Transport Layer Computer Networks Computer Networks Term B10.
Cs457 Computer Networks
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Transcript of Cs457 Computer Networks
Introduction 1-1
Cs457 Computer Networks
Introduction 1-2
The Internet A global network of
computers who runs it? who pays for it? who invented the
internet? How do the computer’s
communicate? There are many levels of
abstraction, just like speech
local ISP
UVanetwork
regional ISP
router workstation
servermobile
Introduction 1-3
What’s a protocol?
Hi
Hi
Got thetime?
2:00
TCP connection request
TCP connectionresponseGet http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
<file>time
Introduction 1-4
What’s a protocol?
protocols define format, order of msgs sent and
received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt
Introduction 1-5
A closer look at network structure: network edge:
applications and hosts network core:
routers network of networks
access networks, physical media: communication links
Introduction 1-6
Distributed Applications end systems (hosts):
run application programs e.g. Web, email at “edge of network”
client/server model client host requests, receives
service from always-on server e.g. Web browser/server; email
client/server
peer-peer model: minimal (or no) use of
dedicated servers e.g. Skype, BitTorrent, KaZaA
Introduction 1-7
Connection-oriented Vs Connectionless Services
TCP: supports connection oriented services
UDP: supports connectionless services what's the difference?
Reliability What’s needed to make this difference?
flow control: slows down when receiver is slow
congestion control: slows down when network is slow
Trade-off? UDP is faster
Introduction 1-8
Connnection vs Connectionless services
App’s using TCP: HTTP (Web), FTP (file
transfer), Telnet (remote login), SMTP (email)
App’s using UDP: streaming media,
teleconferencing, DNS, Internet telephony
Introduction 1-9
The Network Core
mesh of interconnected links
Introduction 1-10
Switching
How to transfer data between these four nodes?
Reserved bandwidth On-demand bandwidth
Introduction 1-11
Circuit Switching
End-end resources reserved for “call”
dedicated resources: no sharing
circuit-like (guaranteed) performance
call setup required
Introduction 1-12
Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM
FDM
frequency
time
TDM
frequency
time
4 users
network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into “pieces”
Introduction 1-13
Numerical example
How long does it take to send a file of 640,000 bits from host A to host B over a circuit-switched network? All links are 1.536 Mbps Each link uses TDM with 24 slots/sec 500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit
1,536,000/24 = 64000640,000/64,000=10 seconds 10 + .5 = 1-.5seconds
Introduction 1-14
Packet Switchingeach end-end data stream
divided into packets user A, B packets share
network resources
each packet uses full link bandwidth
resources used as needed
disadvantages: aggregate resource
demand can exceed amount available
store and forward delay: packets move one hop at a time Node receives complete
packet before forwarding
Queue delay: must wait for link use
Bandwidth division into “pieces”Dedicated allocationResource reservation
Introduction 1-15
Packet Switching vs TDM
Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, shared on demand statistical multiplexing.
TDM: each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame.
A
B
C100 Mb/sEthernet
1.5 Mb/s
D E
statistical multiplexing
queue of packetswaiting for output
link
Introduction 1-16
Propagation delay
Do we need to receive entire packet before forwarding?
Takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) packet of L bits on to link or R bps
Entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link: store and forward
delay = 3L/R (assuming zero propagation delay)
Example: L = 640,000 bits R = 1.5 Mbps delay =
3*640,000/1.5=1.28s
R R RL
Introduction 1-17
Propagation delay
1.28 is much faster than 10.5 seconds for circuit switched routing
What if there were other users??
--revisit this question later
R R RL
Introduction 1-18
Packet switching versus circuit switching
Great for bursty data resource sharing simpler, no call setup
Excessive congestion: packet delay and loss protocols needed for reliable data transfer,
congestion control Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
still an unsolved problem (chapter 7)
Is packet switching a “slam dunk winner?”
Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit switching) versus on-demand allocation (packet-switching)?
Introduction 1-19
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?1.2 Distributed applications1.3 Routing1.4 Physical media1.5 Internet structure1.6 Delay & loss1.7 Protocol layers1.8 History
Introduction 1-20
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end systems together?
Introduction 1-21
Home networks
Typical home network components: ADSL or cable modem router/firewall/NAT Ethernet wireless access point
wirelessaccess point
wirelesslaptops
router/firewall
cablemodem
to/fromcable
headend
Ethernet
Introduction 1-22
Physical Media
Bit: propagates betweentransmitter/rcvr pairs
physical link: what lies between transmitter & receiver
guided media: signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax
unguided media: signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio
Twisted Pair (TP) two insulated copper
wires Category 3: traditional
phone wires, 10 Mbps Ethernet
Category 5: 100Mbps Ethernet
Introduction 1-23
Sharing the Medium
home
cable headend
cable distributionnetwork (simplified)
Ethernet protocol:1. Listen2. If channel is clear, send3. If collision, back off
packet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Introduction 1-24
Getting more data on the wire
home
cable headend
cable distributionnetwork
Channels
VIDEO
VIDEO
VIDEO
VIDEO
VIDEO
VIDEO
DATA
DATA
CONTROL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
FDM:
Introduction 1-25
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?1.2 Distributed Applications1.3 Routing1.4 Physical media1.5 Internet structure1.6 Delay & loss1.7 Protocol layers1.8 History
Introduction 1-26
Internet structure: network of networks
roughly hierarchical at center: “tier-1” ISPs (e.g., MCI, Sprint, AT&T,
Cable and Wireless), national/international coverage treat each other as equals
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately
NAP
Tier-1 providers also interconnect at public network access points (NAPs)
Introduction 1-27
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint
Sprint US backbone network
Seattle
Atlanta
Chicago
Roachdale
Stockton
San Jose
Anaheim
Fort Worth
Orlando
Kansas City
CheyenneNew York
PennsaukenRelay
Wash. DC
Tacoma
DS3 (45 Mbps)OC3 (155 Mbps)OC12 (622 Mbps)OC48 (2.4 Gbps)
…
to/from customers
peering
to/from backbone
….
………POP: point-of-presence
Introduction 1-28
Internet structure: network of networks
“Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
NAP
Tier-2 ISPTier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet tier-2 ISP is customer oftier-1 provider
Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other, interconnect at NAP
Introduction 1-29
Internet structure: network of networks
“Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
NAP
Tier-2 ISPTier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
localISPlocal
ISPlocalISP
localISP
localISP Tier 3
ISP
localISP
localISP
localISP
Local and tier- 3 ISPs are customers ofhigher tier ISPsconnecting them to rest of Internet
Introduction 1-30
Internet structure: network of networks
a packet passes through many networks!
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
NAP
Tier-2 ISPTier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
localISPlocal
ISPlocalISP
localISP
localISP Tier 3
ISP
localISP
localISP
localISP
Introduction 1-31
Review
Transport Layer Connection-oriented Connectionless
Network Layer Circuit switching Packet switching
Link Layer Ethernet FDM
The Internet
Introduction 1-32
Transport Layer Review
Connection-oriented (TCP) Acknowledgements (can have retries) Flow control Congestion control Better for most protocols
Connectionless (UDP) No acknowledgements Send as fast as needed Some packets will get lost Better for video, telephony, etc
Human speech?
Introduction 1-33
Network Layer Review
Circuit-switching Divide resources into “slots” Reserve all end-to-end resources (a “circuit”) Provides known latency Better for phones networks, etc
Packet switching Divide resources into “packets” Send a packet whenever needed Maximizes throughput Better for random traffic, eg. internet, etc
Introduction 1-34
Packet Switching
Virtual Circuit Networks Initialize: tell each router it is on the circuit Send each packet with the Virtual Circuit ID
Datagram Networks No initialization Send each packet with the destination
address Trade offs?
VC networks minimize routing tables Datagram networks minimize setup time
Introduction 1-35
Network Layer Taxonomy
Introduction 1-36
Link Layer
Physical media Ethernet Fiber optics DSL Cable
Sharing techniques FDM TDM Ethernet protocol Etc.
Human sharing protocols?
Introduction 1-37
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Link Layer
Connection-oriented
Connection-less
Ethernet Cable Wireless DSL Fiber
TCP UDP
IP
FDMA TDMA CSMA CDMA
Introduction 1-38
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?1.2 Network edge1.3 Network core1.4 Network access and physical media1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched
networks1.7 Protocol layers, service models1.8 History
Introduction 1-39
Four sources of packet delay
1. nodal processing: check bit errors determine output link
A
Bnodal
processing queueing
2. queueing time waiting at output
link for transmission depends on congestion
level of router
Introduction 1-40
Delay in packet-switched networks3. Transmission delay: R=link bandwidth
(bps) L=packet length (bits) time to send bits into
link = L/R
4. Propagation delay: d = length of physical
link s = propagation speed in
medium (~2x108 m/sec) propagation delay = d/s
A
B
propagation
transmission
nodalprocessing queueing
Note: s and R are very different quantities!
Introduction 1-41
Caravan analogy
Cars “propagate” at 100 km/hr
Toll booth takes 12 sec to service a car (transmission time)
car~bit; caravan ~ packet Q: How long until caravan
is lined up before 2nd toll booth?
Time to “push” entire caravan through toll booth onto highway = 12*10 = 120 sec
Time for last car to propagate from 1st to 2nd toll both: 100km/(100km/hr)= 1 hr
A: 62 minutes
toll booth
toll booth
ten-car caravan
100 km
100 km
Introduction 1-42
Caravan analogy (more)
Cars now “propagate” at 1000 km/hr
Toll booth now takes 1 min to service a car
Total transmit time is:10*1+.1 = 10.1 minutes
Which scenario is more like internet routers?
1st bit of packet can arrive at 2nd router before packet is fully transmitted at 1st router!
toll booth
toll booth
ten-car caravan
100 km
100 km
Introduction 1-43
Nodal delay
dproc = processing delay typically a few microsecs or less
dqueue = queuing delay depends on congestion
dtrans = transmission delay = L/R, significant for low-speed links
dprop = propagation delay a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs
proptransqueueprocnodal ddddd
Introduction 1-44
Queueing delay (revisited)
R=link bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) a=average packet
arrival rate
traffic intensity = La/R
La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay small La/R -> 1: delays become large La/R > 1: more “work” arriving than can
be serviced, average delay infinite!
Output Rate
Introduction 1-45
How does loss occur? packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link capacity Queue grows When no more space in queue, packets are lost lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node,
by source end system, or not retransmitted at all
A
Bpackets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction 1-46
“Real” Internet delays and routes What do “real” Internet delay & loss look like? Traceroute program: provides delay
measurement from source to router along end-end Internet path towards destination. For all i: sends three packets that will reach router i on path
towards destination router i will return packets to sender sender times interval between transmission and reply.
3 probes
3 probes
3 probes
Introduction 1-47
“Real” Internet delays and routes
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms 5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms 6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms17 * * *18 * * *19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.frThree delay measurements from gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
* means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
trans-oceaniclink
Introduction 1-48
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?1.2 Network edge1.3 Network core1.4 Network access and physical media1.5 Internet structure and ISPs1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched
networks1.7 Protocol layers, service models1.8 History
Introduction 1-49
Protocol “Layers”Networks are
complex! many “pieces”:
hosts routers links of various
media applications protocols hardware,
software
Question: How do they all fit
together?
Introduction 1-50
Organization of air travel
ticket (purchase)
baggage (check)
gates (load)
runway takeoff
airplane routing
ticket (complain)
baggage (claim)
gates (unload)
runway landing
airplane routing
airplane routing
Introduction 1-51
ticket (purchase)
baggage (check)
gates (load)
runway (takeoff)
airplane routing
departureairport
arrivalairport
intermediate air-trafficcontrol centers
airplane routing airplane routing
ticket (complain)
baggage (claim
gates (unload)
runway (land)
airplane routing
ticket
baggage
gate
takeoff/landing
airplane routing
Layering of airline functionality
Layers: each layer implements a service Providing an interface to higher layers And relying on services provided by layer
below
Introduction 1-52
Why layering?
Dealing with complex systems: modularization eases maintenance, updating
of system change of implementation of layer’s service
transparent to rest of system e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t
affect rest of system layering considered harmful?
Introduction 1-53
Internet protocol stack application: supporting network
applications FTP, SMTP, HTTP
transport: process-process data transfer TCP, UDP
network: routing of datagrams from source to destination IP, routing protocols
link: data transfer between neighboring network elements PPP, Ethernet
physical: bits “on the wire”
application
transport
network
link
physical
Introduction 1-54
sourceapplicatio
ntransportnetwork
linkphysical
HtHn M
segment Ht
datagram
destination
application
transportnetwork
linkphysical
HtHnHl M
HtHn M
Ht M
M
networklink
physical
linkphysical
HtHnHl M
HtHn M
HtHn M
HtHnHl M
router
switch
Encapsulationmessage M
Ht M
Hn
frame
Introduction 1-55
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?1.2 Network edge1.3 Network core1.4 Network access and physical media1.5 Internet structure and ISPs1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched
networks1.7 Protocol layers, service models1.8 History
Introduction 1-56
Internet History
1961: Kleinrock - queueing theory shows effectiveness of packet-switching
1964: Baran - packet-switching in military nets
1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency
1969: first ARPAnet node operational
1972: ARPAnet public
demonstration NCP (Network Control
Protocol) first host-host protocol
first e-mail program ARPAnet has 15 nodes
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
Introduction 1-57
Internet History
1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture for interconnecting networks
1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC
ate70’s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNA
late 70’s: switching fixed length packets (ATM precursor)
1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes
Cerf and Kahn’s internetworking principles: minimalism, autonomy -
no internal changes required to interconnect networks
best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
define today’s Internet architecture
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
Introduction 1-58
Internet History
1983: deployment of TCP/IP
1982: smtp e-mail protocol defined
1983: DNS defined for name-to-IP-address translation
1985: ftp protocol defined
1988: TCP congestion control
new national networks: Csnet, BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel
100,000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
Introduction 1-59
Internet History
Early 1990’s: ARPAnet decommissioned
1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995)
early 1990s: Web hypertext [Bush 1945,
Nelson 1960’s] HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee 1994: Mosaic, later
Netscape late 1990’s:
commercialization of the Web
Late 1990’s – 2000’s: more killer apps: instant
messaging, P2P file sharing
network security to forefront
est. 50 million host, 100 million+ users
backbone links running at Gbps
1990, 2000’s: commercialization, the Web, new apps
Introduction 1-60
Introduction: Summary
Course in a nutshell Internet overview what’s a protocol? network edge, core,
access network packet-switching
versus circuit-switching
Internet/ISP structure performance: loss, delay layering and service
models history
Rest of course: Ch 2: applications Ch 3: transport Ch 4: network Ch 5: link Ch 6: wireless Ch 8: security