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Transcript of CS 6910 – Pervasive Computing Section 0.B: Opportunistic Networks: Specialized Ad Hoc Networks for...
CS 6910 – Pervasive Computing
Section 0.B:
Opportunistic Networks:Specialized Ad Hoc Networks
for Emergency Response ApplicationsDr. Leszek Lilien
WiSe Lab (Wireless Sensornet Laboratory)http://www.cs.wmich.edu/wsn
Department of Computer ScienceWestern Michigan University
Slides are © 2007 by Leszek T. LilienRequests to use original slides for non-profit purposes will be gladly granted upon a written
request.
Outline
Part 1. Motivation for Specialized Ad Hoc Networks
Part 2. Analogy to a Human Emergency Response Team
Part 3. Opportunistic Networks: A New Type of Specialized Ad Hoc Networks
Part 4. Related Research and Research Challenges
Part 5. Conclusions
Part 6. Current and Future Work
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Part 1.Motivation for Specialized Ad Hoc
Networks Homeland Security
One of the crucial challenges facing the USA today
Among its 6 mission areas is Emergency Preparedness and Response (EPR)
EPR deals with: Natural disasters Man-made disasters (incl. accidents, terrorist
attacks)[Natl. Strategy for Homeland Security, July 2002]
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) proposed for EPR [Haas, 1999]
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Motivation for Specialized Ad Hoc Networks (2)
MANETS are not quite a natural match for EPR E.g., human rescue teams can find and
mobilize as their helpers local firemen, police, National Guard or even regular citizens
No analogous capability of MANETs to find and “mobilize” devices/networks
Let’s find or define a specialization (a subclass) of ad hoc networks more suitable for EPR applications A new paradigm and a new technology to
improve effectiveness & efficiency of EPR
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Part 2. Analogy toa Human Emergency Response Team Important characteristics of a human rescue
team Starts as a seed team (a small group of people) The seed team grows opportunistically during
its operationsa) Some people can always be ordered to join
Police, firemen, National Guard or Army Reserve personnel
b) Anybody can be ordered to join only in life-or-death situations Legally required to help saving lives or critical
resourcesc) Anybody can be asked to join in other
situations6
Analogy to a Human Emergency Response Team (2)
Who is ordered or invited to join? In some situations any extra pair of hands
can help In others only highly qualified people (e.g.,
doctors and nurses) are ordered/asked to join Human helper types
Highly prepared E.g., National Guard, Army Reserve or state militias
Signed up for service Undergo training in preparation for duty (even
unforeseen) Somewhat prepared
E.g., people that volunteer for first aid courses Become pretty valuable helpers in emergencies
Not prepared at all
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Benefits of the opportunistic growth of the rescue team Opportunistic leveraging of all kinds of skills
and resources that new helpers can bring Obtaining a lot of help effectively and efficiently
– even for free
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Analogy to a Human Emergency Response Team (3)
Analogous critical requirements for ad hoc network specialized for EPR in the priority order:
1) Minimal starting configuration – a pre-configured seed for EPR operationsAnalogy to the seed rescue team
2) High interoperability in terms of communication of diverse devices or networks (Wired/WiFi, Bluetooth, satellite, ham radios, WiMAX, ...)
Analogy to a rescue team’s ability to contact different people, individually or via organizations
3) Highly heterogeneous software (& hardware)Analogy to heterogeneity of rescue teams in terms of members’ skills, communication and other equipment, and other resources
4) Harvesting of diverse resources as neededAnalogy to finding people with different skills, equipment, and other resources
5) Persistent connectivity once it is establishedAnalogy to being able to contact (maybe via a chain of others) members of the
expanded team, including all helpers 9
Analogy to a Human Emergency Response Team (4)
If there is no specialized ad hoc network (AHN) matching the requirements, then: Define a new specialized AHN paradigm Invent a new specialized AHN technology
No known specialized AHN matches the requirementsConsidered AHNs: Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) Mesh networks P2P systems Sensor networks Spontaneous networks (in the narrow sense, cf. [Feeney et al.
2001])
=> Need:- a new specialized AHN paradigm- a new specialized AHN technology
Note: Other (than oppnets) specialized AHNs for emergencies
are Incident Area Networks (IANs) 10
Analogy to a Human Emergency Response Team (5)
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Part 3. Opportunistic Networks:A New Type of Specialized Ad Hoc
Networks Paradigm of opportunistic networks (oppnets)
Based on the analogy to operations of human rescue teams
Goals of oppnets: Opportunistic growth Opportunistic leveraging of resources
aiming at (among others): Bridging diverse communication media Offloading computations to additional
platforms Integrating independent sensing systems
(enhancing their sensing capabilities)
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Startup: Seed Oppnet
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Oppnet deployed as a seed oppnet
Seed oppnet localizes its nodes & self-configures
Seed NodeSeed Nodess
Link toLink tothe the WorldWorld
Controller Controller (distributed)(distributed)
Growth: Expanded Oppnet
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Seed NodeSeed Nodess
Link toLink tothe the WorldWorld
Controller Controller (distributed)(distributed)
ApplianceAppliance(refrigerator)(refrigerator)
Computer NetworkComputer Network
WiMAXWiMAXOverturneOverturne
ddVehicleVehicle
(w(with ith OnStarOnStar, , VANVAN))
CellphonCellphonee
TowerTower
SatellitSatellitee
Seed oppnet grows into an expanded oppnet by: Finding candidate helpers Selecting candidates - they are ordered/asked to join
Add communication, computing, sensing, storage, other resources
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Summary of Oppnet Activities Discovering & identifying candidate helpers Contacting selected candidates Inviting or ordering candidates to join Admitting & integrating helpers that join oppnet Offloading tasks to helpers
Determining useful colaborative functionalities Managing offloaded tasks
Cleaning up & releasing each helper when no longer needed
> Need research for each of theses activities < Think which is most interesting to you as a topic for your
CS6910 Team Project15
Oppnet Reserve A challenge in oppnet growth
Must discover candidate helpers, then contact selected ones
Difficult without facilities provided by candidates or infrastructure
A solution: oppnet reserve — facilitating discovery/contacting Analogy to Army / Navy / Air Force Reserve, etc. Volunteer helpers sign up for oppnet reserve
Maybe for some incentives (moral, financial, etc.)
Volunteers „trained” for active duty Install facilities that make them easier to detect
and contact by oppnets E.g., install (future) standard oppnet protocols
Matched to their capabilities: heavy-, medium- and lightweight
Available for active oppnet duty whenever must/can help 16
Oppnet Reserve (2)
Oppnet reserve is analogous to having highly prepared human helpers
(Recall the classification of human helpers into: highly prepared, somewhat prepared, unprepared)
Oppnet reserve is not required but very helpful Having highly prepared human helpers is not required either
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Oppnet is … … a specialized (application-specific or application-
class-specific) ad hoc network … an opportunistic growth network … an opportunistic use of resources network /
an opportunistic use of services network Spectrum, connectivity, services, …
… a privacy-preserving & secure technology Oppnet is not …
… a “generic” ad hoc network … a mesh network … a grid computing system … a peer-to-peer (P2P) system … a hybrid network …
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What Oppnet Is … / What Oppnet Is Not …
(this slide added after lecture)
Basic Oppnet Categories 2 major oppnet categories:
Benevolent oppnets Malevolent oppnets
Corresponding oppnets scenarios: Benevolent oppnet scenario:
„Citizens Called to Arms”
Malevolent oppnet scenario: „Bad Guys Gang Up”
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Benevolent OppnetScenario: „Citizens Called to Arms” (1) Seed oppnet deployed
after an earthquake (un-predictable emergency) Seed is ad hoc wireless network with very
powerful nodes More energy, computing and communication resources
Seed tries to detect candidate helpers For help in damage assessment and disaster
recovery Uses any available detection method — including:
Cellphone- or radio-based detection Including Software Defined Radio (SDR) & Cognitive Radio
Searching for nodes using the IP address range for the affected geographic area
AI-based visual detection (next slide)20
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Benevolent OppnetScenario: „Citizens Called to Arms” (2) Example:
Helper 1 (supervisor ofsecurity cameras) monito-ring a surveillance net views an overturned car
Helper 2 (pattern recognition specialist) detects an overturned car
Helper 3 (image analysis specialist) asked to recognize car’s license plate
Helper 4 (DB manager) finds that the car has OnStar link
Helper 5 (OnStar agent) contacts VAN (Vehicle Area Network) and BANs (Body Area Networks) on or within bodies of car occupants via OnStar infrastructure
Helper 6 (vital sign evaluator) evaluates obtained info Helper 7 (rescue dispatcher) decides if/when rescuers
should be dispatched21
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Benevolent OppnetScenario: „Citizens Called to Arms” (3)
Oppnet selects optimal subset of detected nodes Inviting devices, clusters & entire networks Helpers for communicating, sensing, computing
Using „hidden” capabilities, e.g. for sensing: Desktop can „sense” presence of a potential
victim at its keyboard Cellphones can „sense” location
Even ones w/o GPS can be triangulated
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Using „hidden”emergency functionalities Oppnet contacts 2 independent sensornets
(SNs): water infrastructure control SN / public space surveillance SN
SNs ordered to abandon normal functions & help in rescue & recovery operations
Water infrastructure SN (with multisensor capabilities, under road surfaces) — ordered to sense vehicular movement and traffic jams
Public space surveillance SN — ordered to search for images of human victims
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Benevolent OppnetScenario: „Citizens Called to Arms” (4)
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Malevolent OppnetScenario: „Bad Guys Gang Up” (1) Scenario 1 — Terrorists
create apparently harmless weather monito-ring sensornet (SN): SN becomes a seed of a malevolent
opportunistic SN SN exploits other nodes from many other
networks (w/o revealing its true goals) “Critical mass” of the opportunistic SN is reached (in
terms of geographical spread and sensing capabilities)
SN waits for wind patterns that can speed up spread of poisonous chemicals
Collected data used to decide when to start chemical attack
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Malevolent Oppnet Scenario:„Bad Guys Gang Up” (2)
Scenario 2 — network at home starts spying on you: Becomes a seed oppnet Exploits other devices/nets to collect all info on you:
From your fridge (& RFID-equipped food packaging): what/when you eat
From your computer: keylogs your passwords, sensitive data From your cellphone: who you call & when From your networked camera: what photos you take From your home security surveillance system: your private
images Cyberfly with camera eyes and microphone ears ...
Huge privacy problem! / Huge security problem! Controls to counteract malevolent oppnets badly needed
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NOTE:The following slides not required for
exam.
(Provided as a potential help for projectselection and project work.)
Part 4. Related Research& Research Challenges
Examples of Related Research Interoperability
Among wireless networks - active research area Among WANs, MANs, LANs, PANs (Personal Area Networks), etc.
Among wired & wireless nets - much less research Ambient Networks (big European Union project, next-generation Internet
—for 2015/2020, smaller networks able to compose themselves into bigger ones)
Localization & self-organization MANETs / Sensornets
Network growth P2P systems – search for peers in unstructured systems Trojan Horses - agents spreading in search for helpers
Integrating and managing heterogeneous systems, incl. data integration & aggregation
Grid systems / MANETs / Sensornets Other
… 27
Research Challenges in Basic Operations
Challenges in seed oppnet deployment E.g., localization, self-configuration, adaptability
Challenges in detecting helper systems E.g., define primitives to detect candidates, identify
and categorize them, evaluate and classify them (e.g., based on dependability and usefulness)
Challenges in inviting & admitting candidate helpers E.g., select candidates to invite, develop protocols
for candidates to accept or reject invitation, devise primitives /methods to manage expanded oppnets
Etc., etc. for remaining oppnet primitives
More:Leszek Lilien, Z. Huma Kamal, and Ajay Gupta, "Opportunistic Networks: Research Challenges in Specializing the P2P Paradigm,” Proc. 3rd International Workshop on P2P Data Management, Security and Trust (PDMST’06), Kraków, Poland, September 2006.
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Research Challenges in Privacy & Security (1)
1) Privacy challenges in oppnets Privacy is critical
Oppnets are pervasive systems Must face all critical privacy challenges
inherent to pervasive computing Privacy is a „make it or break it” issue for
pervasive computing => Privacy is a „make it or break it” issue for oppnets
Basic privacy protection goals in oppnets Protect helper resources from the host oppnet Protect oppnet from its helpers Protect environment from privacy violations by
oppnet Also from malevolent oppnets
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Research Challenges in Privacy & Security (2)
2) Security challenges in oppnets Many have privacy aspects/components
More:
L. Lilien, Z. H. Kamal, V. Bhuse, and A. Gupta, "Opportunistic Networks: The Concept and Research Challenges in Privacy and Security," book chapter in: "Mobile and Wireless Network Security and Privacy," ed. by K. Makki et al., Springer Science+Business Media, Norwell, Massachusetts, 2007 (to appear)
– pre-publication version available upon request
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High-payoff potential for the oppnet initiative1) Social and economic benefits
Including reduction of human suffering & loss of life
2) Technological benefits3) Research benefits4) Educational benefits
-- Details below --
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Part 5. Conclusions
1) Social & Economic Impacts Impacts on Emergency Preparedness and
Response operations in Homeland Security (HS) — current app focus Tremendous leveraging potential in emergencies
A wealth of freely available resources Reduction of human suffering & loss of life Increasing safety & efficiency of the first responders
Impacts on other applications both in HS and outside HS
[SKIP:] Economic impacts Technology transfer & commercialization Benefits for the computer industry
Production of software / networking equipment Benefits for other industries
Enhancing many products with standard oppnet interfaces E.g., the auto industry: cars and trucks as oppnet
platforms
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Part 5. Conclusions – cont.2
Advancing the network and pervasive computing know-how Development of the innovative oppnet technology Enhancing network/pervasive applications by use
of oppnet technologies Enabling new network/pervasive application niches
we can not even foresee
Advancing other areas of technology (not only computing) A side effect of oppnet developments
[SKIP:] Technology impacts speeded up & enhanced by the planned technology transfer plus commercialization activities
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2) Impacts on TechnologyPart 5. Conclusions – cont.3
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[SKIP:] 3) Impacts on Research
[SKIP:] 4) Impacts on Education
Part 5. Conclusions – cont.4
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>> Search for good uses for oppnets in all kinds of application areas <<
Search for applications that ... ... can start with a seed ... need/have high interoperability ... need/have highly heterogeneous
software ... can benefit from leveraging diverse
resources of helpers ... can maintain persistent connectivity
once it is established ...
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Part 6. Current and Future Work
Part 6. Current and Future Work – cont.
Building an oppnet prototype Goal: Proof of concept
To demonstrate technical prowess & economic benefits
Designing oppnet architecture With its associated components:
Methods, protocols, and algorithms
Oppnet prototype implementation For stimulation and feedback
Necessary for fine-tuning oppnet design
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Publications, Etc. Selected Publications
(cf. http://www.cs.wmich.edu/wsn/project_oppnet.html)L. Lilien, A. Gupta, and Z. Yang, "Opportunistic Networks for Emergency Applications and Their Standard Implementation Framework," Proc. The First International Workshop on Next Generation Networks for First Responders and Critical Infrastructure (NetCri07), New Orleans, Louisiana, April 11-13, 2007 (to appear)
L. Lilien, Z. H. Kamal, V. Bhuse, and A. Gupta, "Opportunistic Networks: The Concept and Research Challenges in Privacy and Security," book chapter in: "Mobile and Wireless Network Security and Privacy," ed. by K. Makki et al., Springer Science+Business Media, Norwell, Massachusetts, 2007 (extended version of the WSPWN 2006 paper; to appear)
L. Lilien, Z. H. Kamal and A. Gupta, "Opportunistic Networks: Research Challenges in Specializing the P2P Paradigm," Proc. 3rd International Workshop on P2P Data Management, Security and Trust (PDMST'06), Kraków, Poland, September 4-8, 2006, pp. 722-726.
L. Lilien, Z. H. Kamal, V. Bhuse and A. Gupta, "Opportunistic Networks: The Concept and Research Challenges in Privacy and Security," Proc. International Workshop on Research Challenges in Security and Privacy for Mobile and Wireless Networks (WSPWN 2006), Miami, Florida, March 2006, pp. 134-147.
B. Bhargava, L. Lilien, A. Rosenthal and M. Winslett, "Pervasive Trust," IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 19(5), Sep./Oct.2004, pp. 74-77 (just the first brief mention of the oppnet idea, in the form of malevolent opportunistic sensor networks).
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Publications, Etc. – cont. 1 Selected Presentations
L. Lilien, "Opportunistic Networks: Research Challenges in Specializing the P2P Paradigm," 3rd International Workshop on P2P Data Management, Security and Trust (PDMST'06), Kraków, Poland, September 4-8, 2006
L. Lilien, "Opportunistic Networks: Specialized Ad Hoc Networks for Emergency Response Applications," presented for Distributed Systems Research Group, Department of Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland, May 22, 2006
L. Lilien, "Opportunistic Networks: Specialized Ad Hoc Networks for Emergency Response Applications," presented for Section of Information Technology, Institute of Telecomputing, Cracow University of Technology, Kraków, Poland, May 23, 2006
L. Lilien, "Developing Specialized Ad Hoc Networks: The Case of Opportunistic Networks," Workshop on Distributed Systems and Networks (in conjunction with WWIC’06), Bern, Switzerland, May 9, 2006
L. Lilien, "Opportunistic Networks: The Concept and Research Challenges in Privacy and Security," International Workshop on Research Challenges in Security and Privacy for Mobile and Wireless Networks (WSPWN 2006), Miami, Florida, March 15-16, 2006
L. Lilien, Z.H. Kamal and A. Gupta (in cooperation with V. Bhuse and Z Yang), "Opportunistic Networks: The Concept and Research Challenges," Department of Computer Science, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, February 9, 2006
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Selected Posters
Leszek Lilien, Zille Huma Kamal, A. Gupta, V. Bhuse and Z. Yang, "Opportunistic Networks," 3rd International Conference on Networked Sensing Systems, Chicago, IL, May 31 - June 2 2006.
Leszek Lilien, Zille Huma Kamal, Vijay Bhuse and Ajay Gupta, "Opportunistic Networks and Their Privacy and Security Challenges," The Seventh Annual CERIAS Information Security Symposium - "Negotiating Trust: Security, Privacy, Risk," CERIAS, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, March 21, 2006.
Leszek Lilien and Ajay Gupta, "Opportunistic Networks for Emergency Preparedness and Response," 4th Annual e-Enterprise Conference, PHSI/RCHE, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, March 20, 2006.
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Publications, Etc. – cont. 2
WiSe Lab Experience in Ad Hoc Networks – Selected Projects Since 1/03
Designing of WiSe Security Protocols: DSPS Location Tracker Using Motes (*) RHS: Remote Home Surveillance (*) Directed Diffusion: Attacks & Countermeasures Improving the Accuracy of Mote Measurements
by Using Neural Networks SOMS: Smart Occupancy Monitoring System Using Motes (*) Comparative Study of Network Simulators Collaborative Image Processing (*) DENSe: a Development Environment for Networked Sensors Incorporating Mobile-ware in Distributed Computations / Grids
(*) Extending the ns-2 Simulator to Satellite and WCN Simulations Smart Antennas for WCNs Energy Efficient MAC Protocols for IEEE 802.11x A Wireless Security Testing System (*) Mobile and Self-Calibrating Irrigation System Collective Communications for Sensornets (*)
* Results directly useful for oppnets42
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