standards•Mission:

▫To lead the World Wide Web to its full potential by developing protocols and guidelines that ensure long-term growth for the Web.

www.w3.org

Current Web Standards•Structural Standards

▫XHTML 1.0 – This is actually HTML 4.01 rewritten according to XML standards.

▫XML – set of rules for creating custom markup languages.

•Presentation Standards▫CSS 1 (Since 1996) fully supported by almost

all browsers▫CSS 2 current standard, extends CSS1▫CSS 3 the future, extends CSS2

Why Standards?Advantages1. Accessibility2. Forward Compatibility3. Simpler and Faster Development4. Faster Download & Display

Why Standards?1. Accessibility2. Forward Compatibility3. Simpler and Faster

Development4. Faster Download &

Display

• Standardized web pages look good on all browsers.

• And on all different types of devices.▫ Cell phones▫ Handheld computers▫ Screen readers for the

visually impaired

Why Standards?1. Accessibility

2. Forward Compatibility

3. Simpler and Faster Development

4. Faster Download & Display

• Future standards are built on top of current standards

• Thus, Web pages made today will work in the future

Note: • Browser Wars created html tags that were not standard• These tags won’t display properly in many “standard”

browsers.• Internet Explorer and Firefox still support these tags, but

not for long.

Why Standards?1. Accessibility2. Forward Compatibility3. Simpler and

Faster Development

4. Faster Download & Display

• Faster: You don’t have to build separate websites for separate browsers/devices

• Concurrent Development:Content and style can be developed separately by different teams.

Why Standards?1. Accessibility2. Forward Compatibility3. Simpler and Faster

Development4. Faster Download &

Display

• Style/Appearance tags are bloated

• Rather than load bloated HTML for every page, just load one style sheet for an entire website

• Example: <center> <b> <font face="Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif" color=“#880000" size="+2">Sub-title</font> </b> </center>

Rendering Engines•Browsers actually have different rendering

engines for parsing standard and non-standard HTML code.

•The <!doctype> or <html> tag tells the browser which engine to use.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">

Rendering Engines•Standard, validated HTML code can be

rendered faster.▫Rendering engine doesn’t have to handle

special cases and errors•Most web browsers can display Non-

standard HTML, ▫but a more complex rendering engine must

be used▫More complex mean slower rendering.

Who cares if the rendering engine is a little slow?•True, on modern PCs you won’t notice the

difference.•However, consider that the device

rendering the web page could be a phone with a 133 MHz processor.

Standards: Big Motivation• Without standards, you

would have to test how your website looked on many different browsers.

1. Microsoft IE 60%2. Mozilla Firefox 23%3. Apple Safari 11%4. Google Chrome 4%5. Netscape < 1%6. Opera < 1%7. AOL Explorer8. Amaya9. Camino10. Epiphany11. Maxthon12. Shiira13. HotJava14. Nintendo DS15. PlayStation PWB16. Lynx17. Voyager18. Micro Browser19. Omniweb

Standards: Big Motivation•Not a problem:

98% of the world uses four browsers.

•But, more and more people are browsing on different devices

•Consider cell phones, PDA’s, GPS devices, and even refrigerators…▫All use different browser variations.

•W3C wants the web to fully work on any kind of device.▫Even today, many websites won’t display

properly on small devices.

Internet-enable devices•Portable Media Players

▫To buy music•Automobiles

▫To send info to mechanics•Refrigerators

▫To buy more groceries•What will they think of next?

Validate Validate Validate•http://validator.w3.org/

•It’s a pain but…•At least you know that your web page will

display properly on about 400 different browser variations.

Tim Berners-Lee (TBL)•Widely recognized as

▫The inventor of HTML▫First implementor of hypertext concept▫Implemented first web browser (text based)

and more importantly, first web server (unix daemon).

•Should be a billionaire but then the WWW wouldn’t be so cool!

•I love the man! You should love him too.

Web Browser History•1991: TBL makes the first web browser

in his physics labs. Dr. B gets his braces off and discovers Clearasil.

•1993: Mosaic (the first real graphical browser) is built. Free, open source, works for Mac’s, Windows, and UNIX. The birth of free porn.

•1994: Netscape forms, they develop a browser and immediately start adding proprietary tags.

•1995: Microsoft wakes up, makes a browser, and decides they need to monopolize the browser market

Browser History•1996-1999: Browser Wars…different

versions of JavaScript, CSS, and HTML emerge. While standards go down the toilet…at least a lot cool sh*t was developed.

•1998: Netscape screws Microsoft in a big way by making its code Open Source.Microsoft fights back by integrating its browser into the Windows 98 and 2000.

•2000: Microsoft wins! Netscape gets bought by AOL. The .com Bust happens! Dr. B contemplates becoming a pop star but then decides to be a professor.

Browser History•2002: Kelly Clarkson (not Dr. B) wins

American Idol!•2003: Some programmers who once

worked for Netscape form the Mozilla Foundation

•2005: Firefox busts out on the scene. First browser to make a serious dent in Microsoft’s monopoly.

•2006+: Developers start to make web pages the correct way as TBL envisioned in 1991

Summary•Originally HTML was meant to be a

structural/semantic language•The Browser wars lead to the de-

standardization of HTML.▫Proprietary style tags were added.

•Standardization and semantic HTML has made a comeback▫Old school web design is back!