CSIR Guidelines for Social Facilities Provision

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CSIR GuIdelIneS foR the PRovISIon of SoCIalfaCIlItIeS In South afRICan SettlementS

First Edition: August 2012

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CSIR MandateThe Council or Scientic and Industrial Research (CSIR) was established on 5 October 1945.

The CSIRs mandate is as stipulated in the Scientic Research Council Act (Act 46 o 1988, as amended by Act 71o 1990), section 3: Objects o CSIR:

The objects o the CSIR are, through directed and particularly multi-disciplinary research and technologicalinnovation, to oster, in the national interest and in elds which in its opinion should receive preerence, industrialand scientic development, either by itsel or in co-operation with principals rom the private or public sectors, andthereby to contribute to the improvement o the quality o lie o the people o the Republic, and to perorm any otherunctions that may be assigned to the CSIR by or under this Act.

CSIR Built Environment

Technical Stud Team/Authors:

Chri GreenTansy Argue

Support Provided B:

Gerbrand MansMawande Ngidi

Lynn Florist

PO Bo 395Pretoria0001

Tel: +27(0)12 841 3871

Web: www.csir.co.za

For enquires, please contact Chri Green, [email protected]

ISBN 978-0-7988-5603-4Copyright CSIR 2012

AcknowledgmentsThe CSIR project or developing guidelines or the provision o social acilities or South Arican settlements was undedmainly through the CSIRs Parliamentary Grant but was acilitated by projects unded and undertaken by:

the City o Cape Town eThekwini Municipality

the Department o Public Service and Administration (DPSA).

The CSIR grateully acknowledges their involvement in the evolution o this document. A special word o appreciationgoes to Trevor Holdsworth (the DPSA) and Nancy Odendaal (the University o Cape Town) or providing commentson the nal drat.

Selected photographs were kindly provided by S.C.P.S. Photography Stellenbosch and Aleander Green.


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CSIR Giis r Prisi Sciciiis i S aric SsFirst Edition: August 2012

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Improving service delivery to all people inSouth Arica is a key priority o government.The provision o physical inrastructureto deliver services to the community is acritical but not sucient rst step in theservice delivery chain. The inrastructuremust be provided spatially in a mannerthat is rationally based on where peoplelive and where they can best access suchservices. Although government is movingtowards providing more services throughthe internet and other electronic means,many social services still require a physicalcustomer interace, particularly in the ruralparts o the country.

Quality living environments are internallywell provisioned or have access within a

reasonable distance to all the governmentservices needed to lead a productivelie. We need schools, health services,police stations, recreational spaces,etc., in our immediate environment.Citizens also critically need access(at a somewhat urther distance) to anoce o the Department o Home Aairsand government services such as theSouth Arican Social Security Agency(SASSA) and municipal services totransact their lives. Due to the manner inwhich communities are distributed over

the landscape, not all services can beprovided viably at all locations. However,a measure o access to essential servicesis required and this document publishedby CSIR Built Environment providesguidelines o what acilities should typicallybe provided depending on the size o asettlement.

Current development patterns showunequal development o areas and a biaso provision o certain types o acilities.The pattern sometimes ollows historicalsettlement patterns or income trends; otherpatterns show little rationality, while in someothers past and present political doctrinesand/or political paradigms have infuencedthe pattern o social acility provision.

This guideline document seeks to provide aquantitative and rational ramework or theprovision o key social acilities or variouslevels o settlements to support the planningprocess and provide support to the socialacility investment plans.

While robust in nature, the guidelines are aliving document which should be updatedregularly based on changing policy goals,changes in delivery strategies, improvedaccess and the constant change linkedto the spatial realities o South Arica. Asthe country achieves economic growth, itwill be easier to achieve greater access toservices. Local assessment and the currentuse o acilities or community preerencewill infuence the demand or acilities and

warrant local adaptation o the guidelinesand the manner o their application.

The CSIR trusts that this document willempower local and acility provisionplanners, providing a handy guidelineor the planning and prioritising o socialacility investment across towns, cities andprovinces.

Dr Cornelius RuitersExecutive Director:

CSIR Built EnvironmentAugust 2012

This guideline documentseeks to provide a

quantitative and rationalramework or the provision

o key social acilities orvarious levels o settlements

to support the planningprocess and provide

support to the social acilityinvestment plans.

Foreword

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Prologue

Various policies, including the Constitutionand Public Services Regulations, placean obligation on departments to improveaccess to services, to develop accessstandards or their services and removebarriers that impact on access.

The Department or Public Serviceand Administration (DPSA) publisheda document, GUIDELINE ImprovingGeographic Access to Government ServicePoints in 2011. That document outlines aour-step process or improving access toservice points; the rst step indicates howdepartments should go about developinggeographic access standards or acilities.

This CSIR publication contributes to thisprocess and provides a summary o

all access and threshold standards thathave been tested and/or discussed withstakeholders over a number o years. Thisdocument also provides a platorm or linedepartments to urther test and eaminethese proposed access distances andacility threshold ranges.

The CSIR publication is rstly a guide towhich acilities can be epected to beprovided in settlements o dierent sizes.The provision largely relates to meetingbasic needs within a ramework o the

operational viability/cost eciency o eachacility type and indicates where mobileor periodic services would be a moreappropriate level o service. Secondly, theguideline is a compendium o knowledgeregarding appropriate access distances toacilities, as well as the number o peoplewho are typically required to be livingwithin this access distance to support theacility in question.

These guidelines are intended as aplanning tool and should be used to

set priorities within available nancialresources.They cannot be consideredlegally binding on municipalities, provincesor national departments. However,attainment o these guidelines relating to

the location and distribution o acilities willensure greater and more equitable accessto services at a national and provinciallevel. To achieve equity within settlementsrequires a greater level o planning thanrepresented here.

The inormation presented is based onseveral studies unded by the CSIR andtwo local authorities (eThekwini andCape Town), together with provincial andnational level studies. CSIR researchershave interacted with a wide range ostakeholders in developing acility provisionguidelines and have also undertakenempirical testing o most o the standardsdocumented here.

Chri GreenCSIR Built Environment project leader:Guidelines or the provisioning o socialacilities to a range o settlement types

These guidelines areintended as a planning tooland should be used to setpriorities within availablefnancial resources. Theycannot be consideredlegally binding onmunicipalities, provinces ornational departments.

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ContentsIntroduction 8

Report Structure 9

Section 1: The Classifcation o Settlements or the Purpose o Setting Varing Standards or the Deliver o SocialServices 10

Section 2: Inormation on Using the Guidelines and on the Contet and Approach Followed During TheirDevelopment 12

2.1 Facility provision norms or a range o settlement types 12

2.2 Hierarchy o town types to serve as social acility delivery centres 13

2.3 Dealing with eceptions: Cases where smaller settlements may be provided with higher-order acilities thanwarranted by their population numbers 14

Section 3: A Recommended Process or Managing Social Facilit Provision 163.1 Introduction to the process o managing social acility provision 16

3.2 Threshold and density illustrations 17

3.3 Facility clustering and multi-use o buildings 19

3.4 Setting up a nodal hierarchy to assist in clustering 19

3.5 How to integrate the guidelines into the planning process 20

3.6 Using the SPACE PLANNER 22

Section 4: Social Facilit Provision Guidelines or Access Norms and Thresholds or a Range o Settlement Tpes 24

A Social Facilities required or Metropolitan Cities/Regions 25

B Social Facilities required or Large Cities/Small Metros 30

C Social Facilities required or Large Towns/Regional Service Centres 34D Social Facilities required or Small-Medium Towns/Regional Service Centres 38

E Social Facilities required or Small Towns/Isolated Regional Service Centres 41

F Social Facilities required or Dense Dispersed Settlements 44

G Social Facilities required or Villages 47

H Social Facilities required or Remote Villages 50

Section 5: Individual Social Facilit Provision Guidelines (Access, Thresholds and Site Sies) 52

Health &EmergencyServices

Tertiary Hospital (L3) 54

Regional Hospital (L2) 55

District Hospital (L1) 56

Community Health Centre 57

Primary Health Clinic 58

Fire Station 60

Police Station 62

Social andCultural

(Public Service)

Perorming Arts Centre 63

Museum 64

Library 65

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Civic Services

Civic Centre/City Hall 67

Major Public Event Venue 68

Home Aairs Oce 69

Thusong Centre 70

Labour Oce 73

Magistrates Court 74

Municipal Oce 75

Prison and Place o Saety 76

Solid Waste Disposal Site and Recycling Depot 77

Social Services

Community Hall 78

Childrens Home 80

Home or the Aged 81

Hospice and Health Centre 82ICT Access Points 83

Post Oce/Agency and Post Boes 84

South Arican Social Security Agency (SASSA) Oce and Social Grant Pay Point 85

Cemetery and Crematorium 86

Inormal Urban Agriculture 88

Local Market 90

Worship Centre 91

EducationServices

Further Education and Tertiary Institution 92

Special Education 94

Secondary School 95Primary School 98

Early Childhood Development (ECD): Grade R 101

Early Childhood Development (ECD): Crche 102

Early Childhood Development (ECD): Resource Hub and Care Centre 103

Parks andRecreation

Services

Parks 105

Sports and Recreation: Overall Allocations or Sports Fields and Facilities 108

Section 6: Main Reerences and Related Material 113

Tables

Table 1: Classication o settlement types and catchment sizes 11

Table 2: Eample o rules that can be put in place or managing eceptions in small and medium provincial towns sport ocus 15

Table 3: Approimate travel distance (straight routes) and density in relation to acility threshold size 18

Table 4: Suggested clustering o social acilities 19

Figures

Figure 1: Facility threshold size and distance parameters or diering density contets or application to clinics, policestations, libraries, swimming pools and sports stadiums 18

Figure 2: Social acility node hierarchy or eThekwini Municipality 20

Figure 3: Stepwise process or using the guidelines to identiy the supply o social acilities or dierent settlement types 21

Appendices

Appendi A Matri o cluster potential o mainly local acilities 114Appendi B Matri o unctional potential or multiple-use o social acilities 115

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Introduction

Previous research undertaken on standards by the CSIR has been updated, revised andcustomised to provide a oundation or the development o specic threshold and accessstandards tailored or application to a range o settlement types. This process has includeda review o: South Arican and international standards and guidelines; the acility standardsdeveloped or eThekwini during the accessibility modelling project; the KwaZulu-Natal

Provincial Standards reports; and related research undertaken or the City o Cape Town.The standards have been adjusted rom time to time, as required, through a review ocurrent practice, new empirical evidence, discussions held with national stakeholders (mostrecently through a DPSA-unded project on an accessibility analysis o government acilities)as well as the latest published provision standards by national government departments.

Role o planning standards and guidelines

Facility location planning standards, access guidelines and threshold norms are an essentialelement o strategic orward planning and are used to allocate and reserve land orparticular uses and acilities and develop capital budget plans within a planning area.This is particularly true o community-type acilities including those provided by the publicsector and those provided or by private developers.

These guidelines are provided to assist in the planning osocial acilities but are not legall prescriptive or binding.

In respect to planning over the long term, access standards, threshold guidelines andsite sizes are increasingly important in ensuring that sucient land has been reserved oressential acilities in terms o uture growth and development without being wasteul and/or encouraging the illegal use o underdeveloped land. Besides aiding planners, standards by providing predened spatial norms ideally acilitate a more equitable provision o

services and acilities to diverse communities.However, standards and guidelines should always be adapted to the local contetualconditions o each city, district, suburb and neighbourhood.

Defnition o a settlement

A settlement in thisregard reers to a distinct

human community in itsphysical, socio-economic

and environmentaltotality which requires the

provisioning o servicessuch as engineering and

social services. Settlements

can be ordered by sizeand other actors to defnea settlement hierarchy,

ranging rom city regionsto hamlets or dispersed

rural settlements.

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Report Structure

The report contains the ollowing:

SECTION 1: The classifcation o settlements or the purpose o setting varying norms orthe delivery o social acilities;

SECTION 2: Inormation on using the guidelines, and on the contet and approachollowed during their development;

SECTION 3: A recommended process or managing social acility provision, includinginormation on how and when deviation rom the standards can beundertaken;

SECTION 4: A summarised set o access norms and threshold standards or theprovision o social acilities to a range o settlement tpes. The standardsare based on the spatial distribution and provision requirements o socialacilities at dierent scales and in varying contets. (Standards are provided

mainly in terms o demand thresholds and distance access/servicelevel targets, and provide a ramework or negotiating and determiningappropriate acility provision and size within a range o contets.);

SECTION 5: More detail on each individual acilit(with some reerence to suitablesite sizes) is provided where available, as well as any additional relevantinormation. The main ocus remains on suitable access distance and acilitysizes.

(More inormation on the general process ollowed in drawing up theseguidelines can be ound in the report Summary Guidelines and Standardsor the Planning o Social Facilities and Recreational Spaces in MetropolitanAreas which can be ound at:www.csir.c.z/Bi_ir/cs/Giis_ciiis_c.p);

SECTION 6: Main reerences and related material.

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Sustainable human settlements cannotbe achieved without adequatesocial acilities that are dierentiated

according to varying developmentdensities, community size, mobilitylevels and socio-economic variation.Social acility guidelines will allowmetropolitan, district, provincial andnational governments to improveinvestment decisions about the number,size, type, location and spacerequirements o social acilities basedon technical inormation rather thanpolitical advocacy. Thus, a rened seto social acility guidelines has beendeveloped that will support all tiers

o government in providing acilitynetworks o libraries, clinics, communityhalls, parks, sports elds, re stationsas well as other social acilities. Theseclear guidelines will, i implemented,acilitate the development o integratedhousing settlements that are wellprovided or with respect to socialacilities. This publication providessupport to planners and other ocialsin regard to acility provision needs,relative to housing developments and

general urban growth.

A classication o settlements wasdrawn up to act as the basis romwhich a set o social acility provision

guidelines could be determinedor each settlement type/size. Themost suitable set o social acilitiesto meet the needs o residents (bothconstitutionally and in humanitarianterms) was then established in terms othose social acilities that can be viablyprovided at each type o settlement,while economic and administrativeactors, although important, playeda subsidiary role in the classication.The nal categories (see Table 1) aredened based on the modication

o previous typologies (includingthe 2002 CSIR typology, the CitiesNetwork 2005, the Classicationo Settlement Typology or EconomicEvaluation, the Census classicationo settlements/Municipal ServicesFinance model), intuitive knowledgeo cities and towns, and taking intoaccount issues such as acility provisionthresholds o various acility types aswell as operational and administrativerequirements or government service

provision.

Unortunately, the introduction o wall-to-wall municipalities has rendered thetask o providing eamples o towns

and villages that represent the dierentsettlement types etremely comple.It is likely that the publication andclassication o all towns based on thisclassication can only be nalised oncethe boundaries o towns as opposedto municipal boundaries have beenclaried. The eamples given here arebroadly indicative o the settlementtypes represented by each categoryand will need to be reviewed oncethe town boundary determination iscompleted. At that time a more detailed

list o eamples will be published onthe CSIR website.

The Classication o Settlements or thePurpose o Setting Varying Standards or the

Delivery o Social Services1

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hIeRaRChY o SettlementS CatChment SIZe(no. o PeoPle) eXamPleS o Settlement tYPeS

A mrpi ciis/rgis > 1 000 000 Johannesburg, eThekwini, Cape Town

B lrg ciis/s rs 350 000 - 1 000 000 Port Elizabeth, Bloemontein,Pietermaritzburg, Welkom

C lrg ws/rgi sric crs 100 000 - 350 000 Nelspruit, Witbank, Krugersdorp,Newcastle, George, Stellenbosch

DS i ws/rgi sriccrs 60 000 - 100 000

Ermelo, Harrismith, Mossel Bay,Bethlehem, Bronkhorspruit, Grahamstown

E S ws/is rgi sriccrs 25 000 - 60 000 Mount Fletcher, Delareyville, BeauortWest, Graa-Reinet, Kokstad

Fds isprs ss (Largecontinuous development with 10+ personsper hectare and up to 10 km2 in extent) 10 000 - 100 000 Ingwavuma, Jozini, Acornhoek

G vigs 5 000 - 25 000 Merweville, Stella

HR igs (Villages more than 20 kmfrom larger settlements) 500 - 5 000 Prieska, Poadder, Loton, Keiskammahoek

NB:Villages with less than 500 inhabitants have not been ormally considered as they are a separate category and would beprovided mostly with mobile services on a needs basis.

Table 1: Classifcation o settlement types and catchment sizes

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Inormation on Using the Guidelines and onthe Contet and Approach Followed During

Their Development2

2.1 Facilit provision norms or arange o settlement tpes

Facility provision standards relating to

the access distance and populationserving provision threshold o acilitiesto be provided are the startingpoint or the development o well-served, sustainable and integratedcommunities. The quality and capacityo acilities, in oering the right rangeo services or a specic communityprole and operated by competentsta, together with good maintenanceo the acilities, remain critical to theeective delivery o services, but arenot included in this publication.

As much as planning should not revertto prescriptive blue-print planning,it is nevertheless true that withoutnormative and quantiable standardsit becomes dicult to measure andcompare levels o provision and thendetermine current and uture acilityneeds impartially. The classication osettlement types presented here is a rststep in the process o assigning socialacility provision to settlement typesbased on equitable and measurable

parameters and should be used asa guiding mechanism in terms o theprovision levels o specied socialacilities rather than strict provisionrequirements. For unding and

allocation/implementation o socialacilities, a process o needs analysisand budgetary investigation wouldalso have to be undertaken on acase-by-case basis beore nal acilityconstruction.

Generally, normative acility provisionguidelines should ideally serve threepurposes, namely to:

1) Determine the threshold oacilities and in certain cases landrequirement or acilities;

2) Serve as a departure point ornegotiations with respect to acilityprovision and capital budgeting or

Integrated Development Plans (IDPs)and provincial and local planningprocesses; and,

3) Provide a basis or developinga spatial distribution network ora acility type across a region orprovince but without this beingthe nal determinant o the scaleand detail location o a acilitywhich would require more localinput.

These guidelines can be used as:

A strategic guide or acilitiesplanning at a town level. Distributionwithin cities or large towns ata neighbourhood, district andmetropolitan scale requires more

detailed local planning or GISacility location analysis;

A working tool or orward planning

with respect to a set o accessstandards that is inormed by regularreview and updating;

A yardstick or comparing townsand districts with respect to acilityequity and or measuring progresson service delivery;

A starting premise or negotiationwith developers and variouslocal, provincial and governmentdepartments about land allocationand budgets;

A set o commonly acceptable rulesor allocation o resources within thecommunity/district;

A guideline or acility types that canbe clustered or shared to achievespace saving and other accruedbenets; and,

An input parameter/target ormeasuring the accessibility opeople to a range o acilities.

What guidelines (these as well as

others) should not be used as: Recipes or detailed planning o adistrict without consideration o localneeds, the contet and applicablepolicies;


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Eact standards to be appliedirrespective o contet orproper planning processes andconsultation; nor,

A blue-print or development.

In summary, the guidelines areapplicable with respect to ourplanning components:

Forward planning providing anequitable basis or allocation oresources or distributing varioustypes o acilities and public spaces;

Land use management standardsprovide guidance on the type

o acilities required and theirpopulation threshold provision/capacity/size.(By using the inormation provided,backlogs as well as the numbero acilities typically required canbe determined based on the totalpopulation and the current supply oacilities).

Plan implementation providinga yardstick to measure suciencyo acilities on a broad scale, or

under- and over-provision; and, Improving qualit o lie ensuringthat a ull range o acilities andopen spaces are accessible to

all communities, thus contributingsignicantly to improving the qualityo lie in communities.

2.2 Hierarch o town tpes to serveas social acilit deliver centres

A key ocus or government in itsservice delivery strategy is the notiono intergovernmental service delivery,which includes the sharing o servicedelivery points by a multitude ogovernment departments at key nodeswithin cities, regions and provinces.

Why do we need a hierarchy oprovision?

To provide an eective distributionnetwork or a range o social services itis essential that acilities be clustered atcentral locations. Most acilities by theirvery nature have a range o sizes andthus population threshold levels (thesize o the population or which theyare provided). For most o the acilitytypes, the threshold size increases withthe level o specialisation providedby the acility, as not all issues needto be dealt with by specialists. Thus,a system o reerral rom lower-orderacilities to the higher-order acilitiesmay be used and accordinglyincremental increases in the size o

the acilities occurs along with longeracceptable access distances.

In addition, acilities requently visited

by many community members wouldbe provided at a lower populationthreshold than those used moreinrequently. Thus, those acilities usedalmost daily should ideally be sitedin close proimity to their users toreduce the average travel time andcost to access these local acilities.By implication, there are highercosts associated with visiting higher-order, more distant acilities, albeitinrequently.

The hierarchical nature o socialservice delivery thus ideally relates toa hierarchy o social acility deliverycentres (dierent settlement types orlevel o nodal developments withina settlement, see Section 3.4). Thisacilitates and promotes clustering inline with government policy to createservice delivery precincts or zones (seeSection 3.3).

It should also be accepted that,notwithstanding a right to basic

services, not all citizens (especiallythose living in remote areas) are ableto enjoy the same levels o access toall services. The economies o scaleand ineciencies o providing remote


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services need to be acknowledgedand special measures applied in thesecases, i.e. the use o periodic andmobile service provision to meet basic

needs.Establishing a hierarchy assists inallocating acilities o various typesto their most appropriate locationsbased on the acility threshold and theappropriate number o people requiredwithin the distance catchment o thatacility. By implication, governmentservices which have a similar level oimportance and alignment in provision,i.e. the departments o Home Aairs,Social Development and o Justice andConstitutional Development are likely tohave, or should have, similar standardsrelating to access distances andthresholds and should consequentlybe located at the same level withina town/settlement hierarchy. Theseacilities should mostly orm the nucleio Thusong Centres as envisagedby governments integrated servicedelivery concept.

A hierarchy streamlines locationdecisions regarding provision andacilitates alignment across dierentgovernment sectors and serviceproviders. Likewise, municipal acilitieswith large thresholds such as stadiumsrequire many more people withintheir catchment than, or eample,a community hall, to operate viably.Large towns will thus be able to aord

and support a larger range o acilitiesas well as those o a higher-order.Not all towns can support or aord tomaintain all higher-order acilities.

2.3 Dealing with eceptions: Caseswhere smaller settlements mabe provided with higher-orderacilities than warranted b theirpopulation numbers

Some o the towns or smaller settlementtypes may need to be providedwith higher-order acilities than theirpopulation threshold demand initiallyentitles them to. These acilities will onecessity be smaller in scale than those

provided in larger settlements, albeitwith the same range o services. Thisis warranted where smaller settlementsplay an important role as a serviceprovider to other settlements in theirhinterland, in addition to serving thosein their own immediate vicinity.

A settlement may bat above itsel inthe order (as described) i:

It is a district or local municipalitycapital and/or it plays a major rolein regional service delivery in thearea;

It is an isolated community o somesignicance (e.g. 5 000 peoplewho are more than 150 km romthe nearest town);

There is a historical provision oservice, i.e. a cluster o schools or a

university town which thus requiresa greater level o service than thepermanent population may require;or,

Its population proles are dierentrom the norm and thus require agreater/dierent level o service.

Facility planning o most governmentservices should largely cater to thepermanent population and shouldocus strongly on providing localservices to those with limited mobility.Afuent communities have the means totravel to higher-order acilities or accessprivate acilities. In towns with a large

retired community the local demandneeds to be adjusted or the type oacilities required, i.e. ewer schoolsand more emphasis on leisure andhealth. In terms o diering populationproles, some towns attract manyretired people, while others are nichetowns o crat people and artists ormay be coastal towns with fuctuatingpopulations all o which requireadjustments to acility provision.

Table 2 provides an eample o how

these eceptions may be appliedin terms o the provision or sportsacilities.


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Table 2: Example o rules that can be put in place or managing exceptions in small andmedium provincial towns sport ocus

This specifc examplerelates to the provisiono sports acilities in

small to medium towns.Examples o acilities thatmay be provided abovethreshold demand couldinclude hard surace combicourts (2 suraces), 2-feldequivalent grassed feldswith a 500-seat stand,cricket oval, athletics trackwith a 3 000-seat stand,indoor hall and pool, etc.

Exception 2:

I:Has one or more high school(s)o 800+ learners and townpopulation is at least 50% othreshold

Or:Town population + population inlocal municipalit reach threshold

Exception 1:

I:Town is District Municipalitcapital and town population is atleast 50% o threshold

Or:Closest acilit is more than100 m rom the town and thereis a demonstrated need or theacilit (Duplication o mediumto high threshold acilities, inthe same municipal district, willrequire demand to be proven.)

Exceptions

I the provision threshold is notmet the ollowing conditions

ma warrant provision.

Norm:

Suppl determined bpopulation threshold


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To acilitate the application o the normative standards as set out in thispublication, a tool called the SPACE PLANNER can also be used. It calculates thetotal requirements o acilities and provides inormation on the land requirementsor the acility types or the purpose o land and capital budgeting o acilities.The tool, although specically designed or new etensions/developments in acity, can also be applied useully to a de factodevelopment or town to calculatethe optimum number o acilities or such an area. More inormation on using theSPACE PLANNER has been included at the end o this section.

The sets o social acilities to be provided or each o the settlement types aregiven in Section 4. The threshold and access guidelines given or each acilitytype are shown as typical values (with some sets o upper and lower limits whereapplicable) and encompass:

The average threshold at which a acility would be provided (number opeople who would be served by that type o acility);

The acceptable travel distance (in km) to access that acility; and, The provision criteria or providing that acility (i.e. compulsory, discretionary,recommended, not recommended) to a particular settlement.

3.1 Introduction to the process omanaging social acilit provision

Irrespective o the overarching acility

norms applied to allocate scarce landand capital resources or eradicate/measure acility backlogs, whenundertaking the detailed planning oneighbourhoods, planners need toalso consult other sources which supplythe necessary contet in which socialacilities should be provided as wellas inormation on acility design. Suchdocuments include the Guidelinesor Human Settlement Planning andDesign also reerred to as The RedBook (available online atwww.csir.c.z/Bi_ir/RBk/)or the applicable line departmentdocuments that take into considerationlocal population demand proles andother contetual actors that impacton the quality, location and scale oacilities. It is key to rstly audit (count,locate and record capacity) the currentprovision o acilities and evaluatecurrent usage and then compare this tothe provision standards beore takingany decisions to increase or reduce the

supply o social acilities.

A Recommended Process orManaging Social Facility Provision

3

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In most cases, the acility typespopulation thresholds are given interms o the number o people whoshould reach a acility within a deneddistance. Thus the entire area withinreach o the acility is dened as itscatchment area and the populationas its target market area (service areapolygon). As the guideline denitionby implication denes a spatialetent and a population threshold;the guidelines thus automaticallyaccount or variations in density (totalpopulation divided by area). In areaswith higher than average densities,bigger acilities must be built i the

spacing (access distance) is to stay thesame or the acility size can remainconstant and shorter access distancescan be achieved.

In cases o parks and sports acilities,the provision guideline is givenin terms o land area per 1 000population, thus again accountingor density rather than using a parkdemand based on a percentage othe total area which does not accountor density. In deciding how to

distribute the land allocations (ha perpopulation size) amongst the dierentsporting codes and park types, it isetremely important to rst determinecommunity participation rates or

each sport and preerences or parkusage. Some threshold values areprovided or guidance purpose only.The land will also need to be clusteredor distributed within a settlementbased on the principles o equitabledistribution or access. (The table inSection 5: Sports and Recreationillustrates how the total land orsports at a standard o 0.56 ha per1 000 population could be dividedamong dierent sports acilities or acommunity o 60 000 people.)

3.2 Threshold and densitillustrations

There is a direct link between thedensity o the residential developmentand the potential to ensure acilitiesare provided as close as possibleto residents, and in some casesto even achieve walking access.Higher densities also imply that largeracilities are required as long as themaimum size or the acility type isnot eceeded. Larger acilities otenmean higher-order, more specialistservices are provided or that a better

level o service can be delivered. Theollowing graph and table o varyingthresholds and densities illustrate theinterrelationship between the areabeing served (by means o access

distances) with the other aspects othe provision, namely threshold andpopulation density levels.

Within the given provision guidelinesor each acility, the graph and tablecan be used to determine a likelyacility threshold (that relates to size),relative to a selected populationdensity and travel distance. Foreample, at a density o 18 personsper hectare and an access distance tothe acility o 2 km, the likely thresholdpopulation would be 30 000persons. I a 3 km access distance isacceptable and the density remains

constant, a population threshold oapproimately 60 000 persons couldbe achieved.

The graph and table cannot beapplied to the education sector(including preschools), where a limitis placed on the number o learnersaccommodated at any one schooland where learners should preerablyreside within the catchment area o theschool they attend.


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Table 3: Approximate travel distance (straight routes) and density in relation to acilitythreshold size

G

RoSSdu

d

enSItY

P

oPulatIon

d

enSItY

(PPha@

3.5

PPhh)*

tRavel dIStanCe / CatChment RadIuS

500 m 1 Km 2 Km 3 Km 4 KmdenSItY tYPICal aCIlItY thReShold valueS vIaBle

5 18 8 000 30 000 60 000 120 000

10 35 15 000 60 000 120 000

15 53 20 000 90 000

25 88 8 000 35 000 120 000

40 140 15 000 60 000

50 175 18 000 70 000

75 263 25 000 100 000

100 350 35 000 120 000+

*Person Per Hectare at 3.5 Persons Per Household

PersonsPerHectare

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

10 000 20 000 30 000 60 000 120 000

Facility Capacity

1 km

2 km

3 km

4 km

5 km

Facility Size Versus Access Distance

Figure 1: Facility threshold size and distance parameters or diering densitycontexts or application to clinics, police stations, libraries, swimming pools andsports stadiums

Persons

perHectare(Gross)


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3.3 Facilit clustering and multi-use o buildings

National government promotes the sharing and clustering o acilities, throughThusong Centres. Similarly the sharing o halls, sports elds and other acilities

by dierent stakeholders should be encouraged where possible in all towns andvillages.

The clustering o acilities creates opportunities or acility multi-use, sharing,etc. and should result in land savings and trip reductions. Also important isthe contribution that this type o investment can make to creating islands odevelopment and structure or city/town building. The successul sharingbetween departments/multi-use o buildings is largely dependent on ecellencein design and management and also requires cooperation and joint nancialplanning between the departments that orm part o the multi-purpose centre/cluster and may thereore share buildings. I this is achieved within all towns,particularly within the higher-order towns where a larger range o acilities arebeing provided, it can contribute positively to service delivery and to nancial

sustainability. Tables listing the local acility types that can be successullyclustered together and the multiple uses o social acilities are given at theend o the publication (Appendices A and B). Thusong centres should ideallycomprise services or the departments o Home Aairs, and o Labour andSocial Development (including SASSA), as a minimum requirement, but have thepotential to incorporate a range o other national and local services.

It is stressed that in providing or a set o social acilities, good design togetherwith the sharing and multi-use o acilities can lead to space saving or almost allacility types. However, land budgets/site sizes in this publication are all providedor single-use buildings only, since there are limited eamples which can be usedto illustrate optimal site sizes o good multi-use buildings. Please consult

www.c.rg.z or eamples o some multi-use acilities that orm part o the

Cato Manor Development Project.

Table 4: Suggested clustering o social acilities

CentRal aCIlItIeS at CoRe nodeS/In CBd

loCal/neIGhBouRhoodaCIlItIeS

aCIlItIeS to Be SItuatedWIthIn a CoRe Zone notuRtheR than 1 Km RomeaCh otheR

aCIlItIeS SItuatedneaR to CoReZone

loCalPRovISIon atneIGhBouRhoodnodeS

Home Aairs Oces

SASSA Oces

Labour Oces

Municipal Oces

Magistrates Courts

National Youth Development Centres

Community Halls

Primary Health Clinics

Sports complees

Libraries

Police Stations

Post Oces

Community Halls

Social grant paypoints

Childrens Homes

Homes or the Aged

Sports elds

Parks

Schools

(Irrespective of thresholds, some measure of the above social services (i.e. a periodicmobile service at minimum) needs to be provided in all towns where there is noalternative supply that can be reached by residents within 40 km or in the case of theNorthern Cape 100 km)

3.4 Setting up a nodal hierarch toassist in clustering

To provide an eective distributionnetwork or a range o social servicesit is essential that acilities be clusteredat central locations as indicated earlier.Due to their nature acilities have arange o threshold values that increaseswith their level o specialisation. Thehierarchical nature o social servicedelivery can thus ideally relate to ahierarchy o social acility deliverycentres.

Establishing a hierarchy assists inallocating acilities o various types

to their most appropriate locations,based on the acility threshold and theappropriate number o people requiredwithin the catchment o that acility.

While clustering creates opportunitiesor acility multi-use, sharing andland savings, cooperation and jointnancial planning between thedepartments enables developmento multi-purpose clusters and sharingo buildings. I this is achieved withinnodes (and particularly within the

higher-order nodes where a largerrange o acilities are provided) itcan contribute positively to servicedelivery, city structure and nancialsustainability.

To inorm the geographic location oacilities into identied urban nodesthat will contribute signicantly to theurban orm, a selection o nodes wereanalysed or eThekwini Municipality(based on the Spatial DevelopmentFramework nodes). In this way a

hierarchy was established basedon the number o people within thecatchment o each node, as well asthe travel-reach o the nodes. Figure 2shows the resultant hierarchy o socialacility nodes that should be used toguide the location o new acilitiesin eThekwini; both or reducingbacklogs and or serving new areas ometropolitan residential growth.


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Figure 2: Social acility node hierarchy or eThekwini Municipality

3.5 How to integrate the guidelines into the planning process

An eample o how the guidelines can be used in the need identication/planning o socialacilities or dierent types o settlements is provided here in the orm o a stepwise process.This eample is not the only way in which the standards may be applied. However, thisplanning process takes into consideration etremely important actors such as communityneeds and contetual actors without which the provision o social acilities may proveinadequate or otherwise imprudent.

Irrespective o the standards or apparent backlogs in the provision o social acilities, acilitiesthat are not essential (i.e. those that are not indicated as compulsory in the guidelines anddo not provide services that are guaranteed rights, e.g. Home Aairs) should be providedonly in cases where the community has epressed its support or these acilities and wherethere is adequate operational unding and other support structures to ensure their viability inthe long term. For eample, a communitys epressed desire or a swimming pool may notbe practical i the area suers rom requent water shortages. The process shown may beused in planning or the provision o one acility or a multitude o acility types.

Establishing a hierarchyassists in allocating acilitieso various types to their mostappropriate locations, basedon the acility threshold andthe appropriate number opeople required within the

catchment o that acility.


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Steps

1 eStaBlISh the Settlement tYPedri ppi s (ppi cc wii 15 r 25 k s cr) ssbis bsic ppi wic ris w sci ciiis s b pri r s. agr s yp r ppi s r (s tb 1).

2 IdentIY WhICh SoCIal aCIlItIeS Should Be PRovIdedCs giis r ciiis b pri r pricr s yp; prisi criri r ciiis bcgris s: Cpsry; Rc; discriry i sc. t SPaCe PlanneR c b s wii isprcss ssis i riig gb r sci ciiis r r w xsis s.

3audIt o CuRRent aCIlItIeS

urk i/riw iry crr ciiis. lc rcr ciiy cis sprs r GISr. Rcr , rss, wrsip, cpciy (bsic siz r pi s rgp ppi pr yr).

n s b k b cii sric cpciy crr ciiis s w s w y r crrybig s.

4 demoGRaPhIC PRoIle o PoPulatIonesbis prf ppi (.g. g bs, ic s, py rs) ri r ciiis

wr grpic prf ipcs prisi, i.. scs. us SsSa r CSIR GaP prf r is prps.

5 evaluate need aGaInSt CuRRent PRovISIon levelS to deteRmIne anY BaCKloGSCpr prs s prisi ciiis i s ( r i i Sp 3) wi prps i

giis (Sp 2) sbis y ric. dri wr w r pgr ciiis r rir. Cc bckg (i y) i prisi i ri ciiy . d is by ccig irc i sppy rss sggs , i.. r giis, bs ppi brs. Cck ccss criri sc s ibiiy pbic rspr rc ciiis s w s iscs sc ciiis.

6 CommunItY ConSultatIon/InteRaCtIon to deteRmIne ItS deSIRe oR a PaRtICulaR aCIlItYms ciiis (xcig cpsry gr srics) s b pri y i ciy s xprss sir r sc ciiy r i r is bsiss cs r ciiy (.g. i rs IdP prjcs, gr iriprgrs).

Spci css: S ss y bc spci css sc y rir ciiis igr-rr sgi i giis. r xp, i s cs s c r isric icipiy cpi, i i pris srics rg rr ir, r i r r r spci circscs (s Sci 2.3). I s css prisi s bjs sc igr-rr ciiis r pri.

7 (oPtIonal) aSCeRtaIn need oR non-ComPulSoRY aCIlItIeS Riw demoGRaPhIC PRoIle o PoPulatIonesbis wr prf ppi iics r y -cpsry ciiis;

b CommunItY InteRaCtIon to deteRmIne ItS deSIRe oR a PaRtICulaR aCIlItYCs wi ciy rgrig y -cpsry ciiy c b pri sbis i ciiy c bbi, pr ii i r. Sc ciiis s b pri y i ciy s xprss sir r sc ciiy ig c b scr r bsiss cs r ciiy c b sbis (.g. ciyrs prgrs, ss).

8 IdentIY undInG oR neW aCIlItIeS oR theIR uPGRadInG and IdentIY utuRe InCome StReamS oRoPeRatIonal and maIntenanCe CoStS aSSoCIated WIth the aCIlItIeS9 SeCuRe undInG and BuY-In BY enSuRInG the PRoJeCt IS on the BudGet/lISt o IdP PRoJeCtS

10 IdentIY land and StaRt PRoCuRement PRoCeSSeS

Figure 3: Stepwise process or using the guidelines to identiy the supply o social acilities or dierent settlement types


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3.6 Using the SPACE PLANNER

The CSIR has developed the SPACE PLANNER, a ree, web-based tool or calculating the social acility demand andassociated land use requirements or a given development.It takes into consideration actors such as land availability,housing densities and amily sizes. It can be used to calculaterequirements or new developments or used post-developmentto determine the variance o the de acto supply to the acilitysupply standards. It should be used only as an indication opossible land requirements to be supported by other specicplanning activities.

To make use o this ree tool, logon top://spcpr.csir.c.z and create your own loginname and password.

Caution:Beore implementing any results based on the SPACEPLANNER please ensure that you have read andunderstood the online disclaimers and this publication.

Also, make ull use o the online assistance [Help] toinput the correct variables and data to achieve the mostreliable output.

Purpose

The SPACE PLANNERtool is intended to be used to calculate: A social acility demand or a city, suburb or designated

development area. This is calculated in terms o populationnumbers, density and land area or those acilities thatare included in a named and designated standards tableentered/selected;

The land required to house a set number o people at agiven density and the associated land requirement orsocial acilities;

The number o people/dwellings (and their associatedsocial needs) that can be accommodated in apredetermined land area, given assumptions regardingamily size and development density; and,

The developers contribution with respect to the land areaequivalent o social acilities i policies regarding this arein place.

Further data and model changes to the SPACE PLANNERare needed beore a rough estimate o the land required orcommercial and employment purposes can be calculated.

Calculation types

Three basic calculation approaches can be used.

typ 1: For a residential-only area with a given land

area, density and amily size calculate whatadditional land will be necessary to create a ullyserviced settlement. This reers only to land orsocial acilities and ecludes land or commercialand employment generation.

typ 2: In the case o land being available that mustaccommodate both housing and associatedacilities, one can calculate the area needed orhousing and that or social acilities. You may testthe impact o a range o densities and acilitystandards on the social acility land requirement.

typ 3: For a predetermined target population calculatethe land requirement or both housing and socialacilities.

The results are highly dependent on the social acilitystandards applied. The onus rests with the user to veriy withthe relevant local authority that the standards with respect topopulation thresholds, capacity and land use requirementare valid and up to date.

To promote ongoing research on the most used orappropriate standards, the CSIR will be able to view thestandards you use, but these will not be published or linkedto individual projects. This will contribute to the national

research eort regarding standardisation o social acilityprovision. It is the researchers hypothesis that dierentiationacross varying development contets is required or certainacility types while or others one size may t all.

The SPACE PLANNER is not a spatial tool in that it doesnot evaluate the location o these acilities in relation to thedensity o, or travel distance to, their target population. Toevaluate the relationship between acility location, size,target market and travel distance, a more sophisticatedapproach is required. For more details on this ollow thelinkwww.csir.c.z/Bi_ir/Pig_sppr_syss/cs/psr55_wrs.p.


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Using theSPACE PLANNERto establish the global demand or social acilitiesin a town (or or new etensions to a town)

us SPaCe PlanneR cc r ciiis s siz/cpciy ( br ciiis rir) r s. us is ( xi br

ciiis rir) s cr r r .

opi: usig r ppi r s, cc br

ciiis rir i r.

expr r ciiis xc sprs. a c r crr

ciiis (bi r ciiy i rk). Cpr crr sppy wi

r ciiis sbis w y wic yps w ciiis r si b

p bi. (ajs ciiy sizs si c ciis cbi r spi i rir).

Kp rig g crr sppy, w ciiis bi s w s w

rsii p rck bckgs sr ciis r sfciypri wi rspc is ciiis.


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Social Facility Provision Guidelines orAccess Norms and Thresholds or aRange o Settlement Types

4

Sets o access distance norms and population threshold provision values or a range osettlement types have been summarised in the guidelines that ollow. The values are basedon the spatial provision and development o social acilities and public open spaces atdierent scales, with some variation in contets. Guidelines are provided mainly in terms odemand thresholds, access and service level targets (dened as travel time or distance), andprovide a ramework or negotiating appropriate acility sizes within a range o contets.More detail on each individual social acility type is given in Section 5.

The provision criteria on the guidelines tables are indicated by the ollowing keys:

PROVISION CRITERIA

C = Compulsory(basic essential service)

D = Discretionary(non-essential provision based on under supply/unserved need, distance or other actors including unding availability)

R = Recommended (valuable services that are ununded or non-essential)

The guidelines or recreation provision sports acilities and parks are provided interms o an overall ratio o land provision per population (ha/1 000 people) and thethresholds provided are approimate. The community should have input into how this landis developed. An eample o the typical provision o sports acilities or a population o60 000, in terms o a land budget to population ratio o 0.56 ha per 1 000 people, isgiven in Section 5, Public Open Space: Sports and Recreation.

Guidelines are providedmainly in terms o demand

thresholds, access and servicelevel targets (defned as traveltime or distance), and provide

a ramework or negotiatingappropriate acility sizes

within a range o contexts.



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A. Social Facilities required or Metropolitan Cities/Regions (cont)(Catchment size: > 1 000 000)

aCIlItIeS

aveRaGethReShold(PoPulatIon)

aCCePtaBletRaveldIStanCe (Km)

PRovISIonCRIteRIa CommentS

HEALTH AND EMERGENCy SERVICES

Tertiary Hospital L3 2 400 000 Variable D

Regional Hospital L2 1 770 000 See comment C/D

Compulsory above 1.5 millionthreshold but may be required incities with a lower threshold suchas 900 000+ i access distancesare greater than 200 km to acomparable acility elsewhere

District Hospital L1 300 000 - 900 000 30 km C

Not required i residents can reach(within 30 km) any higher-orderhospital that is not overburdened

Community Health Centre 100 000 - 140 000 90% o populationserved within 5 km* C *National Department o Healthtarget

Primary Health Clinic 24 000 - 70 00090% o populationserved within 5 km* C

*National Department o Healthtarget

Fire Station 60 000 - 100 0008 - 23 minutes(response time)^ C

Area coverage and reach versuspeople/land use in the specic areawill have to be evaluated; ^SABSstandard

Police Station 60 000 - 100 000

8 km metro;15 km peri-urban

24 km other C

Central location is critical butdemand actors and access opopulation will dictate location andsize. SAPS Contact Points are used inareas not warranting a ully-fedgedstation but which are beyond the

SAPS distance criteria o 24 km



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aCIlItIeS




SOCIAL AND CULTURAL (PUBLIC SERVICE FACILITIES)

Perorming Arts Centre major Variable 100 km C/D Site or purpose specic

Community Perorming Arts Centre 50 000 10 - 15 km R Ununded and demand-driven

Museum large 500 000 30 km D

Museum medium/small Variable Variable D Site-specic demand

Regional Library Reerence 450 000 50 km C

Regional Library 200 000 15 km C

Local Library 20 000 - 70 000 8 km - 10 km CDiscretionary provision i regionallibrary is within 5 km

Mobile Library Variable Variable D

Needs-based or isolated or specialcategories, i.e. homes or the agedor people with disabilities

CIVIC

Major Public Event Venue 1 000 000+ 60 km C

Central location critical. Sportsstadium can be used as analternative

Home Aairs large oce 400 000 15 km preerred;25 km maximum to

at least one acilitytype

CCentral location important; linked toThusong Centres. Mixture o acilitysizes to meet maximum population

Home Aairs medium oce 160 000 C

Home Aairs small oce 40 000 D

Thusong Centre (community-basedone-stop development centres)

1 per LocalMunicipality

15 km; maximum25 km C

Development o government precinctszones can be used as an alternative,i.e. a grouping o Home Aairs,SASSA, Labour (zone o not morethan 1 km radius)

Labour Oce Variable15 km urban;25 km peri-urban C Linked to Thusong Centres

Magistrates Court VariableUndetermined at thisstage C

Minimum o 1 Regional Court perDistrict Municipality; 1 or moreDistrict Courts per Local Municipality

Municipal Oce 1 per LocalMunicipality 30 km C May be divided amongadministrative regions o the metro

Prison and Place o Saety n/a Variable C Regional scale provision

Solid Waste Disposal Site andRecycling Depot n/a Variable C Municipal/Sub-municipal provision

SOCIAL SERVICES

Community Hall large 60 000 10 km C

Community Hall medium/small(ringe areas) 10 000 - 15 000 15 km D Where others not within reach

Childrens Home Variable n/a RRequire access to schools, sports andhealth acilities

Home or the Aged Variable n/a R

Peripheral location on publictransport routes with access to shops,libraries and medical acilities



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aCIlItIeS




SOCIAL SERVICES (CONT)

ICT Access Point 10 000+ 5 km CLocated within libraries, PostalAgency, Thusongs, etc.

Post Oce/Agency with post boxes 10 000 - 20 000 5 km - 10 km C Central location critical

Post Boxes See comment 2 km R

Should be provided in addition to aPost Oce where there is no homepostal delivery

SASSA Oce (Social Service Oce) Variable15 km urban;20 km peri-urban C

Services should be oered rom

xed points or ve days a weekrom inrastructure such as ThusongCentres, community halls or one-stopdevelopment centres

Social Grant Pay Point 40 000 5 km C

Multiple points within nodal area.I beneciaries are within 5 km obanks, post oces, Thusong Centresthen these services should be usedinstead. Mobiles may be used orspecial cases on a xed day in themonth

Cemetery (large)

17.2 ha/100 000

(can be distributed) 30 km C

Assumes annual death rate o 1.6%and 90% o the dead are buried,recycling o graves (40% o gravesater 10 years and 30% ater 20

years)

Crematorium 200 000+ 30 km C

EDUCATION

University/University o Technology 1 000 000+ Variable D

Post-matric Skills Training (i.e. nursingteaching, etc.) 400 000 20 km C

ABET/Skill Training Variable 25 km R

Variety o institutions mostly with nosports acilities and o limited spatialextent. Centrally located

Special Education Still to be determined 20 km R

Range o alternate types required.Special school transport may be

necessary

Secondary School 12 500 5 km C

With or without sports acilities;new schools to use communal sportsacilities i available

Primary School 7 000 5 km C

With or without sports acilities;new schools to use communal sportsacilities i available

Grade R Class at Primary School 1 0002 km (preerred) -5 km C Linked to Primary School

Small Crche/Early Childhood

Development Centre 2 400 - 3 000 2 km C

Supports working parents so canbe located close to employmentcentres as well as to residentialareas; location close to parks is

recommended

ECD Resource Hub and Care Centre 20 000 5 km C

Located to support a number oschools; i.e. 1 hub per 6 - 10crches



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aCIlItIeS




RECREATION PROVISION (SPORTS AND PARkS)

Total provision or acilities below is appro 0.3 ha/1 000 people. This provision should be consolidated at the metro level to developacilit complees. Thresholds are approimate and access distances illustrative.

International Sports Complex 1 500 000 50 km R

Indoor Sports Hall (medium/large) 250 000 - 500 000 10 km - 30 km CPublic transport access essential.Clustered with other sports acilities

Regional Sports Stadium 200 000 - 300 000 15 km CPublic transport access essential.Clustered with other sports acilities

Sports Complex with 9 - 12 courtsports hall, etc. 200 000 15 km C

Total provision or all acilities below is appro 0.56 ha/1 000 people. Thresholds are approimate and access distances illustrative.Facilities should be consolidated to develop acilit complees. Approimatel 20% o this allocation is or regional acilities and 40%each or communit and neighbourhood acilities. Where possible open space and pars should be lined to reduce maintenance costsand increase the etent o green lungs

Grassed surace (2 ootball elds

equivalent) 15 000 3 km

Compulsoryprovision o acilitiesin terms o the landper people ratiobut the provisiono specic types oacilities should bebased on communityneeds and budgetaryconcerns

Adjust number o playing suracetypes to local preerences. Onlyrequired or local residents i noother higher-order acilities areprovided within reach. Sharing oacilities between schools and the

wider community recommended

Sports Complex (Grouping o eldsand/or sports complexes) 60 000 10 km

Grassed eld (2 ootball eldsequivalent) with 500-seat stand 30 000 5 km

Cricket Oval 60 000 10 km

Well located in terms o roadnetwork and spatial plan o region;cluster with other sports i possible

Athletics/Cricket Stadium (grassedeld and athletics track and stand 3 000+ seats) 60 000 10 km

Public transport access essential.Clustered with other sports acilities

Combi-court surace (x2) 15 000 3 km


Multi-purpose Sports Hall (2 court) 100 000 10 kmPublic transport access essential.Clustered with other sports acilities


Swimming Pool Complex (25 m to33 m pool) 80 000 5 km - 10 km

Public transport access essential.Clustered with other sports acilities.Discretionary provision i within15 km o 50 m pool

Swimming Pool (50 m pool)500 000 -1 000 000 Variable

Public transport access essential.Clustered with other regional typeacilities



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B: Social Facilities required or Large Cities/Small Metros (cont)(Catchment size: 350 000 - 1 000 000 people)

aCIlItIeS





Regional Hospital L21 770 000(See comment) See comment D

May be required in cities with alower threshold 900 000+ i accessdistances are greater than 200 km to acomparable acility elsewhere

District Hospital L1 300 000 - 900 000 30 km C

Not required i residents can reach(within 30 km) any higher-order hospitalthat is not overburdened

Community Health Centre 100 000 - 140 00090% o populationserved within 5 km* C *National Department o Health target

Primary Health Clinic 24 000 - 70 00090% o populationserved within 5 km* C *National Department o Health target


Area coverage and reach versuspeople/land use in the specic area willhave to be evaluated; ^SABS standard


8 km metro;15 km peri-urban24 km other C

Central location critical but demandactors and access o population willdictate location and size. SAPS ContactPoints are used in areas not warrantinga ully-fedged station but which arebeyond the SAPS distance criteria o24 km


Perorming Arts Centre major Variable 100 km D Site or purpose specic

Community Perorming Arts Centre 50 000 10 - 15 km R Ununded and demand-driven


Regional Library Reerence 450 000 50 km C


Local Library 20 000 - 70 000 8 km - 10 km CDiscretionary provision i regionallibrary is within 5 km


Needs-based or isolated or specialcategories, i.e. homes or the aged orpeople with disabilities

CIVIC

Major Public Event Venue 1 000 000+ 60 km CCentral location critical. Sports stadiumcan be used as an alternative

Home Aairs large oce 400 000

15 km to at leastone acility type

CCentral location important; linked toThusong Centres. Mixture o acility sizesto meet maximum populationHome Aairs medium oce 160 000 C

Home Aairs small oce 40 000 D

Thusong Centre (community-based one-stop development centres)


15 km;maximum 25 km C

Development o government precincts/

zones can be used as an alternative, i.e.a grouping o Home Aairs, SASSA,Labour (zone o not more than 1 kmradius)



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aCIlItIeS




CIVIC (CONT)


Magistrates Court VariableUndetermined at thisstage C

Minimum o 1 Regional Court perDistrict Municipality; 1 or more DistrictCourts per Local Municipality

Municipal Oce1 per LocalMunicipality 30 km C

May be divided among administrativeregions o the metro

Prison and Place o Saety n/a Variable C Regional scale provision


SOCIAL SERVICES

Community Hall large 60 000 10 km C

Community Hall medium/small (ringeareas) 10 000 - 15 000 15 km D



Peripheral location on public transportroutes with access to shops, libraries andmedical acilities

ICT Access Point 10 000+ 5 km CLocated within Libraries, Postal Agency,Thusongs, etc.



Should be provided in addition to a PostOce where there is no home postaldelivery

SASSA Oce (Social Service Oce) Variable 15 km urban;20 km peri-urban C

Services should be oered rom xedpoints or ve days per week rominrastructure such as Thusong Centres,community halls or one-stop developmentcentres while mobile oces serve

generally rural areas/outlying pockets incity as special cases


Multiple points within nodal area. Ibeneciaries within 5 km o banks, PostOces, Thusong Centres then theseservices should be used instead. Mobilesmay be used or special cases on a xedday in the month

Cemetery (large)17.2 ha/100 000(can be distributed) 30 km C

Assumes annual death rate o 1.6% and90% o the dead are buried, recyclingo graves (40% o graves ater 10 yearsand 30% ater 20 years)




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aCIlItIeS




EDUCATION

University/University o Technology 1 000 000+ up to 500 km DHistorical provision is the most likelydeterminant at this scale

Post-matric Skills Training (i.e. nursingteaching, etc) 400 000 20 km C Public transport access required

ABET/Skills Training Variable 25 km R


Special EducationStill to bedetermined 20 km R

Range o alternate types required.Special school transport may benecessary

Secondary School 12 500 5 km CWith or without sports acilities; newschools to use communal sports acilities

Primary School 7 000 5 km CWith or without sports acilities; newschools to use communal sports acilities


Small Crche/Early ChildhoodDevelopment Centre 2 400 - 3 000 2 km C

Supports working parents so can belocated close to employment centres aswell as to residential areas. Locationclose to parks preerred.

ECD Resource Hub and Care Centre 20 000 5 km CLocated to support a number o schools;i.e. 1 hub per 6 - 10 crches

RECREATION PROVISION (SPORTS AND PARkS)

Total provision or acilities below is appro 0.3 ha/1 000 people. This provision should be consolidated at the metro level to developacilit complees. Thresholds are approimate and access distances illustrative.

International Sports Complex 1 500 000 50 km R

Indoor Sports Hall (medium/large) 250 000 - 500 000 10 km - 30 km CPublic transport access essential.Clustered with other sports acilities

Regional Sports Stadium 200 000 - 300 000 15 km CPublic transport access essential.Clustered with other sports acilities

Sports Complex with 9 - 12 court sportshall, etc. 200 000 15 km C

Total provision or all acilities below is appro 0.56 ha/1 000 people. Thresholds are approimate and access distances illustrative.Facilities should be consolidated to develop acilit complees. Approimatel 20% o this allocation is or regional acilities and 40%each or communit and neighbourhood acilities. Where possible open space and pars should be lined to reduce maintenance costsand increase the etent o green lungs.

Grassed surace (2 ootball eldsequivalent) 15 000 3 km

Compulsoryprovision o acilitiesin terms o the landper people ratiobut the provisiono specic types oacilities should bebased on communityneeds andbudgetary concerns

Adjust number o playing suracesto local demand. Only required orlocal residents i no other higher-orderacilities are provided within reach.Sharing o acilities between schoolsand the wider community recommended,particularly in smaller settlements



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RECREATION PROVISION (SPORTS AND PARkS) (CONT)

Sports Complex (grouping o elds and/or sports complexes) 60 000 10 km

Compulsoryprovision o acilitiesin terms o the land

per people ratiobut the provisiono specic types oacilities should bebased on communityneeds andbudgetary concerns


Cricket Oval 60 000 10 kmWell located in terms o road networkand spatial plan o region

Athletics/Cricket Stadium (grassed eldand athletics track and stand 3000+

seats) 60 000 10 km

Public transport access essential.

Clustered with other sports acilities





Swimming Pool Complex (25 to 33 mpool) 80 000 5 km -10 km

Public transport access essential.Clustered with other sports acilities.Discretionary provision i within 15 kmo 50 m pool

Swimming Pool (50 m pool) 500 000 - 1 000 000 Variable

Total provision or all acilities below is appro 0.5 ha/1 000 (Ongoing research is being conducted on the desirabilit o reducingthis; current indications are that or users qualit is more important than quantit). The land should be consolidated in developing theacilities below. Thresholds are approimate. Approimatel 40% o this allocation is or strategic (regional) and district acilities and60% or communit, urban and neighbourhoods pars, pla lots, etc.

Strategic Park 500 000 - 1 000 000 50 km C Site-specic location

District Park 60 000 - 100 000 10 km C

Community Park with play equipment 60 000 5 km C

Urban Park Variable 1 km CCentral location in areas o highactivity/employment/retail

Local/Neighbourhood Park (includesplay equipment) 3 000 - 15 000 1 km C

May be redundant i district/communitypark located within reach

Play Equipment at other acilities Variable Variable D

Only provided where no parks; placed

at e.g. Clinics, Libraries

KEY NOTES:

Most acilities should be on public transport routes/nodes unless otherwise stated

Mobile and satellite services only to be used in isolated situations where there is no alternative and access times would prove excessive otherwise

Alternative fre-fghting equipment deployment where widely spread, low-density development makes conventional services unsuitable



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C: Social Facilities required or Large Towns/Regional Service Centres (cont)(Catchment size: 100 000 - 350 000 people)

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District Hospital L1300 000 -900 000 30 km C

Not required i residents can reach(within 30 km) any higher-order hospitalthat is not overburdened

Community Health Centre100 000 -140 000

90% o populationserved within5 km* C *National Department o Health target

Primary Health Clinic 24 000 - 70 000

90% o populationserved within

5 km* C *National Department o Health target


Area coverage and reach versuspeople/land use in the specic areawill have to be evaluated; ^SABSstandard


8 km urban;16 km peri-urban24 km other C



Community Perorming Arts Centre 50 000 10 km - 15 km R Ununded and demand-driven


Regional Library Reerence 450 000 50 km D

Adjust capacity to local and hinterlanddemand or combine with regionallibrary


Local Library 20 000 - 70 000 8 km - 10 km CDiscretionary provision i regionalLibrary is within 5 km


Needs-based or isolated or specialcategories, i.e. homes or the aged andpeople with disabilities

CIVICHome Aairs large oce 400 000 15 km to at least

one acility type(urban); 25 km orrural hinterland

DCentral location important; linked toThusong Centres. Mixture o acilitysizes to meet maximum population

Home Aairs medium oce 160 000 C

Home Aairs small oce 40 000 C

Thusong Centre (community-based one-stop development centres)


15 km urban;max 25 km C

Development o government precinctscan be used as an alternative, i.e. agrouping o Home Aairs, SASSA,

Justice (zone o not more than 1 kmradius)


Magistrates Court Variableundetermined atthis stage C

Minimum o 1 Regional Court perDistrict Municipality; 1 or more DistrictCourts per Local Municipality



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CIVIC (CONT)

Municipal Oce1 per LocalMunicipality 30 km C

May be divided among administrativeregions o the town

Prison and Place o Saety n/a Variable D Regional scale provision


SOCIAL SERVICESCommunity Hall large 60 000 10 km C

Community Hall medium/small(ringe areas) 10 000 - 15 000 15 km D



Peripheral location on public transportroutes with access to shops and medicalacilities

ICT Access Point 10 000+ 5 km CLocated within libraries, Postal Agency,Thusongs, etc.



Should be provided in addition to aPost Oce where there is no homepostal delivery

SASSA Oce (Social Service Oce) Variable

15 km urban;20 km peri-urban;40 km rural C

Services should be oered romxed points or ve days per weekrom inrastructure such as ThusongCentres, community halls or one-stopdevelopment centres while mobileoces serve generally rural areas/outlying pockets as special cases andcan be limited to one or two days aweek


Multiple points within nodal area, onxed days o the month. Mobile may beused or special cases; i beneciarieswithin 5 km o banks, Post Oces,Thusong Centres then these servicesshould be used instead

Cemetery (medium) 8.8 ha/50 000 15 km DAssumes annual death rate o 1.6%and 90% o the dead are buried,recycling o graves (40% o gravesater 10 years and 30% ater 20

years); mixture o acility sizes to meetmaximum populationCemetery (large) 17.2 ha/100 000 30 km C




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EDUCATION

ABET/Skill Training Variable 25 km R


Special EducationStill to bedetermined 20 km R

Range o alternate types required.Special school transport may benecessary

Secondary School 12 500 5 km C

With or without sports acilities; newschools to use communal sports acilities

i possible

Primary School 7 000 5 km C

With or without sports acilities; newschools to use communal sports acilitiesi possible


Small Crche/Early ChildhoodDevelopment Centre 2 400 - 3 000 2 km C

Supports working parents so can belocated close to employment centres aswell as to residential areas. Preerablylocated near parks

ECD Resource Hub and Care Centre 20 000 5 km CLocated to support a number o schools;i.e. 1 hub per 6 - 8 crches

RECREATION PROVISION (SPORTS AND PARkS)Total provision or acilities below is appro 0.3 ha/1 000 people. This provision should be consolidated at the metro level to developacilit complees. Thresholds are approimate and access distances illustrative.

Indoor Sports Hall (medium/large)250 000 -500 000 10 km - 30 km C


Regional Sports Stadium200 000 -300 000 15 km C


Sports Complex with 9 - 12 court sportshall, etc. 200 000 15 km C

Total provision or all acilities below is appro 0.56 ha/1 000 people. Thresholds are approimate and access distances illustrative.Facilities should be consolidated to develop acilit complees. Approimatel 20% o this allocation is or regional acilities and 40%each or communit and neighbourhood acilities. Where possible open space and pars should be lined to reduce maintenance costsand increase the etent o green lungs.

Grassed surace (2 ootball eldsequivalent) 15 000 3 km

Compulsoryprovision oacilities in termso the land perpeople ratio butthe provision ospecic types oacilities shouldbe based oncommunity needsand budgetaryconcerns

Adjust number o playing suracesto local demand. Only required orlocal residents i no other higher-order acilities are provided withinreach. Sharing o acilities betweenschools and the wider communityrecommended, particularly in smallersettlements

Sports Complex (grouping o eldsand/or sports complexes) 60 000 10 km




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D: Social Facilities required or Small-Medium Towns/Regional Service Centres (cont)(Catchment size: 60 000 - 100 000 people)

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Community Health Centre 60 000 - 100 000


Primary Health Clinic 24 000 - 70 000


Fire Station 60 000 - 100 000 8-23 minutes(response time)^ C

Area coverage and reach versuspeople/land use in the specic area

will have to be evaluated;^

SABSstandard


8 km urban;16 km peri-urban,24 km ruralpopulations C



Community Perorming Arts Centre 50 000 10 km - 15 km R Ununded and demand-driven


Local Library 20 000 - 70 000 8 km - 10 km C Discretionary provision i regionalLibrary is within 5 km


Needs-based or isolated or specialcategories, i.e. home or the aged andor people with disabilities

CIVIC

Home Aairs medium oce 160 00015 km to at leastone acility type(urban); 25 km orsurrounding ruralpopulation

D Central location important; linked toThusong Centres. Mixture o acilitysizes to meet maximum population

Home Aairs small oce 40 000 C

Thusong Centre (community-based one-

stop development centres)

1 per Local

Municipality

15 km urban;

25 km rural C

Labour oce Variable15 km urban;25 km rural C Linked to Thusong Centres

Magistrates Court VariableUndetermined atthis stage C

Minimum o 1 Regional Court perDistrict Municipality;

CSIR Guidelines for Social Facilities Provision

Documents

Transcript of CSIR Guidelines for Social Facilities Provision