Cse physics Lab Manual
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Transcript of Cse physics Lab Manual
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INDEX
S.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
DATE OF
CONDUCTINGEXPERIMENT
1. RC CIRCUIT
2. BENDING LOSSES IN FIBERS
3. DIFFRACTION GRATING
4. DISPERSION OF LIGHT
5. ENERGY GAP OF A SEMICONDUCTOR
6. LCR CIRCUIT
7. MELDES EXPERIMENT
8. NUMERICAL APERTURE OF OPTICAL FIBERS
9. NEWTONS RINGS
10. PARALLEL FRINGES
11. SINGLE SLIT DIFFRACTION USING LASERS
12. STEWART & GEES METHOD
13. TORSIONAL PENDULUM
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RC CIRCUIT
AIM: To study charging and discharging of a series RC circuit and to determine the time
constant.
APPARATUS:
a) Equipment: RC Circuit Trainer Kit, Connecting Wire, Power Supply etc.,b) Instruments: Ammeter, Voltmeter, Stop Clock etc.,
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
INTRODUCTION & DESCRIPTION:
A capacitor is a device which can store electric charge. The ability of a capacitor to holdelectric charge is known as the capacity of a conductor. Different conductors at the same
potential can have different capacities for holding electric charge-depending on their size and
shape. The capacity or the capacitance of a conductor may be defined as the charge required
raising its potential by unity. The unit of capacitance is farad (F).
In an electric circuit, when a capacitor and a resistor are connected in series as shown in
the circuit diagram, electric charges build up across the capacitor. The discharge of the condenser
takes place when the circuit is disconnected from the source of power supply.
Let us consider a capacitor C is connected in series to a resistor of resistance R and is
being charged by using a battery of e.m.f E. When the power supply is ON, the capacitor begins
to acquire charge. Initially, the current through he circuit is high and the potential difference
across it is zero. During charging, the potential difference across the capacitor increases while
the current through the circuit decreases. When the capacitor is fully charged, there is no current
passing through the circuit and the potential difference across the capacitor is maximum and is
same as that of the applied potential difference V.
RESET
R
C
V
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THEORY: When the voltage V is applied to a capacitor in series with a resistor, transient
current flows through the circuit as the capacitor is charging. The current drops to zero when the
capacitor is fully charged.
During Charging:
From the Circuit Diagram,
At any instant of time t, the potential difference between the plates will be q/C. But this
acts opposite to the applied e.m.f E. So the effective e.m.f. is given by,
E - q/C.
According to Ohms Law, the e.m.f. will be equal to iR.
E q/C = iR -------------1
Let q0 be the maximum possible charge on the plates of condenser, then,
/ Equation 1 can be written as
.
1 .
Integrating on both sides
1 .
l n Where A = Integrating constant.
When t=0 ; q=0 then
0 l n
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l n
ln
/
1
1
1
The above equation can be written interms of voltage across the capacitor as
1
When
1
1 1
1 12.7180.63 63%
The time constant is defined as the time taken for the capacitor to charge to 63%of its maximum value.
OR
The time taken for the voltage across the capacitor becomes 63% of its maximum value.
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The variation of voltage with time is as shown in figure.
Time in seconds
Voltage
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Table-1: Charging
R = C = F
S.NO TIME in seconds VOLTAGE in volts CURRENT in amperes
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During Discharging:
When the battery is disconnected from the circuit then
0
1 .
Integrating on both sides
1 .
ln q where B=Integration constant
0 ;
ln
In terms of voltage across the capacitor,
,
0.37 37% The time taken for the voltage across the capacitor becomes 37%of its maximum value is
known as time constant.
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V0
VOLTAGEinv
olts
TIME in seconds
0.37V0
The variation of voltage with time is as shown in figure:
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Table-1: Discharging
R = C = F
S.NO TIME in seconds VOLTAGE in volts CURRENT in amperes
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PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.2. Switch the power supply ON and switchover the contact to charging position.3. Press the Reset button once and start taking Ammeter & corresponding Voltmeter
readings at regular intervals using stop clock or timer and the readings are tabulated.4. Now, switch over the contact to discharging position and note down the ammeter &
voltmeter readings at regular intervals and the readings are tabulated.
5. The time constant is measured in both charging & discharging position and the results arecompared both experimentally and graphically.
RESULT:
During Charging The time constant experimentally =
The time constant graphically =
During Discharging - The time constant experimentally =
The time constant graphically =
VIVA VOCE:
1. Define the charging time of a capacitor.2. Why a resistance of low value id not acceptable in charging process?3. What will happen if the resistance of low value is connected in the circuit?4. State four types of capacitors.5. Give the applications of capacitors.6. State the factors affecting capacitance.
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TABLE:
VOLTAGE = volts
Temperature
t 0C
T = t + 273
K
Current
I AR = V/I log 10 R
1/T
K
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OBSERVATIONS:
1. Mass of the String (Thread) = w = .gm2. Length of the (thread) string = y = .cm3. Linear density of the thread = w/y = .gm/cm4. Mass of the card board pan = m = ..gm
TABLE 1: TRANSEVERSE ARRANGEMENT
S.NO
Load applied
into the panM gm
Tension
T=(M+m)gdynes
No.of
Loopsx
Length of
x loopsd cm
Length of
each loopl=d/x cm
Average =
The average value of
is substituted in equation (1) and the frequency of the fork or vibrator isdetermined.
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TABLE 2: LONGITUDINAL ARRANGEMENT
S.NOLoad appliedinto the pan
M gm
TensionT=(M+m)g
dynes
No.ofLoops
x
Length ofx loops
d cm
Length ofeach loopl=d/x cm
Average =
The average value of
is substituted in equation (2) and the frequency of the fork or vibrator isdetermined.
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