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Transcript of CS64: Mainstreaming WSP Water Projects
7/28/2019 CS64: Mainstreaming WSP Water Projects
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Application of ADB-WHO WSPguidelines for ADB projects
Experience of the proposed Chongqing
Urban-Rural Infrastructure
Development Demonstration II project
Satoshi Ishii & Dan Deere
EASS/EARD
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1
Purpose of WFPF PDA
• WHO developed the “Water SafetyPlan” (WSP)
– A risk management system tool for
producing safe water• Draft ADB Guidance Note on
Mainstreaming Water Safety Plans
in ADB Water Projects
• Pilot Application of the ADB WSPGuidance Note:
– Evaluate feasibility
– Ensure effective delivery of objectives
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2
Implementation
• Funding source – WFPF: $50,000
• WSP Consultant
– International (1 PM)
– National (2 PM)
• Duration
– February 2012 – June 2013
• Arrangement
– WSP team engaged in parallel to
the PPTA consulting service
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Purpose of today
• Background: What is a WSP?
•Experiences of the WSP pilot
• Lessons/challenges
• Conclusion• Further discussion
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Overview of WSP
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Why WHO promotes WSPs
• Traditional guidelines: water quality testing of product – finds contamination after exposure
– infrequent
• WSP: refocuses testing on processes
– detects failures early and corrects before exposure to contamination
– frequent, often continuous
• Risk-based – identify failure modes that can lead to adverse health outcomes
– implement engineering and management systems to prevent failures
• Locally tailored: respond to factors such as:
– estimated contamination levels and risks for a specific system – expectations of investors and couterparts
– willingness or ability to recover costs from the community
– expectations of water quality standards (health and quality in general)
• In general: improved benefit:cost
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WHO Water Safety Plan structure
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Physically, what is a WSP?
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A WSP is a document
• Usually many tens of pages long
• The WSP must be ‘living’ and should be:
– followed by the water supplier indefinitely
– an operational document
• frequent monitoring processes must be adhered
• timely corrective actions must be undertaken if
monitoring processes detect problems – subject to periodic review , update & improvement
– amenable to audit and regulatory compliance
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Illustrative extracts
Practical example:
the Wanzhou case study example
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Wanzhou Water Supply Component
• WTP (200,000 m3/day ), Sludge treatment facility, Lab equipment
• Contribution to the water sector reform of Wanzhou district
- 11 small plants 4 centralized plants
- 3 operators 1 operator
• Project management consulting service includes:- National water supply engineer (3 PM)
- International/national water sector specialist (3 PM each)
Serving pop. : 0.73 million (2012)
(a whole system) : 1.5 million (2020)Capacity : 200,000 m3/day (Ph1)
350,000 m3/day (Ph2)
System: : Flocculation-Filtration-
Disinfection
NRW : 12%
Operator : Wanzhou Water Co. Ltd
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WSP Team
• Usually 5 to 20
persons
• Representation:
– Utility
– PPTA
– WSP facilitator
– ADB
– Counterpart(s)
Name Affiliation Job Title Role in WSP team Attenda nce Contact
Peng Wei
Guang
Yangtze
River
Inspector
at
Head of
Water
Supply
Project
Design
Department
Overall charge of
project design for
Wanzhou Water
Supply
Component
Training 1360 7199
598
Xia
Qingquan
Wanzhou
Water
Co.
Chief
Engineer
Lead
implementation of
the WSP for WWC
Training
System
assessmen
t
137094588
38
Cheung NC AECOM PPTA
Team
Leader
Overall
coordination of
PPTA including
linkage to the
WSP
Training
System
assessmen
t
+852 3105
8627
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Process flow
diagram
• Often several
are required
• Showing
– Inputs
– Outputs
– Alternative flows
– Key process steps
取水泵 房
Water Intake PumpingSta.
预沉池 Pre-sedimentation
二级泵 房
Secondary Pump Sta.
机械混 合池
Mechanical Mixture
絮凝沉淀池
Flocculation Sedimentation
滤池
Filtration
清水池
Service Reservoir
送水泵 房
Pumping Station
干化池
Dewater Unit
加药间
Chemical DosingUnit
加药间
ChemicalDosing Unit
加氯 间
Chlorine Dosing Unit
原水
RawWater
预处理厂
Pre-treatment
PA
PAC
Cl2
排泥
Sludge
反冲排水
BackwashDischarge
排泥水 处理设施
Sludge Treatment Unit
管网
PipelineNetwork
净水 厂
Treatment Plant
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Process
summary
• Still be
a draft at
PPTA phase
• Includes
– Source
– Treatment
– Distribution
– Standards
Process step Process description
Water catchment Yangtze River, transportation, urban and rural runoff andwastewater pollution, upstream include towns (Chongqing,Zhongxian, Fuling, Changshou) and industry (mining,
pharmaceuticals, chemical, electronic, metal refining).Existing reservoirs have problems with algae.
Water quality Water quality generally meets the standards for surface water.The raw water quality testing report complies with surfacewater quality standards Class II of GB3838-2002 for chemicals and Class III for microbial tests
Water Intake spot Zhuangzi River (to the city’s south, upstream of the city, 14km direct distance from treatment plant, 3.2 km direct distanceupstream from the planned Yangliu stream wastewater discharge spot).
Coagulation andsedimentation
Poly aluminium chloride as the coagulant
Filtration 16 units, total height 4.2 m, filtration area 67.6 m2,
Filtration media, sands, thickness as of 1.2 m, dimension as of 0.9-1.35 mm, K80 < 1.40
Back wash mode: air flush, air-water flush, water flush
Disinfection Chlorination, designed water treatment capacity 16041.7 m3/h,
hence the designed chlorine dosing 0.5-1 mg/l
Vacuum chlorine dosing machine, capacity of 8 kg/h each
Dosing spots are located in the water inlet pipe of treatedwater storage.
Chlorine leakage neutralizer
And so on… And so on…
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Risk assessment table
• Typically tens, sometimes over 100, risks are
listed for each water supply system
Proces
s step
Hazardou
s event
Hazard
L i k e l i h o o d
S e v e r i t y
R i s k s c o r e
Risk
ratingwith nocontrol
s
Control
measures in place
andproposed
tomanage
significant risks
Validatio
n of control
measures
L i k e l i h o o d
S e v e r i t y
R i s k s c o r e
Risk
ratingpost-contr
ol
Notes Actions
required(investigatio
n or improvedcontrols)
Yangtze River sourcewater
Unplannedchemicalspill eventthatdoesn't
normallyoccur
Chemicalcontaminant - variouspossible
1 5 5 Low Emergency actionplan toadjust thetreatmentprocess
and/or shift to analternative water sourceand shut
the plant
1 3 3 Low Sucheventswould berare infrequencyand
would beexpectedto benotified totherelevant
authorities.
Etc… 14
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Risk mitigation table• Approximately 5 to 10 key controls per supply
Process
step
Contr
olmeasure
Hazards
controlled
Monitor
ingparameter
Targe
tcriteria
Critic
allimit
Monitoring Correctiv
e action
Validati
on of controlmeasur e
Follow up
actions
Where When Who How
Pre-sedimentation,coagulatio
n,sedimentation andfiltration
Solidsremoval bythese
processsteps
TurbiditySomemetalsSome
colour SomeorganicsMicrooganisms from thesource
water, suchas bacteria(including E.coli ), virusesandprotozoa
(Cryptospori dium andGiardia)
Turbidity
Turbiditytargetis <
0.5NTU
Turbiditymustbe ≤
0.8NTU
Thesample isdrawn
fromtheoutletof thecombined
filter effluent pond
Continuously
Controlcentreof the
WanzhouWater Co.
Turbidityanalyser
Urgentlyreviewandimprove
pre-sedimentation andsolidsremovalprocesses
to reduceturbidity.
This isthepracticallimit of
achievability of the plantand willallow 1NTU to
beachievedat thepoint of supplyas per
theGB5749-2006standard.
Should theplantachievebest
practice for protozoa(Cryptospori dium andGiardia)control
which haslower turbiditytargets of 0.15 NTU?Responsibi
lity: DesignInstitute.
Etc… 15
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Improvement plan
• 25 improvement measures identified, e.g. – Catchment water intake point
– Pre-treatment
– Water transfer channel
– Coagulation-Flocculation- Filtration
– Disinfection
– Storage
– Distribution main
– Consumer connections
• Project investment includes: – Procurement of comprehensive set of laboratory equipment
– International and national water sector sp ecial ists (3 PMeach)
– Community-level water conservation training anddemonstration
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What do we need for WSP?
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WSP and PPTA
ADB Project Process Water Safety Plan Process
PPTA Team
Feasibility, Environment & Social Studies
Review proposed project infrastructure,equipment, software, activities, trainingto better address water safety
Revise design, environment & social plans
Prepare Project Administration Manual
Water Safety Plan Team
Assess hazards & risks to water safety
Share findings and suggest how to reviseproject design, financing, environment & social plans
Prepare water safety plan, set-up watersafety plan team for implementation
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• WSP activities need not delay projects
• However – WSP is a risk assessment and management plan
– Addressing major risks may delay projects• Revisions to – engineering designs
– project locations
– costs
• Requests for additional – data and information collection
– physical engineering controls
– documentation and management controls
• Due diligence (i.e. economic, financial, community,analysis).
19
Mainstreaming WSPs into ADB Water
Projects – Timelines
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• WSP need not – increase capital costs
– significant increase operating cost
• Costs will include
– WSP preparation and implementation (pro ject processing co st ) – Additional personnel costs (WSP technical consultant(s), utility
staff/government officials, PPTA)
• Costs may include capital and/or operating costs associatedwith addressing/mitigating major concerns (project process ing cos t /Project co st ) – Modification of design, feasibility study and locations
– Requests for additional: data collection/ documentation/ monitoringfacilities/ training
– Due diligence (i.e. economic, financial, community, analysis).
– Ensuring proper implementation of WSP during the operationalphase 20
Mainstreaming WSPs into ADB Water
Projects – Resources
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Is it worth the additional
investment?
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WHO: BCR for WATSAN of 2 to 46 x
Costs Benefits
Hutton G, Haller L, Bartram J. 2007. Global cost-benefit analysis of water supply and sanitation interventions. J Water Health. 2007 Dec;5(4):481-502.
Hutton G. 2013. Global costs and benefits of reaching universal coverage of sanitation and drinking-water supply. J Water Health. Mar;11(1):1-12.Hutton G and Haller L. 2004. Evaluation of the costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at the global level. World Health Organization. 22
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Lessons learnt
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Mainstreaming WSPs into ADB Water
Projects – Lessons learned
1. Select appropriate WSP guidance
document .
– Wide range of WSP (and equivalent) guidance
documents• Various versions from WHO
• Many jurisdictions, counterparts and agencies have
their own
– Clarify what is meant by a WSP for particular
ADB project.
• Essential to permit assessment of what is delivered
24
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Mainstreaming WSPs into ADB Water
Projects – Lessons learned
2. Set a clear target
– Clarify which water quality standards /guidel ines will apply
– Clarify the scope that the WSP will cover • All must cover bacterial aspects
• What about: – Viruses
– Parasites – Chemical
– Physical
– Radiological
– Aesthetic
– Other aspects of consumer acceptability 25
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Water and health priorities
Bacteria
• Shigella
• Cholera
• E. coli
Chemicals
• Industrial
• Natural
Protozoa
Viruses
• Cryptosporidium
• Rotavirus
26
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Example: Chongquing II WSP pilot
• Bacterial and viral contaminants
– Fully addressed
• Protozoan contaminants
– Adequately addressed
• Chemical contaminants
– Relatively new Chinese DWQ standards
– Inadequate data to assess risk
– To be reviewed in future years
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Mainstreaming WSPs into ADB Water
Projects – Lessons learned
3. Early mobilization of WSP specialist(s)
– ADB processing team to introduce and agree
importance of WSP with counterpart at TA fac t-
f ind ing m iss ion (=pre-recon./recon. mission) – Include WSP w ith in pro ject con cept
– Ideally included with in PPTA team
• Mitigates PPTA team having independence and rolethreatened
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Challenges and issues to
consider
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Mainstreaming WSPs into ADB Water
Projects – Challenges and issues
1. New vs Existing
– ADB: new facilities (mostly)
– WSP guidance: exist ing facilities (mostly)
• Speculation is required around
– Risks
– Process performance
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Mainstreaming WSPs into ADB Water
Projects – Challenges and issues
2. Sustainability of WSP – WSP should be an evolv ing , living management
system, owned, maintained, followed and improved
by counterparts and their stakeholders. – ADB’s role: early start-up phase so challenging to
develop a self-evolving WSP
– Strong ongoing champion (government/regulator)
needed – Assess willingness of EA and local government etc. tolong-term WSP adoption
• Otherwise will the WSP simply become a design-stage riskassessment and management plan?
– Maintaining momentum within ADB 31
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Mainstreaming WSPs into ADB Water
Projects – Challenges and issues
3. Uncomfortable truths
– The WSP includes an overt summary of r i sks to
public health
– Some risks remain high , or unmitigated
• rare events
• unaffordable treatment solutions
– Some risks are unknown
– Having risks frankly documented can be
uncomfortable
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4. WSP Implementation = Duplication?
– Perception and reality: why would a goodPPTA need a WSP anyway?
– Does this add value or does it simply duplicatinginherent due diligence by PPTA teams?
• Communicate that existing or subordinate documents
simply be cross-referenced , e.g. an emergencyresponse plan
• Explain that this is a due diligence process butacknowledge that it won’t always identify a need for
changes 33
Mainstreaming WSPs into ADB Water
Projects – Challenges and issues
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5. WSP is “Catchment to consumer” – ADB projects sometime only cover the major
infrastructure, the rest are givens
– What do you do about
• Distribution system, particularly it not continually pressurized• Household connection.
• Plumbing and storage systems within properties
• Carting
• Receptacle, storage and treatment at point of use
6. Cultural and trust considerations – Willingness to pay for “safe” or “safer” water
– Cultural and habitual norms – do consumers wantsafe water…? 34
Mainstreaming WSPs into ADB Water
Projects – Challenges and issues
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7. Evaluating WSP
– ADB• Evaluate against what? Design & Monitoring Framework?
• Easy to write a WSP
• Is it technically valid?
• Is it adequate?
• How effective was the WSP?
• How much difference did it make vs not having a WSP?
• There is no obvious point of comparison – Onging
• As above…
• There are various audit and assessment tools, approaches andsystems
• All are somewhat subjective and qualitative 35
Mainstreaming WSPs into ADB Water
Projects – Challenges and issues
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Our key conclusions
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• Clarity is essential
– The issues discussed here must be documented clarified
• WSP is qualitatively useful and positive
– Benefit:cost not quantitatively assessed• Costs are quite easy to assess
• Benefits may include:
– Improved productive time, reduce health case costs
– Credibility with commercial and industrial users of water
• Sustainability is unknown – Project-level
• ADB role is ≈ 5 years – what about ownership beyond the financinginfluence…?
• WSP is long-term. Sustainability is in the hands of the counterparts
– ADB-level – where does this sit within ADB? 37
Mainstreaming WSPs into ADB WaterProjects – Conclusions
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• The need for defensible mechanisms for
evaluation is obvious
– Existing mechanisms in use internationally are
somewhat subjective• External audits
• Internal self-assessment audits
• Capacity building – WHO’s capacity building program proved valuable to
ADB
– Additional is probably needed38
Mainstreaming WSPs into ADB WaterProjects – Conclusions
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Questions and comments?
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Discussion starters
• What are the first impressions of COP?
• Do we see parallels from other sectors?
• Does ADB play a leading role on WSP in some
areas, or simply utilize the WSP guidance of
the local counterparts, donors and/or WHO?
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End