CSE494/598 Principles of Information Engineering Spring 2003 Forouzan Golshani.
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Transcript of CSE494/598 Principles of Information Engineering Spring 2003 Forouzan Golshani.
Lesson Objectives: 1. - Define Data, Information, and Knowledge.2. - Recognize the importance of Information Engineering.3. - Describe why many internet-based companies have failed.4. - Explain the classes of information availability. Reading Material:
Read several paragraphs from John Barlow’s work entitled “The Economy of Ideas”. It can be found at: http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.03/economy.ideas_pr.html Read the paragraphs in the middle starting with the section titled “A taxonomy of information” through the section titled “Information as its own reward”.
Course topics• Introduction• Information Life Cycle• Information Transport• Configuration Management• Information Security• Business Formation• Legacy Systems• Intellectual Property• Information Policies• Information Implications in the New Economy • Information Science
A New Perspective
• In computer science, we do our work with the question “HOW” in mind– The question in this course should be “WHY?”
• In physics, after so many years, we generally know if we are doing something right or wrong– In CS/IT we do not!
Class Objectives
• To develop a good understanding of the role of information in an information-centered enterprise
• To develop full understanding of the spectrum of activities that an enterprise does with its information
• Study Information Engineering as an information-centered area.
Strategic Use of Information Resources• Dell Computer Case• Stopped selling PCs through retailers 1994• Direct Business Model, enabled by a well designed
information system– No middleman surcharges– IS enables the assembly of the most current computers satisfying
the exact wishes of the buyer without the expense of large inventories
– Saving are passed to the customer
• Concentrate on producing only the current products – important in “low margin” products– Dell has maintained strategic leadership
Value of Information
• The airline industry 1993-4– American, United, Delta, … lost money– AMR and Southwest made money!
• Q: What contributed more to GE‘s profits?A:
• Appliances?
• Technical products and services?
• Its pension plan/financial
Value of InformationSubject: Lost pet fees cost Toronto $700,000 ... the city lost out on nearly $700,000 in pet fees last year because nearly half of Toronto's dog and cat owners were never billed. The staffer who knew how to run the computerized billing system was laid off. [...] Only one city employee ever understood the system well enough to debug it when problems arose. That person was lost last year [due to downsizing] leaving no one to get things going again when the system ran into trouble and collapsed.
[Source: *Toronto Globe and Mail*, 15 Feb 2001]
Information related activities
Information ScienceInformation Science
Acquisition
Analysis/mining/processing
Coding/Compression
Storage
Re -engineering
Preservation
Retrieval
Packaging/Visualization
Presentation
Transport
Discard
Information ScienceInformation Science
Acquisition
Analysis/mining/processing
Coding/Compression
Storage
Re -engineering
Preservation
Retrieval
Packaging/Visualization
Presentation
Transport
Discard
Data, Information and Knowledge
• Data: Atomic values, usually applicable to individual objects of the domain of discourse
• Information:Interpretation, generalization or validation of factual data, usually applicable to groups or subsets of the domain of interest
• KnowledgeVerified, tested and validated information applicable to diverse situations.
Computers in Business
• Introduced in to business in late 1950s– Accounting tasks, payroll, accounts
receivable/payable
• Manufacturing domain in 1960s– Inventory, Production control, customer orders,
purchasing
• By 1970s, many tasks were automated– Costs were considered R&D– No serious accountability
Computers in Business, cont’d
• High costs, as well as strategic importance of computer systems, became apparent in the 1980s– Information Resource Management– Strategic computing
• Today, most firms want their own specialized business information system– Migration– Integration
• Primary Role of IT:– 1960s: Efficiency. Automate existing paper based
processes• Justification: ROI
– 1970s: Effectiveness. Increase individual and group effectiveness
• Justification: Increasing productivity and better decision quality
– 1980-90s: Strategic. Industry/organization transformation• Justification: Competitive position
– 2000s: Value creation. Collaborative partnerships• Justification: Adding value
Evolution of Information Systems
Evolution of Information Systems
• Target of systems:– 1960s: Organizations
– 1970s: Individual, manager, group
– 1980-90s: Business process
– 2000s: Customer, supplier, competitor
• Information Model:– 1960s: Application specific
– 1970s: Data-driven
– 1980-90s: Business-driven
– 2000s: Knowledge driven
• Dominant technology– 1960s: Mainframe. Centralized intelligence– 1970s: Minicomputer. Decentralized
intelligence– 1980-90s: Microcomputer, Client server.
Distributed intelligence– 2000s: Internet. Ubiquitous intelligence
Evolution of Information Systems
A Sea of Information …
Type of Content
Terabytes/Year
Upper estimate Lower estimate
Paper
Books 8 1 2Newspapers 25 2 -2
Periodicals 12 1 2
Office documents 195 19 2
Subtotal: 240 23 2
FilmPhotographs 410,000 41,000 5Cinema 16 16 3X-Rays 17,200 17,200 2Subtotal: 427,216 58,216 4
Optical medium
Music CDs 58 6 3Data CDs 3 3 2DVDs 22 22 100Subtotal: 83 31 70
Magnetic Medium
Camcorder Tape 300,000 300,000 5PC Disk Drives 766,000 7,660 100
Departmental Servers 460,000 161,000 100
Enterprise Servers 167,000 108,550 100
Subtotal: 1,693,000 577,210 55 TOTAL: 2,120,539 635,480 50
Growth rate %
Trends in Media UseYearly media use by US households in hours per year, with estimated megabyte equivalent.
Item
1992 Hours 2000 Hours 2000 MB % Change
TV 1510 1571 3,142,000 4
Radio 1150 1056 57,800 -8
Recorded Music 233 269 13,450 15
Newspaper 172 154 11 -10Books 100 96 7 -4Magazines 85 80 6 -6Home video 42 55 110,000 30
Video games 19 43 21,500 126
Internet 2 43 9 2,050Total: 3,324 3,380 3,344,783 1.7
How much information… Yearly production of published information
Item
Titles
Terabytes
Books 968,735 8
Newspapers 22,643 25
Journals 40,000 2
Magazines 80,000 10
Newsletters 40,000 0.2
Office Documents 7,500,000,000 195
Cinema 4,000 16
Music CDs 90,000 6
Data CDs 1,000 3
DVD-video 5,000 22
Total: 285
A Manufacturing Scenario…• One computer contains a specification that describes, with text and numbers, a
needed part and perhaps a flow chart graphic related to the part, • another computer contains an engineering drawing or a CAD file that was derived
from the specification for the part, • yet another computer contains an inspection photo of that part, taken while the part
is being materialized, • another data base contains a history of test readouts regarding that part, • yet another file type contains a video of that part in normal operation and another
showing abnormal operation• the project schedule milestone, and personnel assigned to each task is in another
data base, • the financial data regarding the revenue, costs, investments, development projects,
etc. for that part is in yet another data base,• Minutes from design review, project review, lessons learned and other meetings
are filed in various other data bases, perhaps in desk workstations.
Information Flow in Manufacturing Environments (ideal)
Product Strategy
Market AnalysisR&D Dept.
Product DesignDept.
Process Planning Dept.
Assembly and Manufacturing Dept. M
an
ufa
ctu
rin
g I
nfo
rma
tion
Sys
tem
AdministrativeDepartments
Payroll, purchasing
Market Analysis& Prediction Data
Production PlanningFunctional Specification
Product Physics /Engineering Drawing
Function Design /Engineering Drawing
Function Design /Fabrication DrawingTool/Facilities Planning
Control System
Process Control
System Control Data
NC Part ProgrammingDevice Control Info.
Process Scheduling
Product Design
Planning Info.
Sensory data
Manufacturing Info.
Operator
Manager
Supervisor
Devices
Enterprise manager
level
Ab
stractio
nC
lassifica
tion
Multimedia Technologies and MIMS
Product Strategy
Market AnalysisR&D Dept.
Product DesignDept.
Process Planning Dept.
Assembly and Manufacturing Dept.
Man
ufac
turin
g In
form
atio
n S
yste
m
AdministrativeDepartments
Payroll, purchasing
Market Analysis& Prediction Data
Production PlanningFunctional Specification
Product Physics /Engineering Drawing
Function Design /Engineering Drawing
Function Design /Fabrication DrawingTool/Facilities Planning
Control System
Process Control
System Control Data
NC Part ProgrammingDevice Control Info.
Process Scheduling
Product Design
Planning Info.
Sensory data
Manufacturing Info.
Minimally IdentifiedTypes of Media Objects
Text/Number
Image/GraphicText
Image/Graph/Text/Number
3-D Graphic/Number/Text
TextImage/3-D Graphic
3-D Animation(Movie)Image
TextNumber
- Various media types and information are exchanged between departments and members.- Traditional MIS cannot handle all of the requirements.
Information Types
Algebra/calculus
Signals/bits
Phonemes/words
Samples
Sentence
Paragraph
Discourse
Characters
Words
Concepts
Argument
Document
Pixels
Block
Still image
Videosegment
Film
Numbers
Records
Fields
Aggregates
Report
Symbols
Functions/predicatesPolygons
Drawing
Animation
Semantics - human understandable information
Lines Strings
Theory
Information Management Systems Design
• Successful implementations require:† Analysis of information flow in various organizations across the
entire enterprise.
† Abstraction and classification of information from the enterprise level to the lowest level.
† Identification of types of information.
† Specification of interfaces for information exchange (so that applications can be implemented independently).
• Various types of information and their flow must be identified and analyzed to support decision making and concurrent engineering.
• Information sharing and collaboration are essential.
Information Systems Planning
Strategic
Tactical
Operational
What needs to be done
How it shouldBe done
Implementing
Ab s
trac
tion
Cla
ssif
icat
ion
Steps in Developing Information Systems• Mission statement• Information system objectives• Primary information processes• Identify customers• Determine customer needs• Develop product/services features• Establish quality goals, and develop quality process• Design and implement• Test capabilities
Information Availability
• Crucial to business success
• Depending on potential consequences of loss, great resources may be allocated to availability assurance
• Methods vary for on-line systems and batch system (yes…they are still very common!)
Availability of typical IS classes
System type Unavailability Availability Class(Min/year)
Unmanaged 52,560 90% 1Managed 5,256 99% 2Well-managed 525 99.9% 3Fault tolerant 53 99.99% 4High availability 5 99.999% 5Very high Availability .5 99.9999% 6Ultra availability .05 99.99999% 7
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Availability assurance: Batch systems