CS578: Internet of Things

Dr. Manas Khatua

Assistant Professor

Dept. of CSE, IIT Guwahati

E-mail: manaskhatua@iitg.ac.in

IoT Architecture

“We must have life-building, man-making, character-making assimilation of ideas.” – Swami Vivekananda

Architectural Plan

Driving forces:

Scale

Security

Constrained devices

Massive data

Data analysis

Support to legacy devices

226-07-2019 Dr. Manas Khatua

Networks run the modern business

It should never be built without careful planning

Smart Home

The key difference between the IT and IoT is sensor & data

Essence of IoT architecture: how the data is transported,

collected,

analyzed, and

ultimately acted upon.

How IoT works?

Image Source: Rajiv Ranjan et. al., “Integrating the IoT and Data Science” IEEE Cloud Computing, 2018

26-07-2019 Dr. Manas Khatua 3

IoT Architecture

426-07-2019 Dr. Manas Khatua

• In the past several years, architectural standards and frameworks have emerged• Two best-known architectures: oneM2M and IoT World Forum (IoTWF)

Goal of M2M architecture:• to create a common architecture that would

help accelerate the adoption of M2M applications and devices.

Goal of oneM2M architecture:• to create a common services layer, which can

be readily embedded in field devices to allow communication with application servers.

• Applications: smart metering, smart grid, smart city, e-health, etc.

Major challenges:• heterogeneity of devices, • heterogeneity of software, • Heterogeneity of access

methods

• Example: connecting two systems - BACnet system that the HVAC and BMS run; and LoRaWAN technology that the sensor network uses

oneM2M Architecture

526-07-2019 Dr. Manas Khatua

• Proposed by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

• oneM2M architecture divides IoT functions into three major domains.

• Defines application-layer protocols

• Attempts to standardize northbound API definitions for interaction with business intelligence (BI) systems

• A northbound interface allows a particular component of a network to communicate with a higher-level component.

• Applications have their own sets of data models

First

oneM2M Architecture

626-07-2019 Dr. Manas Khatua

• Proposed by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

• oneM2M architecture divides IoT functions into three major domains.

• horizontal framework across the vertical industry applications.

• Include: • the physical

network that the IoT applications run on. (e.g. backhaul network)

• the underlying management protocols

• the hardware

First Second

oneM2M Architecture

726-07-2019 Dr. Manas Khatua

• Proposed by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

• oneM2M architecture divides IoT functions into three major domains.

• top is the common services layer

• This layer adds APIs and middleware supporting third-party services and applications.

• Service layer can be readily embedded within various hardware and software nodes

• A RESTful API uses HTTP requests to GET, PUT, POST and DELETE data.

First Second

oneM2M Architecture

826-07-2019 Dr. Manas Khatua

• Proposed by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

• oneM2M architecture divides IoT functions into three major domains.

IoT devices, communication network (802.15.4, LoRa, WiFi)

First Second Third

IoTWF Architecture

926-07-2019 Dr. Manas Khatua

• IoTWF architectural committee (led by Cisco, IBM, Rockwell Automation, and others)

• offers a clean, simplified perspective on IoT• includes edge computing, data storage, and access• succinct way of visualizing IoT from a technical perspective

• Control flowing from the center to the edge

• Decompose the IoTproblem into smaller parts

• Identify different technologies at each layer

• Different parts of a system can be provided by different vendors

• Tiered security model enforced at the transition points between levels

• Define interfaces that leads to interoperability

Layers 1 & 2

1026-07-2019 Dr. Manas Khatua

Layer 1: Physical Devices and Controllers Layer• home of the “things” in IoT

• “things” can be from a microscopic sensors to giant machines in a factory

• primary function is generating data

• capable of being queried and/or controlled over a network.

Layer 2: Connectivity Layer• focus is on connectivity

Layer 3

Layer 3: Edge Computing Layer• often referred to as the “fog” layer• emphasis is on data reduction and converting network data flows

1126-07-2019 Dr. Manas Khatua

Basic principle: information processing is initiated as early and as close to the edge of the network as possible.

Upper Layers: Layers 4–7

Layers Functions

Layer 4: Data Accumulation layer

• Captures data and stores it for applications• Convert event-based data to query-based processing

Layer 5: Data Abstraction layer

• Reconciles multiple data formats • Ensures consistent semantics for various data sources• Confirmation about dataset completeness

Layer 6: Application layer • Interpret data using software applications• Applications may monitor, control, and provide report

based on analysing the data

Layer 7: Collaboration and processes layer

• Consumes and shares the application information• Collaborating and communicating IoT information

1226-07-2019 Dr. Manas Khatua

Simplified IoT Architecture

1326-07-2019 Dr. Manas Khatua

• It highlights the fundamental building blocks that are common to most IoTsystems and which is intended to help in designing an IoT network.

• IoT architectural framework is presented as two parallel stacks• Core IoT Functional Stack• IoT Data Management and Compute Stack

14

Figures and slide materials are taken from the following sources:

1. David Hanes et al., “IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols, and Use Cases for the Internet of Things”, 1st Edition, 2018, Pearson India.

26-07-2019 Dr. Manas Khatua