CSC1015F – Chapter 7: Selection Michelle Kuttel [email protected].
CSC1015F – Loop Structures Michelle Kuttel [email protected].
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Transcript of CSC1015F – Loop Structures Michelle Kuttel [email protected].
Control structuresLoops are another way to alter the flow of a
program
Programmers use loops to repeat a sequence of statements multiple times in succession The code that is repeated in a loop is called the body of the loop
Each repetition of the loop body is called an iteration of the loop
2
Control structures
Simplest kind of loop is called a definite loop we know exactly how many times it will
execute or iterate
a Python for loop
3
For statement (Chapter 2 in textbook) definite loop in Python:
for <var> in <sequence>:
<body>
<var> variable is the loop index e.g.for i in [0, 1, 2, 3]:
print(i)
for i in [2,4,5,10]:
print(i)
4
Checkpoint 1: write down the exact output of this codefor sq in [0, 1, 2, 3]:
print(sq*sq,end=‘,’)
5
For statement example 2:The body of the loop will execute once for each
successive value in the list
The length of the list determines how many times the loop is executed
for sq in [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]:print(sq*sq)
6
For statement examples 3:for sq in range(10):
print(sq*sq)
range is a built-in Python function for generating a sequence of numbers
range(<expr>) will produce a sequence of numbers that starts with 0 and goes up to, but does not include, <expr>
7
Count to a million example 1 (run in shell, not Wing)
8
Count to a million example 2 (run in shell, not Wing)
9
Example from textbook: Calculating the future value of an investment with compound interest Money in an account earns interest
After an initial deposit (principal), how much will your investment be worth 10 years from now?
Inputs: principal – money to be invested in rands percentage interest rate – as a floating point (decimal)
number
Output: Value of the investment 10 years in the future
10
Invest.py counted loop pattern#FutureV.py
#Program to calculate the future value of an 10-year investment
# assuming a fixed interest rate
#Author: M. Kuttel
principal = eval(input("Enter the initial principal: "))
apr = eval(input("Enter the annual interest rate: "))
for i in range(10):
principal = principal *(1 + apr)
print("The value in 10 years is:", principal)
11
Invest.py counted loop pattern#FutureV.py
#Program to calculate the future value of an 10-year investment
# assuming a fixed interest rate
#Author: M. Kuttel
principal = eval(input("Enter the initial principal: "))
apr = eval(input("Enter the annual interest rate: "))
for i in range(10):
principal = principal *(1 + apr)
print("The value in 10 years is:", principal)
alternative algorithm? - use formula F = P*(1 + apr)n
12
Checkpoint 2: What is the output of this program?def FN(length):
a= 1
b= 1
for i in range(length):
print(a)
a,b=b,a+b
FN(8)
13
More about range The range function can take up to 3
parameters to generate various sequences
range(i,j [,stride]) represents a range of integers with values i to j-1. If the starting value is omitted, it’s taken to be
zero. An optional stride can also be given as a third
argument.
14
range examplesrange(5) # a = 0,1,2,3,4range(1,8) # b = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 range(0,14,3) # c = 0,3,6,9,12 range(8,1,-1) # d = 8,7,6,5,4,3,2
15
Checkpoint 3: What is the exact output of the following?
for i in range(1,5): print('#'*i)
16
17
Loops (see square.py) Squares…
*** H=3
***
***
**** H=4
****
****
****
***** H=5
*****
*****
*****
*****
** H=2
**
Checkpoint 4: Write a function tri() that works (using a loop) as follows:
18
Checkpoint 5: What is the exact output when this module is run?#module mystery.py
def a(par1,par2):
gap=par1//2 #we need // here - why?
for i in range(0,par1,2):
print(' '*gap,end='')
print(par2*(i+1))
gap=gap-1 # can also write this as: gap-=1
def sq(H,char):
for i in range(H):
print(char*H)
if __name__ =='__main__':
a(5,'*')
19
Augmented AssignmentExpressions such as
x=x+1
x=x+2
occur so frequently in loops that Python has abbreviated forms for them. e.g:
a+=3 #equivalent to a=a+3
a-=3 #equivalent to a=a-3
a*=3 #equivalent to a=a*3
a/=3 #equivalent to a=a/3
a%=3 #equivalent to a=a%3
s+=“cat” #equivalent to s=s+”cat”20
Checkpoint 6: Using the functions in module mystery.py, how can we make this pattern? Write down the code.21
Python Programming, 2/e22
More from the textbookAccumulating Results: FactorialSay you are waiting in a line with five other
people. How many ways are there to arrange the six people?
720 the factorial of 6 (abbreviated 6!)
Factorial is defined as:n! = n(n-1)(n-2)…(1)
So, 6! = 6*5*4*3*2*1 = 720
Ensure that you read and understand this example.
Python Programming, 2/e23
Accumulating Results: Factorial This algorithm is known as an accumulator,
because we’re building up or accumulating the answer in a variable, known as the accumulator variable.
The general form of an accumulator algorithm looks like this:
Initialize the accumulator variableLoop until final result is reached
update the value of accumulator variable
Program to calculate the average of a series of numbers entered by user – 1.Accumulator as well Algorithm:
Input the count of the numbers, nInitialise sum to 0Loop n times
Input a number, xAdd x to sum
Output average as sum divided by n
24
Program to calculate the average of a series of numbers entered by user – 1. Program:
#Average1.py
#Program to calculate the average of a series of numbers typed in by user
#Author: M. Kuttel
n = eval(input("How many numbers do you have? "))
sum = 0
for i in range(n):
x=eval(input("Enter a number:"))
sum = sum + x
print("The average of those numbers is", sum/n)
25
Program to calculate the average of a series of numbers entered by user – 1. This is not the ideal solution – why?
#Average1.py
#Program to calculate the average of a series of numbers typed in by user
#Author: M. Kuttel
n = eval(input("How many numbers do you have? "))
sum = 0
for i in range(n):
x=eval(input("Enter a number:"))
sum = sum + x
print("The average of those numbers is", sum/n)
26
From question in class You can have 2 loop indices:
for i,j in [[3,5],[4,4],[5,3]]:
print(i,j)
But you will need to understand lists (which comes later) to understand this
27
Loops Two kinds of loops
Counting loop or definite loop– Computer knows, when it
begins the loop, how many times to execute the body
– Counting loop statement in Python: for
Indefinite or conditional loop
– Computer stops the loop when a condition is no longer true
– Event-controlled loop statements in Python: while
Indefinite loops Keeps iterating until certain conditions are met
no guarantee ahead of time how many times it will iterate
Implemented using a while statement:
while <condition>:
<body>
i=0
while i<= 10:
print(i)
i=i+1
29
for i in range(11):print(i)
has same effect as:
Indefinite loops Note that the while loop has a test at the top
– it is a pre-test loop and will not execute AT ALL if the condition is false.
while <condition>:
<body>
i=0
while i<= 10:
print(i)
i=i+1
30
Checkpoint #7: while loop
31
#Checkpoint_while.pyi,inc=1,1while i<20: print(i) i= i+inc inc+=2
What is the exact output of the following code?
Checkpoint 7b.py What will this do? [run it in the shell]
i=0
while i<= 10:
print(i)
i=i-1
32
Indefinite loops What will this do?
i=0
while i<= 10:
print(i)
i=i-1
INFINITE LOOP
how do we get out of them?33
34
Infinite Loops
A while loop should be designed so that the value tested in the Boolean expression is changed in a way that eventually makes it false, and terminates the loop
If the Boolean expression remains true, then the loop will run forever, resulting in an infinite loop Loops that check for equality or inequality (==
or !=) are especially prone to this error and should be avoided if possible
Boolean expressions while response==“y” or response ==“Y”
is OKbut
while response==“y” or “Y”
is an infinite loop. Why?
35
36
Common Loop Bugs The two most common kinds of loop errors
are unintended infinite loops and off-by-one errors An off-by-one error is when a loop repeats the loop
body one too many or one too few times This usually results from a carelessly designed
Boolean test expression Use of == in the controlling Boolean expression
can lead to an infinite loop or an off-by-one error
Common loop patterns #1:Interactive loops Average2.py
Is this an optimal solution?
37
Common loop patterns #2:Sentinel loops Sentinel loop
Sentinel: not data, but marks the end of data Sentinel loop: reads data values until sentinel
Example Average of a series of numbers terminated
by zero
10, 20, 30, 0
Data values Sentinel
Common loop patterns #3:Sentinel loops Average3.py
39
Common loop patterns #3:Sentinel loops Average3.py
How do we choose the sentinel? - Needs to be distinct from any possible correct value.
Improvement with empty strings: Average3B.py
40
Sentinel loop example: Throwing a coin until you get tails (or heads) Coin.py
41
Nested loopsYou can place one loop inside another – they
are then called nested loops When nested, the inner loop iterates from
beginning to end for each single iteration of the outer loop
42
Nested loops: minutes and seconds example #HMinSec.py - run in shell
43
Checkpoint #8: nested for loop
44
#Checkpoint_nested_for.pyfor i in range(3): for j in range(3): print(i,j, sep=“,”,end=' ') print()
What is the exact output of the following code?
Checkpoint #9: nested while loop
45
#Checkpoint_nested_for.pyfor i in range(3): for j in range(3): print(i,j, sep=',',end=' ') print()
#answer in Checkpoint9.py
rewrite this code as a set of while loops
Break and Continue Statements in loops The break statement breaks out of the
smallest enclosing for or while loop.
The continue statement continues with the next iteration of the loop.
46
Checkpoint #10: continue What is the exact output of the following
code? -
47
#Checkpoint10.pyfor i in range(3): for j in range(3): if i==j: continue print(i,j, sep=',',end=' ') print()
Checkpoint #11: break What is the exact output of the following
code? -
48
#Checkpoint11.pyfor i in range(4): for j in range(4): if i==j: break print(i,j, sep=',',end=' ') print()
Example: Restaurant2.py (improved)
49
Checkpoint 9b: Explain in English what this code doesimport random
ans = random.randint(1,10)
while True:
x = eval(input("Guess:"))
if x==ans: break
print("Wrong! Try again.")
print("Correct!")
50
Checkpoint 9c: Explain in English what this code doesimport random
while True:
ans = random.randint(1,10)
while True:
x = eval(input("Guess:"))
if x==ans: break
print("Wrong! Try again.")
print("Correct!")
a =input("Play again?(Y/N)")
if a=='n'or a=='N':
break51
Note: Else Clauses on Loops Loop statements may have an else clause
executed when the loop terminates through exhaustion of the list (with for)
or when the condition becomes false (with while), but not when the loop is terminated by a break
statement.
52
Other loop patterns: Read in text book. Post test loopwhile True:
….exit with a break
How would you do the average program with a post-test loop?
Average4.py
53
Other loop patterns: Read in text book. Loop and a halfwhile True:
….exit with a break
Average program with a loop and-a-half: Average5.py
54
KiddyMaths4.py
55
Post-test loopimport random
txt=" {0} x {1} = "
a = random.randint(1,10)
b = random.randint(1,10)
ans = a*b
while True:
x = eval(input(txt.format(a,b)))
if x==ans: break #exit loop if answer correct
else: print("Wrong! Try again.")
print("Correct!")56
Loop-and-a-halfimport random
txt=" {0} x {1} = "
a = random.randint(1,10)
b = random.randint(1,10)
ans = a*b
while True:
x = eval(input(txt.format(a,b)))
if x==ans: break #exit loop if answer correct
print("Wrong! Try again.")
print("Correct!")57
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